Electromagnetic metasurface - Wikipedia

In electromagnetic theory, metasurfaces modulate the behaviors of electromagnetic waves through specific boundary conditions, rather than constitutive ... Electromagneticmetasurface FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Thisarticleprovidesinsufficientcontextforthoseunfamiliarwiththesubject.Pleasehelpimprovethearticlebyprovidingmorecontextforthereader.(May2015)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Anelectromagneticmetasurfacereferstoakindofartificialsheetmaterialwithsub-wavelengththickness.Metasurfacescanbeeitherstructuredorunstructuredwithsubwavelength-scaledpatternsinthehorizontaldimensions.[1][2][3] Inelectromagnetictheory,metasurfacesmodulatethebehaviorsofelectromagneticwavesthroughspecificboundaryconditions,ratherthanconstitutiveparametersinthreedimensional(3D)space,whichiscommonlyexploitedinnaturalmaterialsandmetamaterials.Metasurfacesmayalsorefertothetwo-dimensionalcounterpartsofmetamaterials.[4] [5] Contents 1Definitions 2History 3Applications 4Simulation 5Opticalcharacterization 6References Definitions[edit] Metasurfaceshavebeendefinedinseveralwaysbyresearchers. 1,“Analternativeapproachthathasgainedincreasingattentioninrecentyearsdealswithone-andtwo-dimensional(1Dand2D)plasmonicarrayswithsubwavelengthperiodicity,alsoknownasmetasurfaces.Duetotheirnegligiblethicknesscomparedtothewavelengthofoperation,metasurfacescan(nearresonancesofunitcellconstituents)beconsideredasaninterfaceofdiscontinuityenforcinganabruptchangeinboththeamplitudeandphaseoftheimpinginglight”.[6] 2,“Ourresultscanbeunderstoodusingtheconceptofametasurface,aperiodicarrayofscatteringelementswhosedimensionsandperiodsaresmallcomparedwiththeoperatingwavelength”.[7] 3,“Metasurfacesbasedonthinfilms”.Ahighlyabsorbingultrathinfilmonasubstratecanbealsoconsideredasametasurface,withpropertiesnotoccurringinnaturalmaterials.[3]Followingthisdefinition,thethinmetallicfilmssuchasthatinsuperlensarealsoearlytypeofmetasurfaces.[8] History[edit] Theresearchofelectromagneticmetasurfaceshasalonghistory.Earlyin1902,RobertW.Woodfoundthatthereflectionspectraofsubwavelengthmetallicgratinghaddarkareas.ThisunusualphenomenonwasnamedWood'sanomalyandledtothediscoveryofthesurfaceplasmonpolariton(SPP),[9]aparticularelectromagneticwaveexcitedatmetalsurfaces.Subsequently,anotherimportantphenomenon,theLevi-Civitarelation,[10]wasintroduced,whichstatesthatasubwavelength-thickfilmcanresultinadramaticchangeinelectromagneticboundaryconditions. Generallyspeaking,metasurfacescouldincludesometraditionalconceptsinthemicrowavespectrumsuchasfrequencyselectivesurfaces(FSS),impedancesheetsandevenOhmicsheets.Inthemicrowaveregime,thethicknessofthesemetasurfacescanbemuchsmallerthanthewavelengthofoperation(forexample,1/1000ofthewavelength),sincetheskindepthcouldbeextremelysmallforhighlyconductivemetals.Recently,somenovelphenomenasuchasultra-broadbandcoherentperfectabsorptionweredemonstrated.Theresultsshowedthata0.3 nmthickfilmcouldabsorballelectromagneticwavesacrosstheRF,microwave,andterahertzfrequencies.[11][12][13] Inopticalapplications,ananti-reflectivecoatingcouldalsoberegardedasasimplemetasurface,asfirstobservedbyLordRayleigh. Inrecentyears,severalnewmetasurfaceshavebeendeveloped,includingplasmonicmetasurfaces,[14][4][6][15][16] metasurfacesbasedongeometricphases,[17][18] metasurfacesbasedonimpedancesheets,[19][20]andglide-symmetricmetasurfaces.[21] Applications[edit] Oneofthemostimportantapplicationsofmetasurfacesistocontrolawavefrontofelectromagneticwavesbyimpartinglocal,gradientphaseshiftstotheincomingwaves,whichleadstoageneralizationoftheancientlawsofreflectionandrefraction.[17]Inthisway,ametasurfacecanbeusedasaplanarlens,[22][23]illuminationlens,[24]planarhologram,[25]vortexgenerator,[26]beamdeflector,axiconandsoon.[18][27] Besidesthegradientmetasurfacelenses,metasurface-basedsuperlensesofferanotherdegreeofcontrolofthewavefrontbyusingevanescentwaves.Withsurfaceplasmonsintheultrathinmetalliclayers,perfectimagingandsuper-resolutionlithographycouldbepossible,whichbreaksthecommonassumptionthatallopticallenssystemsarelimitedbydiffraction,aphenomenoncalledthediffractionlimit.[28][29] Anotherpromisingapplicationisinthefieldofstealthtechnology.Atarget'sradarcross-section(RCS)hasconventionallybeenreducedbyeitherradiation-absorbentmaterial(RAM)orbypurposeshapingofthetargetssuchthatthescatteredenergycanberedirectedawayfromthesource.Unfortunately,RAMshavenarrowfrequency-bandfunctionality,andpurposeshapinglimitstheaerodynamicperformanceofthetarget.Metasurfaceshavebeensynthesizedthatredirectscatteredenergyawayfromthesourceusingeitherarraytheory[30][31][32]orthegeneralizedSnell'slaw.[33][34]ThishasledtoaerodynamicallyfavorableshapesforthetargetswithreducedRCS. Metasurfacecanbealsointegratedwithopticalwaveguidesforcontrollingguidedelectromagneticwaves.[35][36]Applicationssuchasintegratedwaveguidemodeconvertors,[36]structured-lightgenerations,[37]versatilemultiplexers,[38]andphotonicneuralnetworks[39]canbeenabled. Inaddition,metasurfacesarealsoappliedinelectromagneticabsorbers,polarizationconverters,andspectrumfilters.Metasurface-empowerednovelbioimagingandbiosensingdeviceshavealsoemergedandreportedrecently.[40][41][42][43]Formanyopticallybasedbioimagingdevices,theirbulkfootprintandheavyphysicalweighthavelimitedtheirusageinclinicalsettings.[44][45] Simulation[edit] Toanalyzesuchplanaropticalmetasurfacesefficiently,prism-basedalgorithmsallowfortriangularprismaticspacediscretization,whichisoptimalforplanargeometries.Theprism-basedalgorithmhasfewerelementsthanconventionaltetrahedralmethods,whichinturnbringshighercomputationalefficiency.[46]Asimulationtoolkithasbeenreleasedonline,enablinguserstoefficientlyanalyzemetasurfaceswithcustomizedpixelpatterns.[47] Opticalcharacterization[edit] Characterizingmetasurfacesintheopticaldomainrequiresadvancedimagingmethods,sincetheinvolvedopticalpropertiesoftenincludebothphaseandpolarizationproperties.Recentworkssuggestthatvectorialptychography,arecentlydevelopedcomputationalimagingmethod,appearsveryrelevant.ItcombinestheJonesmatrixmapping,togetherwithamicroscopiclateralresolution,evenonlargespecimens.[48] References[edit] ^Bomzon,Ze’ev;Kleiner,Vladimir;Hasman,Erez(2001-09-15)."Pancharatnam–Berryphaseinspace-variantpolarization-statemanipulationswithsubwavelengthgratings".OpticsLetters.26(18):1424–1426.doi:10.1364/OL.26.001424.ISSN 1539-4794. ^Bomzon,Ze’ev;Biener,Gabriel;Kleiner,Vladimir;Hasman,Erez(2002-07-01)."Space-variantPancharatnam–Berryphaseopticalelementswithcomputer-generatedsubwavelengthgratings".OpticsLetters.27(13):1141–1143.doi:10.1364/OL.27.001141.ISSN 1539-4794. 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