Carnelian - Wikipedia

Carnelian (also spelled cornelian) is a brownish-red mineral commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. Similar to carnelian is sard, which is generally ... Carnelian FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Yellow-redchalcedonyvariety Forotheruses,seeCarnelian(disambiguation). CarnelianGeneralCategoryChalcedonyvarietyFormula(repeatingunit)Silica(silicondioxide,SiO2)CrystalsystemTrigonalIdentificationFormulamass60g/molColorRed,orange,reddishCleavageAbsentFractureUneven,splintery,conchoidalMohsscalehardness6.5–7.0LusterWaxytoresinousStreakWhiteDiaphaneityTranslucenttoopaqueSpecificgravity2.58-2.64OpticalpropertiesUniaxial+Refractiveindex1.535to1.539Birefringence0.003to0.009PleochroismNoneReferences[1][2] "Cornelian"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeCornelian(disambiguation). "Sard"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeSard(disambiguation). Carnelian(alsospelledcornelian[3])isabrownish-redmineralcommonlyusedasasemi-preciousgemstone.Similartocarnelianissard,whichisgenerallyharderanddarker(thedifferenceisnotrigidlydefined,andthetwonamesareoftenusedinterchangeably).Bothcarnelianandsardarevarietiesofthesilicamineralchalcedonycoloredbyimpuritiesofironoxide.Thecolorcanvarygreatly,rangingfrompaleorangetoanintensealmost-blackcoloration.SignificantlocalitiesincludeYanacodo,PeruandRatnapura,SriLanka.[2]IthasbeenfoundinIndonesia,Brazil,India,Russia(Siberia),andGermany.[citationneeded] Contents 1History 2Etymology 3Distinctionbetweencarnelianandsard 4Seealso 5References 6Furtherreading History[edit] Polishsignetringinlight-orangecarnelianintaglioshowingKorwincoatofarms TheredvarietyofchalcedonyhasbeenknowntobeusedasbeadssincetheEarlyNeolithicinBulgaria.Thefirstfaceted(withconstant16+16=32facetsoneachsideofthebead)carnelianbeadsaredescribedfromtheVarnaChalcolithicnecropolis(middleofthe5thmillenniumBC).[4]ThebowdrillwasusedtodrillholesintocarnelianinMehrgarhinthe4th-5thmillenniumBC.[5] CarnelianwasrecoveredfromBronzeAgeMinoanlayersatKnossosonCreteinaformthatdemonstrateditsuseindecorativearts;[6]thisusedatestoapproximately1800BC.CarnelianwasusedwidelyduringRomantimestomakeengravedgemsforsignetorsealringsforimprintingasealwithwaxoncorrespondenceorotherimportantdocuments.Hotwaxdoesnotsticktocarnelian.[7]SardwasusedforAssyriancylinderseals,EgyptianandPhoenicianscarabs,andearlyGreekandEtruscangems.[8]TheHebrewodem(alsotranslatedassardius),thefirststoneintheHighPriest'sbreastplate,wasaredstone,probablysardbutperhapsredjasper.[8]InRevelation4:3,theOneseatedontheheavenlythroneseeninthevisionofJohntheapostleissaidto"looklikejasperand'σαρδίῳ'(sardiustransliterated)."AndlikewiseitisinRevelation21:20asoneofthepreciousstonesinthefoundationsofthewalloftheheavenlycity.[9] CarnelianintagliowithaPtolemaicqueen,Hellenisticartwork,CabinetdesMédailles ThereisaNeo-AssyriansealmadeofcarnelianintheWesternAsiaticSealscollectionoftheBritishMuseumthatshowsIshtar-Gulaasastargoddess.Sheisholdingaringofroyalauthorityandisseatedonathrone.SheisshownwiththespadeofMarduk(hissymbol),Sibbiti(שבעorshevainHebrewlanguage)gods,stylusofNabuandaworshiper.An8thcenturyBCcarneliansealfromthecollectionoftheAshmoleanMuseumshowsIshtar-GulawithherdogfacingthespadeofMardukandhisreddragon.[10] Etymology[edit] Althoughnowthemorecommonterm,"carnelian"isa16th-centurycorruptionofthe14th-centuryword"cornelian"(anditsassociatedorthographiescornelineandcornalyn).[11]Cornelian,cognatewithsimilarwordsinseveralRomancelanguages,comesfromtheMediaevalLatincorneolus,itselfderivedfromtheLatinwordcornum,thecornelcherry,[12]whosetranslucentredfruitsresemblethestone.TheOxfordEnglishDictionarycalls"carnelian"aperversionof"cornelian,"bysubsequentanalogywiththeLatinwordcaro,carnis,flesh.AccordingtoPlinytheElder,sardderiveditsnamefromthecityofSardisinLydiafromwhichitcame,andaccordingtoothers,mayultimatelyberelatedtothePersianwordسردsered,meaningyellowishred.[8]SarxinGreekmeans"flesh",andotherstoneshavesimilarnaming,suchastheonyxstoneinsardonyx,whichcamefromGreekfor"claw"or"fingernail"becauseonyxwithflesh-coloredandwhitebandscanresembleafingernail.[13]Sothistypeofuseanalogymayhavebeenmorewidespread. Distinctionbetweencarnelianandsard[edit] Thenamescarnelianandsardareoftenusedinterchangeably,buttheycanalsobeusedtodescribedistinctsubvarieties.Thegeneraldifferencesareasfollows:[8] Comparisonofcarnelianandsard Aspect Carnelian Sard Color Lighter,withshadesrangingfromorangetoreddishbrown Darker,withshadesrangingfromadeepreddishbrowntoalmostblack Hardness Softer Harderandtougher Fracture Uneven,splinteryandconchoidal Likecarnelian,butdullerandmorehackly(havingtheappearanceofsomethingthathasbeenhacked,i.e.jagged) Allofthesepropertiesvaryacrossacontinuum,sotheboundarybetweencarnelianandsardisinherentlyblurry. Necklacewithgoldbeadsandcarnelianbeads,CypriotartworkwithMycenaeaninspiration,c.1400–1200BC.[citationneeded]FromEnkomi.BritishMuseum. Indiancarnelianbeadswithwhitedesign,etchedinwhitewithanacid,importedtoSusain2600–1700BCE.FoundinthetelloftheSusaacropolis.LouvreMuseum,referenceSb17751.[14][15][16]ThesebeadsareidenticalwithbeadsfoundintheIndusCivilizationsiteofDholavira.[17] ThisEgyptiannecklaceconsistsofbiconicalcarnelianbeads,beadsofrolledstripsofsheetgold,andtenamulets.[18]TheWaltersArtMuseum. Seealso[edit] Carnelian(color) Listofminerals References[edit] ^RudolfDudaandLubosRejl:MineralsoftheWorld(ArchCss,1990) ^abCarnelianonGemdat.org ^WebstersNewWorldCollegeDictionary.FourthEdition.2001.EditorinchiefMichaelAgnes. ^Kostov&Pelevina(2008). ^Kulke,Hermann&Rothermund,Dietmar(2004).AHistoryofIndia.Routledge.22.ISBN 0-415-32920-5. ^C.MichaelHogan,Knossosfieldnotes,ModernAntiquarian(2007) ^Section12ofthetranslationofWeilue-a3rd-centuryChinesetextbyJohnHillunder"carnelian"andnote12.12(17) ^abcdChisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911)."Sard" .EncyclopædiaBritannica(11th ed.).CambridgeUniversityPress. ^Revelation4:3 ^Dalley,Stephanie(29November2007).Esther'sRevengeatSusa:FromSennacheribtoAhasuerus.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 9780199216635.Retrieved24August2019. ^"Cornelian".OxfordEnglishDictionary.OxfordUniversityPress.Retrieved14February2012. ^Chisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911)."Carnelian" .EncyclopædiaBritannica(11th ed.).CambridgeUniversityPress. ^etymonline.com.Retrieved26September2019. ^"SiteofficieldumuséeduLouvre".cartelfr.louvre.fr. ^Guimet,Musée(2016).LesCitésoubliéesdel'Indus:ArchéologieduPakistan(inFrench).FeniXXrééditionnumérique.pp. 354–355.ISBN 9782402052467. ^Artofthefirstcities:thethirdmillenniumB.C.fromtheMediterraneantotheIndus.p. 395. ^Nandagopal,Prabhakar(2018).DecoratedCarnelianBeadsfromtheIndusCivilizationSiteofDholavira(GreatRannofKachchha,Gujarat).ArchaeopressPublishingLtd.ISBN 978-1-78491-917-7. ^"Egyptian-Necklace".TheWaltersArtMuseum. Furtherreading[edit] Allchin,B.1979."TheagateandcarnelianindustryofWesternIndiaandPakistan".–In:SouthAsianArchaeology1975.E.J.Brill,Leiden,91–105. Beck,H.C.1933."Etchedcarnelianbeads".–TheAntiquariesJournal,13,4,384–398. Bellina,B.2003."Beads,socialchangeandinteractionbetweenIndiaandSouth-eastAsia".–Antiquity,77,296,285–297. Brunet,O.2009."BronzeandIronAgecarnelianbeadproductionintheUAEandArmenia:newperspectives".–ProceedingsoftheSeminarforArabianStudies,39,57–68. Carter,A.K.,L.Dussubieux.2016."Geologicprovenienceanalysisofagateandcarnelianbeadsusinglaserablation-inductivelycoupledplasma-massspectrometry(LA-ICP-MS):AcasestudyfromIronAgeCambodiaandThailand".–J.Archeol.Sci.:Reports,6,321–331. Cornalinedel'Inde.DespratiquestechniquesdeCambayauxtechno-systèmesdel'Indus(Ed.J.-C.Roux).2000.ÉditionsdelaMaisondessciencesdel'homme,Paris,558pp. Glover,I.2001."Cornalinedel'Inde.DespratiquestechniquesdeCambayauxtechno-systèmesdel'Indus(sousladirectiondeV.Roux).–Bulletindel'Écolefrançaised'Extrême-Orient,88,376–381. Inizan,M.-L.1999."Lacornalinedel’IndusàlaMésopotamie,productionetcirculation:lavoieduGolfeauIIIemillénaire".–In:Cornalineetpierresprécieuses.DeSumeràl'Islam(Ed.byF.Tallon),MuséeduLouvre,Paris,127–140. Insoll,T.,D.A.Polya,K.Bhan,D.Irving,K.Jarvis.2004."TowardsanunderstandingofthecarnelianbeadtradefromWesternIndiatosub-SaharanAfrica:theapplicationofUV-LA-ICP-MStocarnelianfromGujarat,India,andWestAfrica".–J.Archaeol.Sci.,31,8,1161–1173. Kostov,R.I.;Pelevina,O.(2008)."ComplexfacetedandothercarnelianbeadsfromtheVarnaChalcolithicnecropolis:archaeogemmologicalanalysis".ProceedingsoftheInternationalConference"GeologyandArchaeomineralogy".Sofia,29–30October2008.Sofia:PublishingHouse"St.IvanRilski":67–72. Mackay,E.1933."Decoratedcarnelianbeads".–Man,33,Sept.,143–146. Theunissen,R.2007."Theagateandcarnelianornaments".–In:TheExcavationsofNoenU-LokeandNonMuangKao(Eds.C.Higham,A.Kijngam,S.Talbot).TheThaiFineArtsDepartment,Bangkok,359–377. MediarelatedtoCarnelianatWikimediaCommons vteJewelleryForms Anklet Barrette Bellychain Beltbuckle Bindi Bolotie Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collarpin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Genital Lapelpin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tiechain Tieclip Tiepin Toering Watch pocket strap MakingPeople Benchjeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Jewellerydesigner Lapidarist Silversmith Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost-wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metalclay Plating Polishing Repousséandchasing Soldering Stonesetting Wiresculpture Wirewrappedjewelry Tools Drawplate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers MaterialsPreciousmetals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Preciousmetalalloys Britanniasilver Coloredgold Crowngold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterlingsilver Argentium Tumbaga Basemetals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume-gane Nickelsilver(alpac(c)a) Pewter Pinchbeck Stainlesssteel Titanium Tungsten Mineralgemstones Agate Amazonite Amethyst Aventurine Beryl Carnelian Chrysoberyl Chrysocolla Diamond Diopside Emerald Fluorite Garnet Howlite Jade Jasper Kyanite Labradorite Lapislazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Peridot Prasiolite Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger'seye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Variscite Zircon Organicgemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Black Precious Ivory Jet Nacre Operculum Pearl Tortoiseshell Othernaturalobjects Bezoar Bog-wood Ebonite(vulcanite) Gutta-percha Hair Shell Spondylusshell Toadstone Terms Artjewelry Carat(mass) Carat(purity) Finding Fineness Relatedtopics Bodypiercing Fashion Gemology Metalworking Phaleristics Wearableart vteSilicamineralsCrystalline Coesite Cristobalite Keatite Moganite Quartz Seifertite Stishovite Tridymite Cryptocrystalline Chalcedony Chert Flint Jasper Amorphous Fulgurite Lechatelierite Opal Miscellaneous Tiger'seye Aqeeq NotablevarietiesChalcedony Agate Carnelian Chromechalcedony Chrysoprase Heliotrope Mossagate Onyx Opal Fiorite Geyserite Quartz Amethyst Ametrine Herkimerdiamond Smokyquartz Shockedquartz Prasiolite  Mineralsportal Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Germany Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnelian&oldid=1071694689" Categories:ChalcedonyTrigonalmineralsQuartzgemstonesHiddencategories:AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromAugust2019Wikipediaarticlesincorporatingacitationfromthe1911EncyclopaediaBritannicawithWikisourcereferenceCS1French-languagesources(fr)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2021CommonscategorylinkfromWikidataArticleswithGNDidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةБашҡортсаБеларускаяБългарскиBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisՀայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתKaszëbscziКыргызчаLatviešuLietuviųLimburgsMagyarМакедонскиBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệt吴语中文 Editlinks