Warhammer 40,000 - Wikipedia

Warhammer 40,000 is a miniature wargame produced by Games Workshop. It is the most popular miniature wargame in the world, and is particularly popular in ... Warhammer40,000 FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch IthasbeensuggestedthatInquisitor(magazine)bemergedintothisarticle.(Discuss)ProposedsinceFebruary2021. Miniaturewargame Warhammer40,000ManufacturersGamesWorkshop,CitadelMiniatures,ForgeWorldYearsactive1987–presentPlayers2+Setuptime5–20+minutesPlayingtime30–180+MinutesRandomchanceMedium(dicerolling)SkillsrequiredStrategicthinking,arithmetic,miniaturepaintingWebsitewarhammer40000.com Warhammer40,000[a]isaminiaturewargameproducedbyGamesWorkshop.Itisthemostpopularminiaturewargameintheworld,[1][2]andisparticularlypopularintheUnitedKingdom.[3]ThefirsteditionoftherulebookwaspublishedinSeptember1987,andtheninthandcurrenteditionwasreleasedinJuly2020. Asinotherminiaturewargames,playersenactbattlesusingminiaturemodelsofwarriorsandfightingvehicles.Theplayingareaisatabletopmodelofabattlefield,comprisingmodelsofbuildings,hills,trees,andotherterrainfeatures.Eachplayertakesturnstomovetheirmodelwarriorsaroundthebattlefieldandpretendthattheyarefightingtheiropponent'swarriors.Theseimaginaryfightsareresolvedusingdiceandsimplearithmetic. Warhammer40,000issetinthedistantfuture,whereastagnanthumancivilizationisbesetbyhostilealiensandsupernaturalcreatures.Themodelsinthegameareamixtureofhumans,aliens,andsupernaturalmonsters,wieldingfuturisticweaponryandsupernaturalpowers.Thefictionalsettingofthegamehasbeendevelopedthroughalargebodyofnovels,publishedbyBlackLibrary(GamesWorkshop'spublishingdivision).Warhammer40,000tookitsnamefromWarhammerFantasyBattle,whichisamedievalfantasywargamealsoproducedbyGamesWorkshop.Warhammer40,000wasinitiallyconceivedasasciencefictioncounterparttoWarhammerFantasy,andwhiletheyarenotconnectedtoeachotherinashareduniverse,theirsettingssharesimilarthemes. Warhammer40,000hasspawnedanumberofspin-offtabletopgames.TheseincludeSpaceHulk,whichisaboutcombatwithinthenarrowcorridorsofderelictspacecraft,andBattlefleetGothicwhichsimulatesspaceshipcombat.Videogamespin-offs,suchastheDawnofWarseries,havebeenreleased. Contents 1Overview 1.1Miniaturemodels 1.2Playingfield 1.3Assemblingarmies 1.4Movingandattacking 1.5Victoryconditions 2Setting 2.1Influences 3Factions 3.1TheImperiumofMan 3.2Chaos 3.3Necrons 3.4Aeldari 3.5Orks 3.6Tyranids 3.7T'au 4History 4.1Firstedition(Warhammer40,000:RogueTrader)(1987) 4.2Secondedition(1993) 4.3Thirdedition(1998) 4.4Fourthedition(2004) 4.5Fifthedition(2008) 4.6Sixthedition(2012) 4.7Seventhedition(2014) 4.8Eighthedition(2017) 4.9Ninthedition(2020) 5Supplementsandexpansions 6Spin-offgames,novels,andothermedia 6.1Music 6.2Novels 6.3Videogames 6.4Boardgamesandrole-playinggames 6.5Film 6.6TV 7Reviews 8Awards 9References 9.1Bibliography 10Externallinks Overview[edit] Note:Theoverviewherereferencesthe9theditionoftherules,publishedJuly2020 TherulebooksandminiaturemodelsrequiredtoplayWarhammer40,000arecopyrightedandsoldexclusivelybyGamesWorkshopanditssubsidiaries.Theseandothermaterials(dice,measuringtools,glue,paints,etc.)allmakeWarhammer40,000expensiveasfarasgaminghobbiesgo.Anewplayercanexpecttospendatleast$400toassembleenoughmaterialsfora"proper"game,[4][5]andthearmiesthatappearintournamentscansurpass$600.[6] Miniaturemodels[edit] Theassemblyandpaintingofmodelsisamajoraspectofthehobby,asmuchastheactualgame. GamesWorkshopsellsalargevarietyofgamingmodelsforWarhammer40,000,butnoready-to-playmodels.Rather,itsellsboxesofmodelparts,whichplayersareexpectedtoassembleandpaintthemselves.GamesWorkshopalsosellsglue,tools,andacrylicpaintsforthis.Theassemblyandpaintingofthemodelsisamajoraspectofthehobby.Aplayermightspendweeksassemblingandpaintingtheirmodelsbeforetheyareallreadyforplay.MostWarhammer40,000modelsaremadeofpolystyrene,butcertainmodelswhicharemadeandsoldinsmallvolumesaremadeoflead-freepewterorepoxyresin. Eachminiaturemodelrepresentsanindividualwarriororvehicle.Intherulebooks,thereisanentryforeverytypeofmodelinthegamethatdescribesitscombatcapabilities.Forinstance,amodelofaTacticalSpaceMarinehasa"Move"rangeof6inchesanda"Toughness"ratingof4,andisarmedwitha"boltgun"witharangeof24inches. Officially,Warhammer40,000doesnothaveascale,butthemodelsapproximatetoascaleratioof1:60.[7]Forinstance,aLandRaidertankmodelis17 cmlongbutconceptually10.3 mlong.Thisscaledoesnotcorrespondtotherangeoffirearms:onthetable,aboltgunhasarangeof24inches,whichcorrespondstoonly120feet(36.6 m)at1:60scale.AmodelofaPrimarisSpaceMarineisabout4.5 cminheight. Playingfield[edit] Theofficialrulebookrecommendsatablewidthof4feet(1.2 m).[8]Incontrasttoboardgames,Warhammer40,000doesnothaveafixedplayingfield.Playersareexpectedtoconstructtheirowncustom-madebattlefieldusingmodularterrainmodels.GamesWorkshopsellsavarietyofproprietaryterrainmodels,butplayersoftenusegenericorhomemadeonestoo.Unlikecertainotherminiaturewargames,suchasBattleTech,Warhammer40,000doesnotuseagridsystem.Playersmustusemeasuringtape(andtemplatesinearliereditions)tomeasuredistances.Distancesaremeasuredininches. Assemblingarmies[edit] An"army"inthiscontextreferstoallthemodelwarriorsthataplayerhasselectedtouseinamatch.InWarhammer40,000,playersarenotrestrictedtoplayingwithafixedandsymmetricalcombinationofwarriorsasinchess.Theygettochoosewhichwarriorsandarmamentstheywillfightwithfromacataloguepresentedintherulebooks.Theplayersmustpickandagreeonwhatmodelstheywillplaywithbeforethematchstarts,andoncethematchisunderwaytheycannotaddanynewmodelstotheirarmies.Theplayersmaychoosethemodelstheywillplaywith,subjecttosomelimitations. Duetomattersofpracticalnecessity,theminiaturemodelsusedbyplayersshouldtypicallyfollowthespecificationsofthosedesignedandsoldbyGamesWorkshopspecificallyforuseinWarhammer40,000,correspondingtothewarriorstheplayerwantsinhisarmy.Substitutingminiaturemodelsmadeforothergamesmaycauseconfusion,astheplayersmayhavedifficultykeepingtrackofwhichkindofwarriorathird-partymodelisintendedtorepresent.Forinstance,aplayercannotuseamodelofaGreekhopliteinaWarhammer40,000matchbecausetherulebooksprovidenorulesorstatsforGreekhoplites,andGreekhoplitesdonotexistinthesettingofWarhammer40,000.Furthermore,substitutemodelsmaynotmatchthesizeofthepropermodel,particularlywithregardtothebaseonwhichthefigurineismounted,andthisisimportantbecausethespacethemodeloccupiesontheplayingfieldaffectstheplay.Warhammer40,000,afterall,isnotplayedonagrid.Additionally,inpublictournaments,itismandatoryforplayerstoonlyuseGamesWorkshop'smodels,andthosemodelsmustbeproperlyassembledandpaintedtomatchtheplayer'sarmyroster;substitutesareforbidden.Forexample,ifaplayerwantstouseanOrkWeirdboyinhismatch,hemustuseanOrkWeirdboymodelfromGamesWorkshop.[9] Thecompositionoftheplayers'armiesmustfittherivalriesandalliancesdepictedinthesetting.Allmodelwarriorslistedintherulebooksareclassifiedinto"factions",suchas"Imperium","Chaos","TauEmpire",etc.Inamatchedgame,aplayermayonlyusewarriormodelsintheirarmythatareallloyaltoacommonfaction.[10]Thus,aplayercannot,forexample,useamixtureofAeldariandNecronmodelwarriorsintheirarmy.Thatwouldnotmakesense,forinthegame'sfictionalsetting,AeldariandNecronsaremortalenemiesandwouldneverfightalongsideeachother. Thearmiesmustbe"balanced",ieofequalstrengthoverall.Theplayersmustagreeastowhat"pointslimit"theywillplayat,whichroughlydetermineshowbigandpowerfultheirrespectivearmieswillbe.Eachmodelandweaponhasa"pointvalue"whichroughlycorrespondstohowpowerfulthemodelis;forexample,aTacticalSpaceMarineisvaluedat13points,whereasaLandRaidertankisvaluedat239points.[11]Thesumofthepointvaluesofaplayer'smodelsmustnotexceedtheagreedlimit.Ifthepointvaluesoftheplayers'respectivearmiesbothadduptothelimit,theyareassumedtobebalanced.1,000to3,000pointsarecommonpointslimits.Inthemostrecenteditionofthegame,powerlevelsareassignedtoeachmodel,whichcanbeusedtosimplifyorvarytheprocessofcreatinganarmylist.[12]Powerlevelsworkinthesamewayaspointsbutareslightlylessaccurate. Althoughtherulesplacenolimitonhowbiganarmycanbe,playerstendtousesmallarmiesofabouttwodozenmodels.Alargearmywillslowdownthepaceofthematchastheplayershavethatmanymoremodelstohandleandthinkabout.Largearmiesalsocostalotofmoneyandtakealotofworktopaintandassemble. Movingandattacking[edit] Distancesbetweenmodelsontheplayingfieldmustbemeasuredwithtools,asthereisnogrid. Atthestartofagame,eachplayerplacestheirmodelsinstartingzonesatoppositeendsoftheplayingfield. Atthestartoftheirturn,aplayermoveseachmodelintheirarmybyhandacrossthefield.Amodelcanbemovednofartherthanitslisted"Movecharacteristic".Forinstance,amodelofaSpaceMarinecanbemovednofartherthansixinchesperturn.Ifamodelcannotfly,itmustgoaroundobstaclessuchaswallsandtrees. Modelsaregroupedinto"units".Theymove,attack,andsufferdamageasaunit.Allmodelsinaunitmuststayclosetoeachother.Eachmodelinaunitmustfinishaturnwithintwoinchesofanothermodelfromtheunit.Iftherearemorethanfivemodelsinaunit,eachmodelmustbewithintwoinchesoftwoothermodels. Aftermoving,eachunitcanattackanyenemyunitwithinrangeandline-of-fireofwhateverweaponsandpsychicpowersitsmodelshave.Forinstance,aunitofSpaceMarinesarmedwith"boltguns"canshootanyenemyunitwithin24inches.Theattackingplayerrollsdicetodeterminehowmuchimaginarydamagetheirmodelsinflictedontheenemyunit.Theattackingplayercannottargetindividualmodelswithinanenemyunit;ifanenemyunitsuffersdamage,theenemyplayerdecideswhichmodelsintheunitsufferedinjury.[13]Damageismeasuredinpoints,andifamodelsuffersmorepointsofdamagethanits"Woundcharacteristic"permits,itdies.Deadmodelsareremovedfromtheplayingfield.MostmodelshaveonlyoneWoundpoint,butcertainmodelssuchas"herocharacters"andvehicleshavemultipleWoundpoints,sothedamagetheyaccumulatemustberecordedonpaper. Mostoftheracesinthegamehaveunitswithpsychicpowers.Psykerunitscancauseunusualeffects,suchasrenderingalliedunitsinvulnerableorteleportingunitsacrossthebattlefield.AnypsykerunitcannullifythepowersofanenemypsykerbymakingaDenytheWitchroll.[14] Victoryconditions[edit] Victorydependsonwhatkindof"mission"theplayerschoosefortheirgame.Itmightinvolveexterminatingtheenemy,orholdingalocationonthefieldforacertainlengthoftime,orretainingpossessionofaholyrelicforacertainlengthoftime. Setting[edit] MostWarhammer40,000fictionissetaroundtheturnofthe42ndmillennium(about39,000yearsinthefuture).AlthoughWarhammer40,000ismostlyascience-fictionsetting,itadaptsanumberoftropesfromfantasyfiction,suchasmagic,supernaturalbeings,daemonicpossession,andracessuchasOrksandElves;"psykers"filltheroleofwizardsinthesetting.ThesettingofthisgameinheritsmanyfantasytropesfromWarhammerFantasy(asimilarwargamefromGamesWorkshop),butthesetwosettingsarenotconnecteddespitethesharedname.Warhammer40,000byextensioninheritsmanyofitsfantasytropesfromDungeonsandDragons.GamesWorkshopusedtomakeminiaturemodelsforuseinDungeonsandDragons,andWarhammerFantasywasoriginallymeanttoencouragecustomerstobuymoreoftheirminiaturemodels. ThesettingofWarhammer40,000isviolentandpessimistic.Itdepictsafuturewherehumanscientificandsocialprogresshaveceased,andhumancivilisationisclosetocollapseduetowarwithhostilealienracesandoccultforces.Itisasettingwherethesupernaturalexists,ispowerful,andisusuallyuntrustworthyifnotoutrightmalevolent.Therearenobenevolentgodsorspiritsinthecosmos,onlydaemonsandevilgods,andthecultsdedicatedtothemaregrowing.Inthelongrun,theImperiumofMancannothopetodefeatitsenemies,sotheheroesoftheImperiumarenotfightingforabrighterfuturebut"ragingagainstthedyingofthelight".[15]Thetoneofthesettinghasledtoasubgenreofsciencefictioncalled"grimdark",whichisparticularlyamoral,dystopianorviolent.[16] Asthesettingisbasedonawargame,thespin-offnovelsandcomicbooksaremostlywardramaswithprotagonistswhoareusuallywarriorsofsomesort,themostpopularbeingtheSpaceMarines.TheImperiumisinastateoftotalwar.ManyplanetsintheImperiumofManareeitherwarzonesorheavilyburdenedbywartimetaxation,andcivillibertiesareheavilycurtailedinthenameofsecurity. Thesourceofmagicinthesettingisaparalleluniverseofsupernaturalenergyknownas"theWarp".AlllivingcreatureswithsoulsaretiedtotheWarp,butcertainindividualscalled"psykers"haveanespeciallystronglinkandcanmanipulatetheWarp'senergytoworkmagic.Psykersaregenerallyfearedandmistrustedbyhumans.Psykersmaypossessmanydangerousabilitiessuchasmindcontrol,clairvoyance,andpyrokinesis.Moreover,theWarpisfullofpredatorycreaturesthatmayuseapsyker'slinktotheWarpasaconduitbywhichtoinvaderealspace.Despitetheirassociatedsuspicionanddanger,psykersperformcriticalservicesforhumanity:theirtelepathicpowersprovidefaster-than-lightcommunication,whichisimpossibleunderthe"normal"lawsofphysics,andonthebattlefieldtheycounterthepowersofenemypsykers.Foralltheproblemsthatpsykerspose,humancivilizationcannotdowithoutthem.Forthisreason,psykersmustbetrainedtocontroltheirabilitiesandresistWarppredators.Thosewhofailorrejectthistrainingareexecutedforthesafetyofall.Thosewhopasstheirtrainingarepressedintolife-longservitudetothestateandarecloselymonitoredformisconductandspiritualcorruption.[17] Influences[edit] RickPriestleycitesJ.R.R.Tolkien,H.P.Lovecraft,Dune,ParadiseLost,and2000ADasmajorinfluencesonthesetting. TheChaosGodswereaddedtothesettingbyBryanAnsellanddevelopedfurtherbyPriestley.PriestleyfeltthatWarhammer'sconceptofChaos,asdetailedbyAnsellinthesupplementRealmsofChaos,wastoosimplisticandtoosimilartotheworksofMichaelMoorcock,sohedevelopeditfurther,takinginspirationfromParadiseLost.[18]ThestoryoftheEmperor'sfavoredsonssuccumbingtothetemptationsofChaosdeliberatelyparallelsthefallofSataninParadiseLost.ThereligiousthemesareprimarilyinspiredbytheearlyhistoryofChristianity.DaemonsinWH40Karetheembodimentofhumannightmaresanddarkemotion,givenphysicalformandsentiencebytheWarp—thisideacomesfromthe1956movieForbiddenPlanet.[19] TheEmperorofManwasinspiredbyvariousfictionalgod-kings,suchasLetoAtreidesIIfromthenovelGodEmperorofDunebyFrankHerbert,andKingHuonfromtheRunestaffnovelsbyMichaelMoorcock.TheEmperor'ssufferingontheGoldenThroneforthesakeofhumanitymirrorsthesacrificeofJesusChrist. Humansfearartificialintelligenceandcreatingorprotectinganartificialintelligenceisacapitaloffence.ThiscomesfromtheDunenovels.AsintheDunesetting,theprohibitiononartificialintelligencewaspassedafteranancientwaragainstmalevolentandroids.[citationneeded] TheEldarWebwaywasinspiredbytheUnderdarkfromvariousDungeonsandDragonssettings.Thedarkelvesliveundergroundandtraveltheworldthroughanetworkoftunnels,withopeningstothesurfacehereandtherewhichtheyusetoraidhumancommunities,andtheybuildtheircitiesinthelargestcaverns.Likewise,inWarhammer40,000,theEldartravelthegalaxythroughamazeofmagicaltunnels,andtheDarkEldar'shomecityofCommoraghliesinthelargestWebwaycavern.[citationneeded] Tomethebackgroundto40Kwasalwaysintendedtobeironic.[...]ThefactthattheSpaceMarineswerelaudedasheroeswithinGamesWorkshopalwaysamusedme,becausethey'rebrutal,butthey'realsocompletelyself-deceiving.ThewholeideaoftheEmperoristhatyoudon'tknowwhetherhe'saliveordead.ThewholeImperiummightberunningonsuperstition.There'snoguaranteethattheEmperorisanythingotherthanacorpsewitharesidualmentalabilitytodirectspacecraft.It'sgotsomeparallelswithreligiousbeliefsandprinciples,andIthinkalotofthatgotmissedandoverwritten.— RickPriestley,inaDecember2015interviewwithUnpluggedGames[20] Factions[edit] Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Warhammer40,000" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ThemodelsavailableforplayinWarhammer40,000aredividedinto"factions".Undernormalcircumstances,aplayercanonlyuseunitsfromthesamefactionintheirarmy.Forinstance,aplayer'sarmycannotincludebothOrkandAeldarimodelsbecauseOrksandAeldariareenemiesinthesetting. TheImperiumofMan[edit] AnImperialGuardsman. TheImperiumofManisahumanempirethatcomprisesapproximately1millionworldsandhasexistedforover10,000years.Itsthegovernmentisamixtureoffascism,theocracy,andfeudalism.ThemostimportantaspectoftheImperiumisitsstatereligionintheworshipoftheEmperorofMankind,anextremelypowerfulpsykerwhomtheyworshipasagod.AnyonewhodoesnotreveretheEmperorproperlyisliabletobepersecutedforheresy.TheEmperorfoundedtheImperiumandisstillitsnominalruler,butroughlytwocenturiesafterfoundingtheImperiumhewasmortallywoundedinbattleandhasbeenonlifesupportinanunresponsivestateeversince.Despitehiscondition,hismindstillgeneratesapsychicbeaconbywhichstarshipsnavigatetheWarp,makinghimthelinchpinoftheImperium'sinfrastructure.AlthoughtheImperiumhashighlyadvancedtechnology,ithaslongceasedpracticingscienceanditstechnologieshavenotimprovedforthousandsofyears.Imperialcitizensaretaughttoobeyauthoritywithoutquestion,toworshiptheEmperor,tohate,fearandexterminatealiensandotherhumanswhoaredeemedheretical,andtobeincuriousaboutanythingthatdoesnotconcerntheirduties.MostWarhammer40,000fictionhashumansoftheImperiumastheprotagonists,withotherracesbeingantagonistsorsupportingcharacters. Ofallthefactions,theImperiumhasthelargestcatalogueofmodelsandthelargestnumberofsubfactions,whichgivesImperiumplayerstheflexibilitytodesigntheirarmyforanystyleofplay.Thatsaid,playerstendtobuildtheirarmiesaroundspecificsub-factionswhichhavemorefocusedplaystyles.Forinstance,anarmyofSpaceMarineswillconsistofasmallnumberofpowerfulinfantry,whereasanImperialGuardarmywillhaveweakbutplentifulinfantrycombinedwithstrongartillery. Chaos[edit] AChaosSpaceMarine. ChaosrepresentsthemyriadservantsoftheChaosGods,malevolentanddepravedentitiesformedfromthebasethoughtsandemotionsofmortals.ThoseexposedtotheinfluenceoftheChaosaretwistedinbothmindandbodyandperformsordidactsofdevotiontotheirdarkgods,whointurnrewardthemwith"gifts"suchasphysicalmutations,psychicpower,andmysticalartifacts.Liketheirgods,theservantsofChaosaremalevolentandinsane,adoptingtheaestheticsofbodyhorrorandcosmichorrorinthedesignoftheirmodelsandstorydetails.TheongoingconflictbetweenthosestillloyaltotheEmperorofMankindandthosewhohave"fallen"totheChaosGodsiscentraltothesettingofWarhammer40,000. AswiththeImperium,Chaosplayershaveaccesstoalargevarietyofmodels,allowingthemtodesigntheirarmyforanystyleofplay.Thatsaid,playerstendtothemetheirarmyaroundaparticularChaosGod,whichfocusesthestyleofplay.Forinstance,anarmythemedaroundNurglewillconsistofslow-movingbuttoughwarriors.Likewise,aChaosarmythemedaroundKhornewillleantowardsmeleecombatandeschewpsykers. Necrons[edit] ANecronImmortal. TheNecronsareanancientraceofskeleton-likeandroids.Millionsofyearsago,theywereflesh-and-bloodbeings,butthentheytransferredtheirmindsintoandroidbodies,therebyachievingimmortality.[21]However,thetransferenceprocesswasflawed,astheyalllosttheirsoulsandallbutthehighestrankingonesbecamemindlessaswell.Theyarewakingupfrommillionsofyearsofhibernationinundergroundvaultsonplanetsacrossthegalaxy,andseektorebuildtheiroldempire.TheNecronshaveanancientEgyptianaesthetictothem,althoughtheyarenotbasedontheTombKingsofWarhammerFantasy. Necroninfantryhavestrongrangedfirepower,tougharmour,andslowmovement.Necronunitshavetheabilitytorapidlyregeneratewoundsor"reanimate"slainmodelsatthestartoftheplayer'sturn.AllNecronmodelshaveaLeadershipscoreof10(themaximum),soNecronsrarelysufferfrommoralefailure.Necronsdonothaveanypsykers,whichmakesthemsomewhatmorevulnerabletopsychicattacksastheycannotmakeDenytheWitchrolls.TheNecronspossess"C'tanshards"whichfunctionmuchlikepsykers,butsincethesearenotactualpsykers,theycannotmakeDenytheWitchrolls,norcantheirpowersbecounteredbyenemyDenytheWitchrolls. Aeldari[edit] ACraftworldEldarguardian. TheAeldari(formerlyreferredtoastheEldar)arebasedonHighElvesoffantasyfiction.Theyareahaughtyspecieswhoviewhumansandothernon-Aeldariasvermin.Aeldarihaveverylonglifespansandallofthemhavesomepsychicability.TheAeldaritravelthegalaxyviaanetworkofmagicaltunnelscalled"theWebway",overwhichtheyhaveexclusivecontrol.Inthedistantpast,theAeldariruledanempirethatdominatedmuchofthegalaxy,butitwasdestroyedinamagicalcataclysmalongwithmostofthepopulation.ThesurvivingAeldariaredividedintotwomajorsubfactions:theasceticinhabitantsofmassivestarshipscalledCraftworlds;andthesadisticDrukhari(alsoknownas"DarkEldar"),whoinhabitacityhiddenwithintheWebway.Thereareanumberofminorsubfactionstoo:theHarlequins,followersoftheLaughingGodCegorach;andtheYnnari,followersofthedeathgodYnnead.Althoughithasbeen10,000yearssincetheirempire'sfall,theAeldarihaveneverrecovered,duetotheirlowfertilityandaggressionbyotherraces. CraftworldAeldariinfantrytendtobehighlyspecialisedandrelativelyfrail,oftendescribedas"glasscannons."Becauseoftheirlackofstayingpowerandflexibility,Aeldariarmiescansufferseverelossesafterabadtacticaldecisionorevenunluckydicerolls,whilesuccessfulgameplaycaninvolveoutnumberedAeldariunitswhichoutmanoeuvretheopponentandkillentiresquadsbeforetheyhaveachancetoretaliate.Aeldarivehicles,unliketheirinfantrycounterparts,areverytoughandhardtokillbecauseofmanyevasiveandshieldingbenefits.Withtheexceptionofwalkers,allAeldarivehiclesareskimmerswhichallowthemtomove"freely"acrossdifficultterrain,andwithupgrades,atspeedsonlymatchedbytheDarkAeldariandtheTauarmies. DarkAeldariaresimilartoCraftworldAeldariinthattheyaretypicallyfrailbutmovequicklyanddealahighamountofdamagerelativetotheirpointscosts.UnlikeCraftworldAeldari,theDarkAeldarihavenopsykers. Orks[edit] AmodelofanOrk. TheOrksaregreen-skinnedaliensbasedonthetraditionalorcsofhighfantasyfiction.Orksareacomicalspecies,possessingcrudepersonalities,wieldingramshackleweaponry,andspeakingwithCockneyaccents.Theirculturerevolvesaroundwarforthesakeofit.Unlikeotherraceswhichgenerallyonlygotowarwhenitisintheirinterests,theOrksrecklesslystartunnecessaryconflictsforthepleasureofagoodfight.Orksdonotfeardeathandcombatistheonlythingthatgivesthememotionalfulfillment.Orktechnologyconsistsofdashedtogetherscrapthatbyalllogicshouldbeunreliableifevenfunctional,butOrksgenerateamagicalfieldthatmakestheirramshackletechnologyworkproperly.Ifanon-OrktriedtouseanOrkgadget,itwouldlikelymalfunction. Orkinfantrymodelsareslow-movingandtough.TheOrksareorientedtowardsmeleecombat.AnOrkplayercanre-rollfailedchargerolls.[22]Infantrymodelsarecheap(bypointcost),soafavouritestrategyis"theGreenTide":theplayerfieldsasmanyOrksastheycanandsimplymarchesthemacrosstheplayingfieldtoswarmhisopponent.Orksdohaveanumberofspecialistmodelswhocandothingslikepsychicpowersandrepairingvehicles,buttypicallyOrkwarfareisaboutbruteforceandattrition.Orkgameplayisseenasfairlyforgivingoftacticalerrorsandbaddierolls. Tyranids[edit] ATyranidwarrior. TheTyranidsareamysteriousalienracefromanothergalaxy.Theymigratefromplanettoplanet,devouringalllifeintheirpath.TyranidsarelinkedbyapsychichivemindandindividualTyranidsbecomeferalwhenseparatedfromit.Tyranid"technology"isentirelybiological,shipsandweaponsbeingpurpose-bredlivingcreatures. Tyranidshaveapreferenceformeleecombat.Theirinfantrymodelstendtobefastandhard-hittingbutfrail.Theyhavelowpointcosts,meaningTyranidarmiesinthegamearerelativelylarge(manycheapweakmodels,asopposedtoarmieswithfewexpensivepowerfulmodelssuchastheSpaceMarines).Tyranidsalsohavethemostpowerfulcounter-measuresagainstenemieswithpsychicpowers:manyTyranidmodelspossessatraitcalled"ShadowintheWarp",whichmakesitharderfornearbyenemypsykerstousetheirpsychicpowers.[23] Thereisasub-speciesoftheTyranidracecalled"Genestealers".GenestealersareinspiredbyH.P.Lovecraft'snovellaTheShadowoverInnsmouth.[24]WhenahumanisinfectedbyaGenestealer,theyarepsychicallyenslavedandwillsirechildrenwhoarehuman-genestealerhybrids.ThesehybridswillformasecretsocietyknownasaGenestealerCultwithintheirhosthumansociety,steadilyexpandingtheirnumbersandpoliticalinfluence.WhenaTyranidfleetapproachestheirplanet,theywilllaunchanuprisingtoweakentheplanet'sdefencessothattheTyranidsmaymoreeasilyconqueritandconsumeitsbiomass. Inearliereditionsofthegame,GenestealerCultscouldonlybeusedasauxiliariestoaregularTyranidarmy,butsince8thedition,theycanbeplayedasaseparatearmy.AlthoughthereisadedicatedlineofGenestealerCultmodels,aplayercanalsousemodelsfromtheImperialGuard(asub-factionoftheImperium)intheirGenestealerCultarmy.Thisisanexceptiontothecommon-factionruleandisbasedonthelogicthatthese"human"modelsareactuallyGenestealerhybridswholookperfectlyhuman.LikeotherTyranids,Genestealersarehard-hittingbutfragile.AllGenestealerCultinfantryandbikershaveatraitcalled"CultAmbush"thatallowsthemtobesetupofftableandlaterbesetuponthetable,insteadofbeingsetupinthedesignatedstartingzonesatthestartofthegame(similartotheSpaceMarines'"DeepStrike"ability). T'au[edit] AT'auCadreFirebladewarrior. TheT'auarearaceofblue-skinnedaliensinhabitingarelativelysmallbutgrowingempirelocatedonthefringesoftheImperiumofMan.TheT'auEmpireistheonlyplayablefactioninthesettingthatintegratesalienspeciesintotheirsociety.Theyseektouniteallotherracesunderanideologytheycall"theGreaterGood"or"T'au'va".SomehumanworldshavewillinglydefectedfromtheImperiumtojointheT'auEmpire.ThehumanstendtohaveabetterqualityoflifethanImperialcitizensbecausetheT'aupracticehumaneethicsandencouragescientificprogress.TheT'auaredividedintofiveendogamouscastes:theEthereals,whoarethespiritualleaders;theFireCaste,whoareprofessionalsoldiers;theAirCaste,whooperatestarships;theWaterCaste,whoaremerchantsanddiplomats;andtheEarthCaste,whoarescientists,engineers,andlabourers. TheT'auareorientedtowardsrangedcombatandgenerallyshunmelee.Theyhavesomeofthemostpowerfulfirearmsinthegameintermsofbothrangeandstoppingpower.Forinstance,theirpulseriflesurpassesthefirepoweroftheSpaceMarineboltgun,[25]andtherailgunontheirmainbattletank(theHammerhead)ismorepowerfulthanitsImperiumcounterparts.TheT'audonothaveanypsykersnorunitsthatspecialiseincounteringpsykers,whichmakesthemsomewhatmorevulnerabletopsychicattacks.MostT'auvehiclesareclassifiedasflyersorskimmers,meaningtheycanmoveswiftlyoverdifficultterrain.TheT'aualsoincorporatealienauxiliariesintotheirarmy:theKrootprovidemeleesupportandtheinsectoidVespidsserveasjumpinfantry. History[edit] In1982,RickPriestleyjoinedCitadelMiniatures,asubsidiaryofGamesWorkshopthatproducedminiaturefigurinesforuseinDungeonsandDragons.BryanAnsell(themanagerofCitadel)askedPriestleytodevelopamedieval-fantasyminiaturewargamethatwouldbegivenawayforfreetocustomerssoastoencouragethemtobuymoreminiatures.DungeonsandDragonsdidnotrequireplayerstouseminiaturefigurines,andevenwhenplayersusedthemtheyrarelyneededmorethanahandful.[26]TheresultwasWarhammerFantasyBattle,whichwasreleasedin1983togreatsuccess. WarhammerFantasywasprincipallyamedievalfantasygameintheveinofDungeonsandDragons,butPriestleyandhisfellowdesignersaddedasmatteringofoptionalsciencefictionelements,namelyintheformofadvancedtechnologicalartefacts(e.g.laserweapons)leftbehindbyalong-goneraceofspacefarers.Warhammer40,000wasanevolutionofthistakentotheoppositeextreme(i.e.mostlyscience-fictionbutwithsomefantasyelements). SincebeforeworkingforGamesWorkshop,Priestleyhadbeendevelopingaspaceshipcombattabletopwargamecalled"RogueTrader",whichmixedsciencefictionwithclassicfantasyelements.Priestleyintegratedmanyelementsoftheloreof"RogueTrader"intoWarhammer40,000,chieflythoseconcerningspacetravel,buthediscardedtheshipcombatrulesforlackofspaceinthebook.[citationneeded] GamesWorkshopplannedtosellconversionkitsbywhichplayerscouldmodifytheirWarhammerFantasymodelstowieldfuturisticweaponrysuchaslaserweapons,buteventuallyGamesWorkshopdecidedtocreateadedicatedlineofmodelsforWarhammer40,000.[citationneeded] Initially,Priestley'snewgamewassimplytobetitledRogueTrader,butshortlybeforereleaseGamesWorkshopsignedacontractwith2000ADtodevelopaboardgamebasedontheircomicbookRogueTrooper.Soasnottoconfusecustomers,GamesWorkshoprenamedPriestley'sgameWarhammer40,000:RogueTraderandmarketeditasaspin-offofWarhammerFantasyBattle(whichinmanyways,itwas). Warhammer40,000:RogueTraderreceiveditsfirstfullpreviewinWhiteDwarf#93(September1987). Warhammer40,000:RogueTraderwasreleasedinOctober1987.ItwasasuccessandbecameGamesWorkshop'smostimportantproduct.IntheJanuary1988editionofDragon(issue129),KenRolstonravedaboutthisgame,callingit"colossal,stupendous,andspectacular...Thisisthefirstscience-fiction/fantasytomakemybloodboil."[27] Firstedition(Warhammer40,000:RogueTrader)(1987)[edit] ThefirsteditionofthegamewastitledWarhammer40,000:RogueTrader,anditsrulesarebasedonWarhammerFantasyBattle.[28]"RogueTrader"hadbeenthegame'sworkingtitleduringdevelopment.The"RogueTrader"subtitlewasdroppedinsubsequenteditions.Itwaspublishedin1987.[29]GamedesignerRickPriestleycreatedtheoriginalrulesset(basedonthecontemporarysecondeditionofWarhammerFantasyBattle)alongsidetheWarhammer40,000gameworld.ThegameplayofRogueTraderwasheavilyorientedtowardrole-playingratherthanstrictwargaming.Thisoriginalversioncameasaverydetailed,thoughratherjumbled,rulebook,whichmadeitmostsuitableforfightingsmallskirmishes.[30]Muchofthecompositionoftheunitswasdeterminedrandomly,byrollingdice.Afewelementsofthesetting(bolters,lasguns,fraggrenades,Terminatorarmour)canbeseeninasetofearlierwargamingrulescalledLaserburn(producedbythenowdefunctcompanyTabletopGames)writtenbyBryanAnsell.TheseruleswerelaterexpandedbybothAnsellandRichardHalliwell(bothofwhomendedupworkingforGamesWorkshop),althoughtheruleswerenotaprecursortoRogueTrader.[31] Inaddition,supplementalmaterialwascontinuallypublishedinWhiteDwarfmagazine,whichprovidedrulesfornewunitsandmodels.Eventually,WhiteDwarfprovidedproper"armylists"thatcouldbeusedtocreatelargerandmorecoherentforcesthanwerepossibleinthemainrulebook.Thesearticleswerefromtimetotimereleasedinexpansionbooksalongwithnewrules,backgroundmaterialsandillustrations.AllinalltenbookswerereleasedfortheoriginaleditionofWarhammer40,000:"ChapterApproved–BookoftheAstronomican","Compendium","Warhammer40,000Compilation","Waaagh–Orks",two"RealmofChaos"("SlavestoDarkness"and"TheLostandtheDamned"),"'EreweGo","Freebooterz","BattleManual",and"VehicleManual".The"BattleManual"changedandcodifiedthecombatrulesandprovidedupdatedstatsformostoftheweaponsinthegame.The"VehicleManual"containedanewsystemforvehiclemanagementonthetabletopwhichwasintendedtosupersedetheclunkyrulesgiveninthebasehardbackmanualandintheredsoftbackcompendium,ithadaninventivetargetlocationsystemwhichusedacetatecrosshairstosimulateweaponhitsonthevehiclesilhouetteswithdifferentarmourvaluesfordifferentlocations(suchastracks,enginecompartment,ammostore,andsoon)."Waaagh–Orks"wasanintroductorymanualtoOrkishcultureandphysiology.Itcontainednorules,butbackgroundmaterial.OtherOrk-themedbooksinsteadwererepletewitharmylistsformajorOrkclansandalsoforgreenskinpirateandmercenaryoutfits. GamesWorkshopreleasedtwoimportantsupplementaryrulebooksforthisedition:RealmofChaos:SlavestoDarknessandRealmofChaos:TheLostandtheDamned.ThesetwobooksaddedtheChaosGodsandtheirdaemonstothesettingalongwiththeHorusHeresyoriginstory.Intheoriginalrulebookof1987,theEmperorwasbed-riddenduetoextremeoldagebutcouldstillcommunicateandthereforerulehisempire.ButwiththerevisionsintroducedinTheLostandtheDamned,theEmperorbecamecomatose,theconsequenceofcriticalinjuriessustainedinbattle. Theartworkofthe1steditionbookswasamish-mashofstylesfromavarietyofscience-fictionworks,suchasH.R.Giger,StarWars,and2000ADcomics.Insubsequenteditions,theartworkofWarhammer40,000movedtowardsamorecoherentaestheticbasedaroundgothicarchitectureandart. Secondedition(1993)[edit] AsecondeditionSpaceMarinemodel. ThesecondeditionofWarhammer40,000waspublishedinlate1993.ThisnewcourseforthegamewasforgedunderthedirectionofeditorAndyChambers. AndyChambersreshapedtheloreinwaythatwasmoreseriousandpessimisticintone(adirectionwhichRickPriestleylamented).[32]Thenewthemeofthesettingisthathumanity'ssituationisnotmerelydirebuthopeless,astheImperiumdoesnothavethestrengthtodefeatitsmyriadenemiesandwillcollapseintime.Thiswasnotthecaseinthefirstedition;thefirsteditionrulebooksuggestedthathumanitycouldeventuallytriumphandprosperifitcansurvivelongenoughtocompleteitsevolutionintoafullypsychicrace,andthiswastheEmperor'sgoal. Thesecondeditionofthegameintroducedarmylists,puttingconstraintsonthecompositionofaplayer'sarmy.Atleast75%ofanarmy'sstrength(bypointvalue)hadtobeofunitsfromthesamefaction.Thisway,thebattlesthattheplayerswouldplaywouldfitthefactionalrivalriesdescribedinthesetting.AnexpansionboxsettitledDarkMillenniumwaslaterreleased,whichincludedrulesforpsychicpowers.Anothertraitofthegamewastheattentiongivento"specialcharacters"representingspecificindividualsfromthesetting,whohadaccesstoequipmentandabilitiesbeyondthoseofregularunits;theearliereditiononlyhadthreegeneric"heroic"profilesforeacharmy:"champion","minorhero"and"majorhero".Aplayercouldspendupto50%oftheirarmypointsonaspecialcharacter.Suchheroiccharactersweresopowerfulthatthesecondeditionwasnicknamed"Herohammer".[33] Thesecondeditionintroducedmajorrevisionstotheloreandwouldgoontodefinethegeneralcharacteroftheloreupuntilthe8thedition.TheAdeptusMechanicus'prohibitiononartificialintelligencewasadded,stemmingfromanancientcataclysmicwarbetweenhumansandsentientmachines;thiswasinspiredbytheDunenovels. Thirdedition(1998)[edit] Thethirdeditionofthegamewasreleasedin1998and,likethesecondedition,concentratedonstreamliningtherulesforlargerbattles.[34]Third-editionruleswerenotablysimpler.[35]Therulebookwasavailablealone,orasaboxedsetwithminiaturesofSpaceMarines(one10-manTacticalSquadswithaSergeant,missilelauncher,andflamer,andtheredesignedSpaceMarineLandspeederwithaHeavyBolter)andthenewlyintroducedDarkEldar(nowcalled"Drukhari")(20KabaliteWarriors).Thesystemofarmy'codexes'continuedinthirdedition.TheboxartworkandstudioarmydepictedtheBlackTemplarsSpaceMarineChapter. Towardstheendofthethirdedition,fournewarmycodexeswereintroduced:thexeno(thatis,alien)racesoftheNecronandtheTauandtwoarmiesoftheInquisition:theOrdoMalleus(calledDaemonhunters),andtheOrdoHereticus(calledWitchhunters);elementsofthelattertwoarmieshadappearedbeforeinsupplementarymaterial(suchasRealmofChaosandCodex:SistersofBattle).Attheendofthethirdedition,thesearmieswerere-releasedwithall-newartworkandarmylists.ThereleaseoftheTaucoincidedwithariseinpopularityforthegameintheUnitedStates.[36] Fourthedition(2004)[edit] ThefourtheditionofWarhammer40,000wasreleasedin2004.[37]Thiseditiondidnotfeatureasmanymajorchangesasprioreditions,andwas"backwardscompatible"witheacharmy'sthird-editioncodex.Thefourtheditionwasreleasedinthreeforms:thefirstwasastandalonehardcoverversion,withadditionalinformationonpainting,scenerybuilding,andbackgroundinformationabouttheWarhammer40,000universe.Thesecondwasaboxedset,calledBattleforMacragge,whichincludedacompactsoftcoverversionoftherules,scenery,dice,templates,andSpaceMarinesandTyranidminiatures.Thethirdwasalimitedcollector'sedition.BattleforMacraggewasa'gameinabox',targetedprimarilyatbeginners.BattleforMacraggewasbasedontheTyranidinvasionoftheUltramarines'homeworld,Macragge.AnexpansiontothiswasreleasedcalledTheBattleRagesOn!,whichfeaturednewscenariosandunits,liketheTyranidWarrior. Fifthedition(2008)[edit] ThefiftheditionofWarhammer40,000wasreleasedonJuly12,2008.Whiletherearesomedifferencesbetweenthefourthandfiftheditions,thegeneralrulesetsharesnumeroussimilarities.Codexbooksdesignedpriortothefiftheditionarestillcompatiblewithonlysomechangestohowthosearmiesfunction.[38]Thereplacementforthepreviousedition'sBattleforMacraggestartersetiscalledAssaultonBlackReach,whichfeaturesapocket-sizedrulebook(containingthefullrulesetbutomittingthebackgroundandhobbysectionsofthefull-sizedrulebook),andstarterarmiesfortheSpaceMarines(1SpaceMarineCaptain,one10-manTacticalSquad,one5-manTerminatorSquad,oneSpaceMarineDreadnought)andOrk(oneOrkWarboss,20OrkBoyz,5OrkNobz,3OrkDeffkoptas). Newadditionstotherulesincludetheabilityforinfantrymodelsto"GotoGround"whenunderfire,providingadditionalprotectionatthecostofmobilityandshootingastheydiveforcover.Actuallineofsightisneededtofireatenemymodels.Alsointroducedistheabilitytorun,wherebyunitsmayforgoshootingtocovermoreground.Inaddition,coverhasbeenchangedsothatitisnoweasierforaunittogetacoversave.Damagetovehicleshasbeensimplifiedandsignificantlyreduced,andtanksmaynowramothervehicles.[38]SomeoftheserulesaremodelledafterrulesthatexistedintheSecondEdition,butwereremovedintheThird.Likewise,5theditioncodexeshaveseenareturnofmanyunitspreviouslycutoutinthepreviouseditionforhavingunwieldyrules.Theseunitshavelargelybeenbroughtbackwithmostoftheiroldrulesstreamlinedforthenewedition.FiftheditionreleasesfocusedlargelyonSpaceMarineforces,includingtheabolishmentoftheDaemonhuntersinfavourofanarmycomposedofGreyKnights,aspecialchapterofSpaceMarines,which,inpreviouseditions,hadprovidedtheelitechoicesoftheDaemonhunter'sarmylist.Anothermajorchangewastheshiftfrommetalfigurestoresinkits. Sixthedition(2012)[edit] SixtheditionwasreleasedonJune23,2012.ChangestothiseditionincludetheadoptionofanoptionalPsychicPowercardsystemsimilartothatofthegame'ssisterproductWarhammerFantasyBattleaswellastheinclusionoffullrulesforflyingvehiclesandmonstersandamajorreworkingofthemannerinwhichdamageisresolvedagainstvehicles.Italsoincludesexpandedrulesforgreaterinteractionwithsceneryandmoredynamicclose-combat.[39]Inadditiontoupdatingexistingrulesandaddingnewones,6thEditionintroducedseveralotherlargechanges:theAlliancesystem,inwhichplayerscanbringunitsfromotherarmiestoworkwiththeirown,withvaryinglevelsoftrust;thechoicetotakeonefortificationaspartofyourforce;andWarlordtraits,whichwillallowaplayer'sCommandertogainacategoricallyrandomisedtraitthatcanaidtheirforcesindifferentsituations.Replacingthe"AssaultonBlackReach"boxsetisthe"DarkVengeance"boxsetwhichincludesDarkAngelsandChaosSpaceMarinemodels.SomeoftheearlyreleaseboxsetsofDarkVengeancecontainedalimitededitionInterrogator-ChaplainfortheDarkAngels. TheImperialKnights(Codex:ImperialKnights)wereanewadditiontotheImperiumofManfaction.PreviouslyfoundinEpiclargescalebattles,particularlytheTitanLegions(2ndEdition)boxedset,theImperialKnightsarewalkersthataresmallerthanproperImperialTitansbutnonethelesstoweroverallotherWarhammer40,000vehiclesandtroops.[40][41] Seventhedition(2014)[edit] AnnouncedinWhiteDwarfissue15,pre-ordersforMay17andreleasedateofMay24,2014.[42] The7theditionsawseveralmajorchangestothegame,includingadedicatedPsychicPhase,aswellasthewayPsychicpowersworkedoverall,[43]andchangeablemid-gameTacticalObjectives.TacticalObjectiveswouldgivetheplayersalternativewaystoscoreVictoryPoints,andthuswingames.Theseobjectivescouldchangeatdifferentpointsduringthegame.[44][45] Aswellastheseadditions,the7theditionprovidedanewwaytoorganiseArmylists.PlayerscouldplayaseitherBattle-Forged,makingalistinthesamewayas6thedition,orUnbound,whichallowedtheplayertouseanymodelstheydesired,disregardingtheForceOrganisationChart.[46]BonusesaregiventoBattle-Forgedarmies.Additionally,LordofWarunits,whicharepowerfulunitspreviouslyonlyallowedinlarge-scale("Apocalypse")games,arenowincludedinthestandardrulebook,andareanormalpartoftheForceOrganisationChart. Eighthedition(2017)[edit] AnnouncedonApril22,2017,[47]pre-ordersforJune3[48]andreleasedateofJune17,2017.[49] The8theditionwasthemostradicalrevisiontoWarhammer40,000'srulessincethethirdedition.ThegameintroducedtheThreeWaystoPlayconcept:Open,Matched,andNarrative.[50]Thecorerulesetwassimplifieddownto14pages,andwasavailableasafreePDFbookletontheGamesWorkshopwebsite.[51]ThemorecomplexrulesareretainedintheupdatedhardcoverRulebook.Thenarrativeofthesettinghasalsobeenupdated:anenlargedEyeofTerrorhassplitthegalaxyinhalf,[52]whilethePrimarchRobouteGuillimanreturnstoleadtheImperiumasitsLordCommander,beginningwithreclaimingdevastatedworldsthroughtheIndomitusCrusade.[53] The8thEditionintroducedanewboxsetcalled"DarkImperium",whichfeaturedthenext-generationPrimarisSpaceMarineswhichareavailableasreinforcementstoexistingSpaceMarineChapters,aswellasintroducingnewcharactersandrulestotheDeathGuardChaosSpaceMarines. Ninthedition(2020)[edit] ThenintheditionwasreleasedinJuly2020.Withitcamearedesignedlogo,thefirstredesignsince3rdedition.The9theditionwasonlyaminormodificationofthe8thedition'srules.Codexes,supplementsandtherulesfromthePsychicAwakeningseriesmadefor8theditionarecompatiblewith9th. 9theditionalsointroducedfournewboxsets:Indomitus,alimitedreleasesetthatcameoutatthestartof9thedition,andtheRecruit,EliteandCommandeditions.ThefourboxesfeaturereviseddesignsandnewunitsfortheNecrons,andnewunitsforthePrimarisSpaceMarines. Supplementsandexpansions[edit] Therearemanyvariationstotherulesandarmyliststhatareavailableforuse,typicallywithanopponent'sconsent.[54]TheserulesarefoundintheGamesWorkshoppublicationWhiteDwarf,ontheGamesWorkshopwebsite,orintheForgeWorldImperialArmourpublications. TherulesofWarhammer40,000aredesignedforgamesbetween500and3000points,withthelimitsofacompositionalframeworkcalledtheForceOrganisationChartmakinggameswithlargerpointvaluesdifficulttoplay.Inresponsetoplayercomments,theApocalypserulesexpansionwasintroducedtoallow3000+pointgamestobeplayed.Playersmightfieldanentire1000-manChapterofSpaceMarinesratherthanthesmallerdetachmentofaround30–40typicallyemployedinastandardgame.ApocalypsealsocontainsrulesforusinglargerwarmachinessuchasTitans. CitiesofDeath(therevampofCodexBattlezone:Cityfight)introducesrulesforurbanwarfareandguerrillawarfare,andso-called"stratagems",includingtrapsandfortifications.Italsohassectionsonmodellingcityterrainandprovidesexamplesofarmiesandarmylistsmodeledaroundthethemeofurbancombat.Thisworkwasupdatedto7thEditionwiththereleaseofShieldofBaal:Leviathan.[55] Planetstrike,released2009,setsrulesallowingplayerstorepresenttheearlystagesofaplanetaryinvasion.Itintroducesnewgamedynamics,suchasdividingtheplayersintoanattackerandadefender,eachhavingvarioustacticalbenefitstailoredtotheirrole;forexample,theattackermaydeepstrikeallinfantry,jumpinfantryandmonstrouscreaturesontothebattlefield,whilethedefendermaysetupalltheterrainonthebattlefield. PlanetaryEmpires,releasedAugust2009,allowsplayerstocoordinatefull-scalecampaignscontainingmultiplebattles,eachusingstandardrulesorapprovedsupplementssuchasPlanetstrike,CitiesofDeathorApocalypse.Progressthroughthecampaignistrackedusinghexagonaltilestorepresentthecurrentcontrolofterritorieswithinthecampaign.ThestructureissimilartoWarhammerFantasy'sMightyEmpires. BattleMissions,releasedMarch2010,thisexpansioncontainsaseriesof'missions'withspecificobjectives,each'race'hasthreespecificmissionswhichcanbeplayed,thesemissionsaredeterminedbyadicerollandareusuallychosenfromthetwoarmiesbeingused.TheystillusethestandardrulesfromtheWarhammer40,000rulebook. Spearhead,releasedMay2010,allowsplayerstoplaygameswithagreateremphasisonarmouredandmechanisedforces.Themostnotablechangetothegameistheinclusionofspecial"SpearheadFormations;"andgreaterflexibilityinforceorganisation."SpearheadFormations"representanewandaltogetheroptionaladditiontotheforceorganisationsystemstandardtoWarhammer40,000.Playersnowhavetheabilitytouseall,partornoneofthestandardforceorganisation.Spearheadalsoincludesnewdeploymentoptionsandgamescenarios.ThisexpansionisbeingreleasedjointlythroughtheGamesWorkshopwebsite,asafreedownload,andthroughthecompany'smonthlyhobbymagazineWhiteDwarf. DeathfromtheSkies,releasedFebruary2013,containsrulesforplayinggameswithanemphasisonaircraft.Therearespecificrulesforeachrace'saircraft,aswellasplayablemissions.Anotableinclusioninthisreleaseis"warlordtraits"foreachracethatdealspecificallywithaircraft.ThissupplementstillusesthesamerulesastheWarhammer40,000rulebook.Gotupdatedto7thEditionwithShieldofBaal:Leviathan. StrongholdAssault,releasedinDecember2013,isa48-pageexpansionthatcontainsmorerulesforfortificationsinthegame,aswellasrulesformorefortificationsthatlistedinthemain6thEditionRulebook. Escalation,releasedDecember2013,containsrulesforplayinggameswithsuperheavyvehicles,normallyrestrictedtoApocalypseevents,innormalevents. Spin-offgames,novels,andothermedia[edit] GamesWorkshophasexpandedtheWarhammer40,000universeovertheyearstoincludeseveralspin-offgamesandfictionalworks.Thisexpansionbeganin1987,whenGamesWorkshopaskedScottRohantowritethefirstseriesof"literarytie-ins".ThiseventuallyledtothecreationofBlackLibrary,thepublishingarmofGamesWorkshop,in1997.ThebookspublishedrelatecentrallytothebackstoryintheWarhammeruniverse.BlackLibraryalsopublishesWarhammer40,000graphicnovels.[56] Severalpopularminiaturegamespin-offswerecreated,includingSpaceCrusade,SpaceHulk,KillTeam,BattlefleetGothic,Epic40,000,Inquisitor,Gorkamorka,NecromundaandAssassinorum:ExecutionForce.Acollectiblecardgame,DarkMillennium,waslaunchedinOctober2005byGamesWorkshopsubsidiary,SabertoothGames.ThestorybehindthecardgamebeginsattheendoftheHorusHeresyarcinthegamestorylineandcontainsfourfactions:theImperium,Orks,AeldariandChaos.[57] Music[edit] ThealbumRealmsofChaos:SlavestoDarknessbyBritishdeathmetalbandBoltThrowerfeatureslyricsaswellasartworkbasedontheWarhammerandWarhammer40,000brands,withthealbum'stitledesignbeingidenticaltothatoftheeponymousGamesWorkshopbooks. Intheearly1990sGamesWorkshopsetuptheirownlabel,WarhammerRecords.ThebandD-Rokweresignedtothislabel;theironlyalbumOblivionfeaturedsongsbasedonWarhammer40,000. Novels[edit] Mainarticle:ListofWarhammer40,000novels Followingthe1987initialreleaseofGamesWorkshop'sWarhammer40,000wargamethecompanybeganpublishingbackgroundliteraturethatexpandspreviousmaterial,addsnewmaterial,anddescribestheuniverse,itscharacters,anditseventsindetail.Since1997thebulkofbackgroundliteraturehasbeenpublishedbytheaffiliatedimprintBlackLibrary. Theincreasingnumberoffictionworksbyanexpandinglistofauthorsispublishedinseveralformatsandmedia,includingaudio,digitalandprint.Mostoftheworks,whichincludefull-lengthnovels,novellas,shortstories,graphicnovels,andaudiodramas,arepartsofnamedbookseries.In2018,alineofnovelsforreadersaged8to12wasannounced,whichledtosomeconfusionamongfansgiventheultra-violentandgrimdarknatureofthesetting.[58] Videogames[edit] Mainarticle:ListofGamesWorkshopvideogames GamesWorkshopfirstlicensedElectronicArtstoproduceWarhammer40,000video-games,andEApublishedtwogamesbasedonSpaceHulkin1993and1995.GamesWorkshopthenpassedthelicensetoStrategicSimulations,whichpublishedthreegamesinthelate1990s.AfterStrategicSimulationswentdefunctin1994,GamesWorkshopthengavethelicensetoTHQ,andbetween2003and2011THQpublished13games,whichincludetheDawnofWarseries.After2011,GamesWorkshopchangeditslicensingstrategy:insteadofanexclusivelicensetoasinglepublisher,itbroadlylicensesavarietyofpublishers.[59] Boardgamesandrole-playinggames[edit] GamesWorkshophaveproducedanumberofstandalone"boxedgames"setwithintheWarhammer40,000setting;theyhavelicensedtheintellectualpropertytoothergamecompaniessuchasFantasyFlightGames.The GamesWorkshop-producedboxedgamestendtobesoldundertheaegisofthe"SpecialistGames"division.Titlesinclude: BattleforArmageddon ChaosAttack(ExpansionforBattleforArmageddon) DoomoftheEldar SpaceHulk(Foureditionswerepublished;expansionsarelistedbelow.) Deathwing(AnexpansionboxedsetaddingnewTerminatorweaponsandanewcampaign.) Genestealer(AnexpansionboxedsetaddingrulesforGenestealerhybridsandpsychicpowers.) SpaceHulkCampaigns(Anexpansionbookreleasedinbothsoftandhard-covercollectingreprintedfourcampaignspreviouslyprintedinWhiteDwarf.) AdvancedSpaceCrusade Assassinorum:ExecutionForce BommerzoverdaSulphurRiver(BoardgameusingEpicminiatures.) Gorkamorka(Avehicleskirmishgamesetonadesertworld,revolvingprincipallyaroundrivalOrkfactions.) Digganob(AnexpansionforGorkamorka,addingrebelgretchinandferalhumanfactions.) LostPatrol SpaceFleet(Asimplespaceshipcombatgame,latergreatlyexpandedviaWhiteDwarfmagazinewithmaterialintendedfortheaborted'BattleshipGothic',itselflaterrelaunchedasBattlefleetGothic.) TyranidAttack(AnintroductorygamereusingtheboardsfromAdvancedSpaceCrusade.) UltraMarines(AnintroductorygamereusingtheboardsfromSpaceHulk.) BlackstoneFortress(AcooperativeboardgamesetinthewreckofalargespaceshipknownasaBlackstoneFortress) Althoughtherewereplanstocreateafull-fledgedWarhammer40,000"penandpaper"role-playinggamefromthebeginning,[60]thesedidnotcometofruitionformanyyears,untilanofficialWarhammer40,000role-playinggamewaspublishedonlyin2008,withthereleaseofDarkHeresybyBlackIndustries,aGamesWorkshopsubsidiary.ThissystemwaslaterlicensedtoFantasyFlightGamesforcontinuedsupportandexpansion. FormerlyGamesWorkshoplicensedanumberofWarhammer40KthemedproductstoFantasyFlightGames.Theyspecialiseinboard,cardandrole-playinggames.Includedinthelicensedproductwere: HorusHeresy–aboardgamefocusingonthefinalbattleoftheHorusHeresythebattlefortheEmperor'sPalace;thisgameisare-imaginingofagamebythesamenamecreatedbyJervisJohnsoninthe1990s. SpaceHulk:DeathAngel,TheCardGame–thecardgameversionofSpaceHulk.PlayerscooperateasSpaceMarinesinordertoclearouttheinfestationofGenestealersonaderelictspaceship. Warhammer40,000:Conquest–aLivingCardGamewhereplayerscontrolvariousfactionsoftheWarhammer40,000settinginordertorulethesector. ForbiddenStars–aboardgamethatpits4popularWarhammer40,000racesagainstoneanothertocontrolobjectivesandsecurethesectorforthemselves. Relic–anadaptationoftheboardgameTalismantotheWarhammer:40,000setting. TheWarhammer40,000Roleplayseriesoftabletoprole-playinggames,whichsharemanycoremechanicsaswellasthesetting: DarkHeresy–playersmayassumetherolesofacellofInquisitorialacolytes,orassumeadifferentandequallysmall-scalescenariofollowingthegame'srules.Therecommendedscenariosandrulesetpresentabalancebetweeninvestigationandcombatencounters. RogueTrader–playersassumetherolesofExplorers,whoserankandescalatedprivilegesallowfortravellingoutsidetheImperium'sborders.DuetoextensiveexpansionsforRogueTrader,campaignscanbelargelydifferentandalteredbygamemasters.ItsmostsignificantdifferencefromanyoftheotherWarhammer40,000Roleplaytitlesisthatitcontainsrulesforcapitalspaceshipdesignandspacecombat. Deathwatch–thegameallowsplayerstorole-playtheSpaceMarinesoftheAdeptusAstartes,whoarethegene-enhancedsuperhumanelitecombatunitsoftheImperiumofMan.Inlightofthis,itsrulesetheavilyemphasisescombatagainstdifficultornumericallysuperiorenemies,ratherthannegotiationandinvestigation,comparedtoDarkHeresyorRogueTrader. BlackCrusade–BlackCrusadeallowsplayerstorole-playChaos-corruptedcharacters.Thisinstalmentwillbeconcludedwithsupplements.Itisnotablydifferentinthatitallowsmuchmorefree-formcharacterdevelopment,withexperiencecostsbeingdeterminedbyaffiliationwithaChaosGod. OnlyWar–OnlyWarputsplayersinthebootsoftheImperialGuard,thefootsoldiersoftheImperiumofMan.Despitethehuman-levelcapabilitiesofthecharacters,italsoemphasisescombatoverinteraction,muchlikeDeathwatch. Gamesfromotherpublishersinclude: Risk:Warhammer40,000—Thisisa40K-themedvariantoftheboardgameRisk,publishedbyTheOP.[61] Monopoly:Warhammer40,000–A40K-themedversionoftheboardgameMonopoly,publishedbyTheOP. MunchkinWarhammer40,000–a40K-themededitionofMunchkin,releasedin2019bySteveJacksonGames. Film[edit] Mainarticle:Ultramarines:AWarhammer40,000Movie OnDecember13,2010,[62]Ultramarines:AWarhammer40,000MoviewasreleaseddirectlytoDVD.ItisaCGIsciencefictionfilm,basedaroundtheUltramarinesChapterofSpaceMarines.ThescreenplaywaswrittenbyDanAbnett,aGamesWorkshopBlackLibraryauthor.ThefilmwasproducedbyCodexPictures,aUK-basedcompany,underlicensefromGamesWorkshop.ItutilisedanimatedfacialcapturetechnologyfromImageMetrics. TV[edit] OnJuly17,2019,GamesWorkshopandBigLightProductionsannouncedthedevelopmentofalive-actionTVseriesbasedonthecharacterGregorEisenhorn,whoisanImperialInquisitor.[63]FrankSpotnitzwillbetheshowrunnerfortheseries.TheseriesisexpectedtobebasedonthenovelswrittenbyDanAbnett.[64] Reviews[edit] Backstab#12(thirdedition)[65] Awards[edit] Warhammer40,0002ndEditionwonthe1993OriginsAwardforBestMiniaturesRules.[66] In2003,Warhammer40,000wasinductedintotheOriginsHallofFame.[67] Warhammer40,0008thEditionwonthe2017OriginsAwardsforBestMiniaturesGameandFanFavoriteMiniaturesGame.[68] References[edit] ^SometimesreferredtocolloquiallyasWarhammer40KorWH40K ^"Top5Non-CollectibleMiniatureGames–Spring2019".icv2.com.31July2019.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7November2020.Retrieved19August2019. ^"Top5Non-CollectibleMiniatureGames–Spring2020".icv2.com.12August2020.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19September2021.Retrieved29October2020. 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^WhiteDwarf(June,2008)pp.34–35 ^JamesMaliszewski(13November2020)."Interview:RickPriestley(PartII)".Grognardia.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7May2021.Retrieved4September2021. ^"Warhammer40K:AHistoryofEditions-1st&2ndEdition".25March2020.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5September2021.Retrieved5September2021. ^Priestley,Rick;et al.(1998).Warhammer40,000(3rd ed.).Nottingham:GamesWorkshop.ISBN 1-84154-000-5. ^Driver,Jason."Warhammer40K,3rdedition".RPGnet.SkotosTech.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2012-02-17.Retrieved2008-09-29. ^Guthrie,Jonathon(July31,2002)."GamesWorkshoprunsringsarounditsrivals".FinancialTimes.p. 20.ProQuest 249274306. ^Chambers,Andy;Priestley,Rick;Haines,Pete(2004).Warhammer40,000(4th ed.).Nottingham:GamesWorkshop.ISBN 1-84154-468-X. ^ab"inthePipeline".WhiteDwarf(UK)(343).July2008. ^"GamesWorkshop".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2012-06-25.Retrieved2012-06-22. ^"Warhammer40,0006thEditionRulebook-Warhammer40k-Lexicanum".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2021-02-25.Retrieved2021-02-06. ^"StartCompeting:ImperialKnightsTactics".Goonhammer.27September2019.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2022-01-31.Retrieved2022-02-21. ^Harden,Dan."WhiteDwarf,theheraldofthingstocome…".GamesWorkshop.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2June2014.Retrieved11May2014. ^NEW!Warhammer40,000:ThePsychicPhase.16May2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-06-26–viaYouTube. ^NEW!Warhammer40,000:MaelstromofWarMissions.16May2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-05-14–viaYouTube. ^"Warhammer40,000:TacticalObjectives".GamesWorkshopWebstore.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-06-07. ^NEW!Warhammer40,000:Newarmyorganisationoptions.16May2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-05-12–viaYouTube. ^"BreakingNews!".WarhammerCommunity.2017-04-22.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-07-07.Retrieved2017-07-16. ^"DarkImperiumPre-orders".WarhammerCommunity.2017-06-03.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-07-10.Retrieved2017-07-16. ^"NewEditionNowAvailable–ReadtheRules,GettheT-Shirt!".WarhammerCommunity.2017-06-17.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-07-05.Retrieved2017-07-16. ^"NewWarhammer40,000:ThreeWaystoPlay".WarhammerCommunity.2017-04-24.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-07-10.Retrieved2017-07-16. ^"Rules".GamesWorkshop.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-08-01.Retrieved2017-07-16. ^"NewWarhammer40,000:TheGalaxyMap".WarhammerCommunity.2017-04-23.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-11-07.Retrieved2017-07-16. ^Guy,Haley(2018).DARKIMPERIUM.[S.l.]:GAMESWORKSHOPLTD.ISBN 9781784966645.OCLC 989984121. ^Priestley,Rick;etal.(1998)pp.270–272 ^Hoare,Andy(2006).CitiesofDeath.Nottingham:GamesWorkshop.ISBN 1-84154-749-2. ^Baxter,Stephen(2006)."FreedominanOwnedWorld:WarhammerFictionandtheInterzoneGeneration".Vector:TheCriticalJournaloftheBritishScienceFictionAssociation.BritishScienceFictionAssociation.229.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2012-02-16. ^Kaufeld,John;Smith,Jeremy(2006).TradingCardGamesForDummies.ForDummies.pp. 186.ISBN 978-0-471-75416-9. ^Hall,Charlie(22May2018)."Warhammer40,000islaunchingalineofyoungadultfictionandfansareconfused".Polygon.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22May2018.Retrieved23May2018. ^ArchivedatGhostarchiveandtheWaybackMachine:TheWarhammer40kLicense–ATotalChangeofStrategy.ExtraCredits.June8,2016–viaYouTube. ^Edwards,Darren(1988)."InterviewwithRickPriestley".MakingMovies(3):17. ^Meehan,Alex(23April2020)."Risk:Warhammer40,000ismarchingontoshelvesthisautumn".Dicebreaker.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25September2020.Retrieved24April2020. ^"Ultramarines:AWarhammer40,000Movie(2010)".Sci-FiMoviePage.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2020-02-23.Retrieved2010-12-19. ^"Heretic,Traitor,Rogue,Inquisitor…TVStar?".WarhammerCommunity.2019-07-17.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2019-07-19.Retrieved2019-07-19. ^Clarke,Stewart(2019-07-17)."'Eisenhorn'SeriesBasedon'Warhammer40,000'intheWorksfromFrankSpotnitz".Variety.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2019-07-18.Retrieved2019-07-19. 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Externallinks[edit] Warhammer40,000atWikipedia'ssisterprojectsMediafromCommonsDatafromWikidata Officialwebsite vteWarhammer40,000FactionsTheImperium AstraMilitarum AdeptusAstartes Otherfactions Chaos Eldar Orks Tyranids T'auEmpire Spin-offs AeronauticaImperialis BattlefleetGothic DarkMillennium Epic Gorkamorka HorusHeresy Inquisitor Necromunda SpaceHulk Videogames SpaceCrusade SpaceHulk(1993) VengeanceoftheBloodAngels FinalLiberation ChaosGate RitesofWar FireWarrior DawnofWar WinterAssault DarkCrusade Soulstorm GloryinDeath SquadCommand DawnofWarII ChaosRising Retribution KillTeam SpaceMarine DarkMillennium(cancelled) SpaceHulk(2013) StormofVengeance SpaceWolf Regicide Eisenhorn:Xenos BattlefleetGothic:Armada EternalCrusade SpaceHulk:Deathwing DawnofWarIII Inquisitor-Martyr SpaceHulk:Tactics Necromunda:UnderhiveWars Necromunda:HiredGun Darktide ChaosGate-Daemonhunters SpaceMarineII Role-playinggames DarkHeresy RogueTrader Deathwatch BlackCrusade OnlyWar Othermedia Warhammer40,000novels 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ChaosRising Retribution BloodBowl(2009) KillTeam SpaceMarine WrathofHeroes DarkMillennium(cancelled) SpaceHulk(2013) SpaceWolf StormofVengeance Carnage BloodBowl2 Mordheim:CityoftheDamned EternalCrusade Eisenhorn:Xenos SpaceHulk:Deathwing BattlefleetGothic:Armada Warhammer:EndTimes–Vermintide TotalWar:Warhammer DawnofWarIII TotalWar:WarhammerII Vermintide2 Warhammer:Chaosbane Necromunda:UnderhiveWars AgeofSigmar:StormGround Necromunda:HiredGun Darktide TotalWar:WarhammerIII BloodBowl3 ChaosGate-Daemonhunters SpaceMarineII Company CitadelMiniatures ForgeWorld BLPublishing SpecialistGames Events GamesDay GoldenDemon People SteveJackson IanLivingstone BryanAnsell AdrianSmith JohnBlanche AlanandMichaelPerry JervisJohnson AndyChambers RickPriestley Relatedproducts HeroQuest SpaceCrusade BattleMasters FightingFantasy ChaosLeague vteWargamesMilitarywargaming Militarywargaming Kriegsspiel WesternApproachesTacticalUnit Sigmawargames Recreationalwargaming Recreationalwargaming Miniaturewargame Boardwargame Computerwargame Navalwargaming Pioneers 19thcenturypioneers JohannHellwig(1743–1831) GeorgvonReisswitz(1794–1827) JuliusvonVerdyduVernois(1832–1910) WilliamMcCartyLittle(1845–1915) 20thcenturydevelopers H.G.Wells(1866–1946) JackScruby(1916–1988) DonFeatherstone(1918–2013) TonyBath(1926–2000) CharlesS.Roberts(1930–2010) AllanB.Calhamer(1931–2013) PhilBarker(born1932) GaryGygax(1938–2008) RedmondSimonsen(1942–2005) JimDunnigan(born1943) RichardBerg(1943-2019) JohnHill(1945–2015) TomDalgliesh(born1945) S.CraigTaylor(1946–2012) PaddyGriffith(1947–2010) MarcW.Miller(born1947) LarryHarris,Jr.(born1948) DonGreenwood FrankChadwick StephenV.Cole GregCostikyan(born1959) GilbertRoberts(1900-1986) 21stcenturydevelopers CraigBesinque TyBomba RichardBorg JamesM.Day MikeMcVey JosephMiranda RickPriestley AndyChambers MarkSimonitch JerryTaylor DanVerssen MartinWallace MattWard Organizations Castle&CrusadeSociety GameManufacturersAssociation InternationalFederationofWargaming InternationalWargamesFederation SocietyofTwentiethCenturyWargamers Events CharlesS.RobertsAward GenCon OriginsGameFair OriginsAward WorldBoardgamingChampionships Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warhammer_40,000&oldid=1079541760" 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