Ford Motor Company - Wikipedia

Ford Motor Company (commonly known as Ford) is an American multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. FordMotorCompany FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Americanmultinationalautomaker FordMotorCompanyFordWorldHeadquartersinDearborn,MichiganTypePublicTradedasNYSE: FS&P100ComponentS&P500ComponentIndustryAutomotivePredecessorHenryFordCompanyFoundedJune 16,1903;119yearsago (1903-06-16)[1]FounderHenryFordHeadquartersFordWorldHeadquarters,Dearborn,Michigan,U.S.AreaservedWorldwideKeypeopleWilliamClayFordJr.(ExecutiveChairman)JimFarley(President&CEO)ProductsAutomobilesLuxuryvehiclesCommercialvehiclesAutomotivepartsPickuptrucksSUVsProductionoutput4.2millionvehicles(2020)BrandsFordBlueFordCreditFordDriveFordModelEFordProServicesAutomotivefinanceVehicleleasingVehicleserviceRevenueUS$136.3billion(2021)OperatingincomeUS$4.5billion(2021)NetincomeUS$17.9billion(2021)TotalassetsUS$257billion(2021)TotalequityUS$48.6billion(2021)OwnerFordfamily(2%equity;40%votingpower)Numberofemployees186,000(2020)DivisionsLincolnSubsidiaries List International FordArgentina FordAustralia FordBrazil FordCanada FordEurope Britain Germany Ireland Italy Romania FordIndia FordJapan FordNewZealand FordPhilippines FordSouthernAfrica FordPerformance FordLioHo(70%) AutoAllianceThailand(50%) BlueDiamondTrucks(50%) FordSollers(50%) Otosan(41%) ChanganFord(35%) JianglingMotors(32%) Finance FordCredit Other AutomotiveComponentsHoldings Getrag(50%) Websiteford.comFootnotes /references[2][3][4][5][6] FordMotorCompany(commonlyknownasFord)isanAmericanmultinationalautomobilemanufacturerheadquarteredinDearborn,Michigan,UnitedStates.ItwasfoundedbyHenryFordandincorporatedonJune16,1903.ThecompanysellsautomobilesandcommercialvehiclesundertheFordbrand,andluxurycarsunderitsLincolnluxurybrand.FordalsoownsBrazilianSUVmanufacturerTroller,an8%stakeinAstonMartinoftheUnitedKingdomanda32%stakeinChina'sJianglingMotors.[7]ItalsohasjointventuresinChina(ChanganFord),Taiwan(FordLioHo),Thailand(AutoAllianceThailand),Turkey(FordOtosan),andRussia(FordSollers).ThecompanyislistedontheNewYorkStockExchangeandiscontrolledbytheFordfamily;theyhaveminorityownershipbutthemajorityofthevotingpower.[8][5] Fordintroducedmethodsforlarge-scalemanufacturingofcarsandlarge-scalemanagementofanindustrialworkforceusingelaboratelyengineeredmanufacturingsequencestypifiedbymovingassemblylines;by1914,thesemethodswereknownaroundtheworldasFordism.Ford'sformerUKsubsidiariesJaguarandLandRover,acquiredin1989and2000respectively,weresoldtotheIndianautomakerTataMotorsinMarch2008.FordownedtheSwedishautomakerVolvofrom1999to2010.[9]In2011,ForddiscontinuedtheMercurybrand,underwhichithadmarketedentry-levelluxurycarsintheUnitedStates,Canada,Mexico,andtheMiddleEastsince1938. Fordisthesecond-largestU.S.-basedautomaker(behindGeneralMotors)andthefifth-largestintheworld(behindToyota,Volkswagen,HyundaiandGeneralMotors)basedon2015vehicleproduction.Attheendof2010,Fordwasthefifth-largestautomakerinEurope.[10]Thecompanywentpublicin1956buttheFordfamily,throughspecialClassBshares,stillretain40percentofthevotingrights.[11][5]Duringthefinancialcrisisof2007–08thecompanystruggledfinanciallybutdidnothavetoberescuedbythefederalgovernment,unliketheothertwomajorUSautomakers.[12][13]FordMotorshassincereturnedtoprofitability,[14]andwastheeleventh-rankedoverallAmerican-basedcompanyinthe2018Fortune500list,basedonglobalrevenuesin2017of$156.7 billion.[15]In2008,Fordproduced5.532 millionautomobiles[16]andemployedabout213,000employeesataround90plantsandfacilitiesworldwide. Contents 1History 1.120thcentury 1.221stcentury 1.3Logoevolution 2Corporateaffairs 2.1Executivemanagement 3FordMotorCompanyFund 4Operations 4.1NorthAmerica 4.2Europe 4.3EastandSoutheastAsia 4.3.1SouthKorea 4.4SouthandWestAsia 4.5SouthAmerica 4.6Africa 4.7Research 5Formeroperations 5.1EastandSoutheastAsia 5.1.1FordofJapan 5.2Oceania 6Productsandservices 6.1Automobiles 6.2Trucks 6.3Buses 6.4Tractors 6.5Financialservices 6.6Automotivecomponents 7Marques 7.1Currentmarques 7.2Formermarques 8Motorsport 8.1Open-wheelcarracing 8.1.1IndyCar 8.1.2FormulaFord 8.1.3FormulaOne 8.2Stockcarracing 8.3Rally 8.4Rallycross 8.5Sportscars 8.5.1FordMustang 8.6Touringcars 8.7Dragracing 8.8Drifting 9Environmentalinitiatives 9.1Compressednaturalgas 9.2Flexiblefuelvehicles 9.3Electricdrivevehicles 9.3.1Hybridelectricvehicles 9.3.2Plug-inelectricvehicles 9.4Hydrogen 9.5Increasedfuelefficiency 9.6EfficientBuildings 10Sponsorships 11Salesnumbers 12Seealso 13References 14Furtherreading 15Externallinks History Mainarticle:HistoryofFordMotorCompany 20thcentury FounderHenryFordc.1919 TheHenryFordCompanywasHenryFord'sfirstattemptatacarmanufacturingcompanyandwasestablishedonNovember3,1901.ThisbecametheCadillacMotorCompanyonAugust22,1902,afterFordleftwiththerightstohisname.[17]TheFordMotorCompanywaslaunchedinaconvertedfactoryin1903with$28,000(equivalentto$844,000in2021)incashfromtwelveinvestors,mostnotablyJohnandHoraceDodge(whowouldlaterfoundtheirowncarcompany).ThefirstpresidentwasnotFord,butlocalbankerJohnS.Gray,whowaschoseninordertoassuageinvestors'fearsthatFordwouldleavethenewcompanythewayhehadleftitspredecessor.Duringitsearlyyears,thecompanyproducedjustafewcarsadayatitsfactoryonMackAvenueandlateratitsfactoryonPiquetteAvenueinDetroit,Michigan.Groupsoftwoorthreemenworkedoneachcar,assemblingitfrompartsmademostlybysuppliercompaniescontractingforFord.Withinadecadethecompanyledtheworldintheexpansionandrefinementoftheassemblylineconcept,andFordsoonbroughtmuchofthepartproductionin-house(verticalintegration). HenryFordwas39yearsoldwhenhefoundedtheFordMotorCompany,whichwouldgoontobecomeoneoftheworld'slargestandmostprofitablecompanies.Ithasbeenincontinuousfamilycontrolforover100yearsandisoneofthelargestfamily-controlledcompaniesintheworld.[citationneeded] Thefirstgasoline-poweredautomobilehadbeencreatedin1885bytheGermaninventorKarlBenz(BenzPatent-Motorwagen).Moreefficientproductionmethodswereneededtomakeautomobilesaffordableforthemiddleclass,towhichFordcontributedby,forinstance,introducingthefirstmovingassemblylinein1913attheFordfactoryinHighlandPark.[citationneeded] A1910ModelT(introducedin1908),photographedinSaltLakeCity Between1903and1908,FordproducedtheModelsA,B,C,F,K,N,R,andS.Hundredsorafewthousandofmostoftheseweresoldperyear.In1908,Fordintroducedthemass-producedModelT,whichtotaledmillionssoldovernearly20years.In1927,FordreplacedtheTwiththeModelA,thefirstcarwithsafetyglassinthewindshield.[18]Fordlaunchedthefirstlow-pricedcarwithaV8enginein1932.[citationneeded] InanattempttocompetewithGeneralMotors'mid-pricedPontiac,Oldsmobile,andBuick,FordcreatedtheMercuryin1939asahigher-pricedcompanioncartoFord.HenryFordpurchasedtheLincolnMotorCompanyin1922,inordertocompetewithsuchbrandsasCadillacandPackardfortheluxurysegmentoftheautomobilemarket.[citationneeded] In1929,FordwascontractedbythegovernmentoftheSovietUniontosetuptheGorkyAutomobilePlantinRussiainitiallyproducingFordModelAandAAstherebyplayinganimportantroleintheindustrializationofthatcountry.[19] B-24Liberatorbombersbeingmass-producedatFord'sWillowRunassemblyplantin1944 DuringWorldWarII,theUnitedStatesDepartmentofWarpickedFordtomass-producetheConsolidatedB-24LiberatorbomberatitsWillowRunassemblyplant.[20]FordGermany,Ford'ssubsidiaryinGermany,producedmilitaryvehiclesandotherequipmentforNaziGermany'swareffort.SomeofFord'soperationsinGermanyatthetimewererunusingforcedlabor. ThecreationofascientificlaboratoryinDearborn,Michigan,in1951,doingunfetteredbasicresearch,ledtoFord'sunlikelyinvolvementinsuperconductivityresearch.In1964,FordResearchLabsmadeakeybreakthroughwiththeinventionofasuperconductingquantuminterferencedeviceorSQUID.[21] FordofferedtheLifeguardsafetypackagefrom1956,whichincludedsuchinnovationsasastandarddeep-dishsteeringwheel,optionalfront,and,forthefirsttimeinacar,rearseatbelts,andanoptionalpaddeddash.[22]Fordintroducedchild-proofdoorlocksintoitsproductsin1957,and,inthesameyear,offeredthefirstretractablehardtoponamass-producedsix-seatercar.[23] Inlate1955,FordestablishedtheContinentaldivisionasaseparateluxurycardivision.ThisdivisionwasresponsibleforthemanufactureandsaleofthefamousContinentalMarkII.Atthesametime,theEdseldivisionwascreatedtodesignandmarketthatcarstartingwiththe1958modelyear.DuetolimitedsalesoftheContinentalandtheEdseldisaster,FordmergedMercury,Edsel,andLincolninto"M-E-L,"whichrevertedto"Lincoln-Mercury"afterEdsel'sNovember1959demise.[23] TheFordMustangwasintroducedonApril17,1964,duringNewYorkWorld'sFair(whereFordhadapavilionmadebyTheWaltDisneyCompany.)[24][25]In1965,Fordintroducedtheseatbeltreminderlight.[citationneeded] Withthe1980s,Fordintroducedseveralhighlysuccessfulvehiclesaroundtheworld.Duringthe1980s,Fordbeganusingtheadvertisingslogan,"HaveyoudrivenaFord,lately?"tointroducenewcustomerstotheirbrandandmaketheirvehiclesappearmoremodern.In1990and1994respectively,FordalsoacquiredJaguarCarsandAstonMartin.[26]Duringthemid-to-late1990s,Fordcontinuedtoselllargenumbersofvehicles,inaboomingAmericaneconomywithasoaringstockmarketandlowfuelprices.[citationneeded] Withthedawnofthenewcentury,legacyhealthcarecosts,higherfuelprices,andafalteringeconomyledtofallingmarketshares,decliningsales,anddiminishedprofitmargins.MostofthecorporateprofitscamefromfinancingconsumerautomobileloansthroughFordMotorCreditCompany.[27] 21stcentury WilliamClayFordJr.,great-grandsonofHenryFord,servesastheexecutivechairmanattheboardofFordMotorCompany. By2005,bothFordandGM'scorporatebondshadbeendowngradedtojunkstatus[28]asaresultofhighU.S.healthcarecostsforanagingworkforce,soaringgasolineprices,erodingmarketshare,andanoverdependenceondecliningSUVsales.Profitmarginsdecreasedonlargevehiclesduetoincreased"incentives"(intheformofrebatesorlow-interestfinancing)tooffsetdecliningdemand.[29]Inthelatterhalfof2005,ChairmanBillFordaskednewlyappointedFordAmericasDivisionPresidentMarkFieldstodevelopaplantoreturnthecompanytoprofitability.Fieldspreviewedtheplan,namedTheWayForward,attheboardmeetingofthecompanyonDecember7,2005,anditwasunveiledtothepubliconJanuary23,2006."TheWayForward"includedresizingthecompanytomatchmarketrealities,droppingsomeunprofitableandinefficientmodels,consolidatingproductionlines,closing14factoriesandcutting30,000jobs.[30] Fordmovedtointroducearangeofnewvehicles,including"CrossoverSUVs"builtonunibodycarplatforms,ratherthanmorebody-on-framechassis.IndevelopingthehybridelectricpowertraintechnologiesfortheFordEscapeHybridSUV,thecompanylicensedsimilarToyotahybridtechnologies[31]inordertoavoidpatentinfringements.[32]FordannouncedthatitwouldteamupwithelectricitysupplycompanySouthernCaliforniaEdison(SCE)toexaminethefutureofplug-inhybridsintermsofhowhomeandvehicleenergysystemswillworkwiththeelectricalgrid.Underthemultimillion-dollar,multi-yearproject,FordistoconvertademonstrationfleetofFordEscapeHybridsintoplug-inhybrids,andSCEistoevaluatehowthevehiclesmightinteractwiththehomeandtheutility'selectricalgrid.Someofthevehiclesaretobeevaluated"intypicalcustomersettings",accordingtoFord.[33][34] WilliamClayFordJr.,great-grandsonofHenryFord(andbetterknownbyhisnickname"Bill"),wasappointedexecutivechairmanin1998,andalsobecamechiefexecutiveofficerofthecompanyin2001,withthedepartureofJacquesNasser,becomingthefirstmemberoftheFordfamilytoheadthecompanysincetheretirementofhisuncle,HenryFordII,in1982.FordsoldmotorsportengineeringcompanyCosworthtoGeraldForsytheandKevinKalkhovenin2004,thestartofadecreaseinFord'smotorsportinvolvement.UpontheretirementofpresidentandchiefoperationsofficerJimPadillainApril2006,BillFordassumedhisrolesaswell.Fivemonthslater,inSeptember,FordnamedAlanMulallyaspresidentandCEO,withFordcontinuingasexecutivechairman.InDecember2006,thecompanyraiseditsborrowingcapacitytoabout$25 billion,placingsubstantiallyallcorporateassetsascollateral.[35]ChairmanBillFordhasstatedthat"bankruptcyisnotanoption".[36]FordandtheUnitedAutoWorkers,representingapproximately46,000hourlyworkersinNorthAmerica,agreedtoahistoriccontractsettlementinNovember2007givingthecompanyasubstantialbreakintermsofitsongoingretireehealthcarecostsandothereconomicissues.Theagreementincludedtheestablishmentofacompany-funded,independentlyrunVoluntaryEmployeeBeneficiaryAssociation(VEBA)trusttoshifttheburdenofretireehealthcarefromthecompany'sbooks,therebyimprovingitsbalancesheet.ThisarrangementtookeffectonJanuary1,2010.Asasignofitscurrentlystrongcashposition,Fordcontributeditsentirecurrentliability(estimatedatUS$5.5 billionasofDecember31,2009)totheVEBAincash,andalsopre-paidUS$500 millionofitsfutureliabilitiestothefund.Theagreementalsogavehourlyworkersthejobsecuritytheywereseekingbyhavingthecompanycommittosubstantialinvestmentsinmostofitsfactories. Theautomakerreportedthelargestannuallossincompanyhistoryin2006of$12.7 billion,[37]andestimatedthatitwouldnotreturntoprofitabilityuntil2009.[38]However,FordsurprisedWallStreetinthesecondquarterof2007bypostinga$750 millionprofit.Despitethegains,thecompanyfinishedtheyearwitha$2.7 billionloss,largelyattributedtofinancerestructuringatVolvo.[39] OnJune2,2008,FordsolditsJaguarandLandRoveroperationstoTataMotorsfor$2.3 billion.[40][41] DuringcongressionalhearingsheldinNovember2008atWashingtonD.C.,Ford'sAlanMulallystatedthat"WeatFordarehopefulthatwehaveenoughliquidity.Butwealsomustprepareourselvesfortheprospectoffurtherdeterioratingeconomicconditions".Hewentontostatethat"ThecollapseofoneofourcompetitorswouldhaveasevereimpactonFord"andthatFordMotorCompanysupportedbothChryslerandGeneralMotorsintheirsearchforgovernmentbridgeloansinthefaceofconditionscausedbythe2008financialcrisis.[42][43]Together,thethreecompaniespresentedactionplansforthesustainabilityoftheindustry.Mulallystatedthat"Inadditiontoourplan,wearealsoheretodaytorequestsupportfortheindustry.Inthenear-term,Forddoesnotrequireaccesstoagovernmentbridgeloan.However,werequestacreditlineof$9billionasacriticalbackstoporsafeguardagainstworseningconditionsaswedrivetransformationalchangeinourcompany".[44]GMandChryslerreceivedgovernmentloansandfinancingthroughT.A.R.P.legislationfundingprovisions.[45] OnDecember19,thecostofcreditdefaultswapstoinsurethedebtofFordwas68percentofthesuminsuredforfiveyears,inadditiontoannualpaymentsof5percent.Thatmeant$6.8 millionpaidupfronttoinsure$10 millionindebt,inadditiontopaymentsof$500,000peryear.[46]InJanuary2009,Fordreporteda$14.6 billionlossintheprecedingyear,arecordforthecompany.Thecompanyretainedsufficientliquiditytofunditsoperations.ThroughApril2009,Ford'sstrategyofdebt-for-equityexchangeserased$9.9billioninliabilities(28%ofitstotal)inordertoleverageitscashposition.[47]TheseactionsyieldedForda$2.7 billionprofitinfiscalyear2009,thecompany'sfirstfull-yearprofitinfouryears.[48]In2012,Ford'scorporatebondswereupgradedfromjunktoinvestmentgradeagain,citingsustainable,lastingimprovements.[49] OnOctober29,2012,Fordannouncedthesaleofitsclimatecontrolcomponentsbusiness,itslastremainingautomotivecomponentsoperation,toDetroitThermalSystemsLLCforanundisclosedprice.[50] OnNovember1,2012,FordannouncedthatCEOAlanMulallywouldstaywiththecompanyuntil2014.FordalsonamedMarkFields,itspresidentofoperationsintheAmericas,asitsnewchiefoperatingofficer[51]Mulallywaspaidacompensationofover$174millioninhisprevioussevenyearsatFordsince2006.Thegenerousamounthasbeenasorepointforsomeworkersofthecompany.[52] InApril2016,FordannouncedaplantomodernizeitsDearbornengineeringandheadquarterscampusesthroughaten-yearbuildingproject.TheresultwouldseethenumberofFordemployeesworkingintheseareasdoubling,to24,000.Duringconstruction,some2000oftheemployeeswererelocatedoutofthecampustoatemporarylocationinadisusedsectionofthelocalshoppingmall.[53]Facilitieswouldalsobealteredtoallowride-sharingandelectricandself-drivingvehicles.[54]Estimatesoftheconstructioncostwere$1.2billion.[55] Thehistoric,onceabandonedMichiganCentralStationwaspurchasedbyFordMotorCompanyinMay2018andisexpectedtoundergoasignificantfour-yearrenovation. OnJanuary3,2017,FordCEOMarkFieldsannouncedthatina"voteofconfidence"becauseofthepro-businessclimatebeingfosteredinpartbyPresident-electDonaldTrump,Fordhadcanceledplanstoinvest$1.6billioninanewplantinMexicotomanufacturetheFordFocus;instead,thecompanywouldinvest$700millioninMichigan,whichitplannedtousetocreate700newjobs.TheFocuswouldnowbemanufacturedintheexistingplantinMexico.[56]Alsoin2017,Fordbegandevelopmentofanewmixed-useurbancampusintheCorktownneighborhoodofDetroit,withitspurchase,renovation,andoccupationofTheFactoryatMichiganandRosaParks.Thenewsitewasexpectedtohaveamajorfocusonthedevelopmentofautonomousvehicleandelectricvehicletechnology.[57]FordlaterbeganbuyingupotherparcelsoflandinCorktownincludingaveryhigh-profilepurchaseofMichiganCentralStationwhichisplannedtobecomethehuboftheirCorktowncampus,andtheadjacentRooseveltWarehouse.[58]Fordexpectstomove2,500ofitsemployees,roughly5percentofitssoutheastMichiganworkforce,tothecampuswithspaceforanadditional2,500entrepreneurs,technologycompaniesandpartners.[59]BillFordenvisionedthefirst-floorconcourseofthetrainstationtobeapublicgatheringplacewithretailoutletsandrestaurants.[60] InFebruary2017,FordMotorCo.acquiredmajorityownershipofArgoAI,aself-drivingcarstartup.[61] InMay2017,Fordannouncedcutstoitsglobalworkforceamideffortstoaddressthecompany'sdecliningsharepriceandtoimproveprofits.Thecompanyistargeting$3billionincostreductionandanearly10%reductioninthesalariedworkforceinAsiaandNorthAmericatoenhanceearningsin2018.[62][63]JimHackettwasannouncedtoreplaceMarkFieldsasCEOofFordMotor.Mr.HackettmostrecentlyoversawtheformationofFordSmartMobility,aunitresponsibleforexperimentingwithcar-sharingprograms,self-drivingventuresandotherprogramsaimedathelpingFordbettercompetewithUber,AlphabetInc.andothertechgiantslookingtoedgeinontheautoindustry.[64][65] OnApril25,2018,FordannouncedthatitwoulddiscontinuepassengercarsintheNorthAmericanmarketinthenextfouryears,exceptfortheMustang,duetodecliningdemandandprofitability.[66]TheFocusActive,acrossoverSUVbasedonthenewlyunveiledfourth-generationFocus,wasalsointendedtobemarketedintheUnitedStates.DuetothevehiclebeingmanufacturedinChina,FordlaterannouncedthatitwouldnotreleasetheFocusActiveintheUnitedStates,duetotariffsimposedbytheTrumpadministrationonChineseexports.[67][68] InMarch2020,theDetroitUnitedAutoWorkersunionannouncedthatafterdiscussionwiththeleadersofGeneralMotors,Ford,andFiatChryslerAutomobiles,thecarmakerswouldpartiallyshutdownfactoriesona"rotating"basistomitigatetheCOVID-19pandemic.[69]OnMarch24,representativesofFordannouncedthatproductionintheUS,Canada,andMexicowouldnotresumeonMarch30asoriginallyplanned,amidthefurthercoronaviruspandemicspread.[70]Inthefirstquarterof2020,Ford'ssalesdroppedby15%,entailingthelossof$2billion.[71] Withthechangeinthedemandforthesportvehicles,onJanuary6,2021,Fordreportedasalesfallof9.8%inthefourthquarter,selling542,749vehicles,comparedto601,862in2019.[72] InApril2021,FordsaidthatitwouldprovideCOVID-19vaccinesforitsemployees,whoweretoobtainthematthecompany;atthebeginningthevaccinationprogramwouldbeinsoutheastMichigan,MissouriandOhio,butitwastobeexpandedlaterontootherlocations.[73] InMarch2022,Fordannouncedthatitwouldrestructurethecompanyintothreeseparatedivisions.FordModelEistofocusonelectricvehicles;FordBlueistofocusoninternalcombustionvehicles;andtheexistingcommercialdivisionistoberebrandedasFordPro,tofocusonvehicledistributionandservice.[74][6] Logoevolution 1903 1907 1909 1911 1912 1912variant 1927 1957 1976 2003 2017– Corporateaffairs Executivemanagement MembersoftheFordboardasofOctober 2018[update]are:StephenButler,KimberlyCasiano,AnthonyF.Earley,Jr.,EdselFordII,WilliamClayFordJr.(executivechairman),JimHackett(presidentandCEO),WilliamW.HelmanIV,WilliamE.Kennard,JohnC.Lechleiter,EllenMarram,JohnL.Thornton,JohnVeihmeyer,LynnVojvodich,andJohnS.Weinberg.[75] InAugust2020,itwasrevealedthatJimFarleyistobecomethenewchiefexecutiveofficerofthecompany;hepreviouslyservedasFord'schiefoperatingofficer.Thecompany'sformerCEO,Hackett,willstayinthecompanyasanadvisoruntilthesecondquarterof2021.[76] FordMotorCompanyFund TheFordMotorCompanyFund(alsoknownasFordFund,notaffiliatedwiththeFordFoundation),basedinDearborn,Michigan,isthephilanthropicarmoftheFordMotorCompany.[77]Establishedin1949[78]byHenryFordII,[citationneeded]FordFundisanonprofitcorporatefoundation[79]financedbycontributionsfromFordMotorCompany.In2017,FordFundcontributed$63million[80]tovariouscauses[77]withafocusoneducation,drivingsafelyandcommunitybuilding. TheFordDrivingSkillsforLifeprogramisadriversafetyprogramaimedatteensthatweredevelopedtogetherwiththeGovernorsHighwaySafetyAssociationandsafetyexperts.[81]TheFordVolunteerCorpsallowsFordemployeesandretireestosignupforvolunteeringworkonlocalprojectsinmorethan40countries.[82]TheFordFundinvests$18millionannuallyineducationintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld,butacceptsapplicationsonlyfromnonprofitorganizationsregisteredintheU.S.[83]EducationprogramsandscholarshipsincludeAlanMulallyEngineeringScholarship,FordBlueOvalScholarsProgram,FordCollegeCommunityChallenge(FordC3),FordDrivingDreamsTour,FordFund/DetroitFreePressJournalismScholarship,FordNextGenerationLearning(FordNGL),GrantstoIndividualsProgram,HBCUCommunityChallenge,SmithsonianLatinoCenterYoungAmbassadorsProgram,andWilliamClayFordAutomotiveDesignScholarship. Operations Fordhashadmanufacturingoperationsworldwide,includingintheUnitedStates,Canada,Mexico,China,India,theUnitedKingdom,Germany,Turkey,Brazil,Argentina,Australia,andSouthAfrica.FordalsohasacooperativeagreementwithRussianautomakerGAZ. NorthAmerica ForddealerinGardenCity,NewYork,c.1930–1945 InMay2010,Fordreportedthatitssalesincreased23%forthemonth,andthat37%ofitssalescamefromfleetsales.[84]InJune2010,salestoindividualcustomersatdealershipsincreased13%whilefleetsalesroseby32%.[85]Inthefirstsevenmonthsof2010,fleetsalesofFordforthesameperiodrose35%to386,000unitswhileretailsalesincrease19%.[86]Fleetsalesaccountfor39percentofChrysler'ssalesand31percentforGM's.[86] Europe Mainarticle:FordofEurope Ford'sDuntonTechnicalCentreinLaindon,UnitedKingdom,thelargestautomotiveresearchanddevelopmentfacilityinthecountry[87] TheFordResearchCenterinAachen,Germany Atfirst,FordinGermanyandFordinBritainbuiltdifferentmodelsfromoneanotheruntil1965,whentheFordTransitandlatertheFordEscortandtheFordCapribecamecommontobothcompanies.In1970,theFordTaunusandtheFordCortinacameintoproductionwithacommonbaseconstruction,bothmodelsbeingproducedinlefthanddriveandrighthanddrive.Lateron,themodelsbecameidenticalandtherespectivemodelsright-andleft-hand-driveexclusively.RationalisationofmodelrangesmeantthatproductionofmanymodelsintheUKswitchedtoelsewhereinEurope,includingBelgiumandSpainaswellasGermany.TheFordSierrareplacedtheTaunusandCortinain1982,drawingcriticismforitsradicalaerodynamicstyling,whichwassoongivennicknames,the"Jellymould"and"TheSalesman'sSpaceship." InFebruary2002,FordendedcarproductionintheUK.Itwasthefirsttimein90yearsthatFordcarshadnotbeenmadeinBritain,althoughproductionoftheTransitvancontinuedatthecompany'sSouthamptonfacilityuntilmid-2013,enginesatBridgendandDagenham,andtransmissionsatHalewood.DevelopmentofEuropeanFordisbroadlysplitbetweenDuntoninEssex(powertrain,Fiesta/Ka,andcommercialvehicles)andCologne(body,chassis,electrical,Focus,Mondeo)inGermany.FordalsoproducedtheThamesrangeofcommercialvehicles,althoughtheuseofthisbrandnamewasdiscontinuedcirca1965.ElsewhereincontinentalEurope,FordassemblestheMondeo,Galaxy,S-Max[88]andKuga[89]inValencia(Spain),FiestainCologne(Germany),FocusinSaarlouis(Germany),Ecosport[90]andPuma[91]inCraiova(Romania). Fordalsoownsajoint-ventureproductionplantinTurkey.FordOtosan,establishedinthe1970s,manufacturestheTransitConnectcompactpanelvanaswellasthe"Jumbo"andlong-wheelbaseversionsofthefull-sizeTransit.ThisnewproductionfacilitywassetupnearKocaeliin2002,anditsopeningmarkedtheendofTransitassemblyinGenk. AnotherjointventureplantnearSetúbalinPortugal,setupincollaborationwithVolkswagen,formerlyassembledtheGalaxypeople-carrieraswellasitssisterships,theVWSharanandSEATAlhambra.WiththeintroductionofthethirdgenerationoftheGalaxy,Fordhasmovedtheproductionofthepeople-carriertotheGenkplant,withVolkswagentakingoversoleownershipoftheSetúbalfacility. In2008,FordacquiredamajoritystakeinAutomobileCraiova,Romania.Starting2009,theFordTransitConnectwasFord'sfirstmodelproducedinCraiova,followed,in2012,bylow-capacitycarenginesandanewsmallclasscar,theB-Max.[92] Its1959Angliatwo-doorsaloonwasoneofthemostquirky-lookingsmallfamilycarsinEuropeatthetimeofitslaunch,butbuyerssoonbecameaccustomedtoitslooksanditwashugelypopularwithBritishbuyersinparticular.ItwasstillsellingwellwhenreplacedbythemorepracticalEscortin1967. ThethirdincarnationoftheFordEscortwaslaunchedin1980andmarkedthecompany'smovefromrear-wheeldrivesaloonstofront-wheeldrivehatchbacksinthesmallfamilycarsector. Thefourth-generationEscortwasproducedfrom1990until2000,althoughitssuccessor–theFocus–hadbeenonsalesince1998.Onitslaunch,theFocuswasarguablythemostdramatic-lookingandfine-handlingsmallfamilycarsonsaleandsoldinhugevolumesrightuptothelaunchofthenext-generationFocusattheendof2004. The1982FordSierra–replacementforthelong-runningandmassivelypopularCortinaandTaunusmodels–wasastyle-setteratthetimeofitslaunch.Itsultramodernaerodynamicdesignwasaworldawayfromaboxy,sharp-edgedCortina,anditwasmassivelypopularjustabouteverywhereitwassold.Aseriesofupdateskeptitlookingrelativelyfreshuntilitwasreplacedbythefront-wheel-driveMondeoatthestartof1993. Theriseinpopularityofsmallcarsduringthe1970ssawFordenterthemini-carmarketin1976withitsFiestahatchback.MostofitsproductionwasconcentratedatValenciainSpain,andtheFiestasoldinhugefiguresfromtheverystart.Anupdatein1983andthelaunchofanall-newmodelin1989strengtheneditspositioninthesmallcarmarket. OnOctober24,2012,FordannouncedthatitwouldcloseitsGenkassemblyplantineasternBelgiumbytheendof2014.[93] In2015,FordannouncedthatittookcontrolofFordSollers,Ford'sjointventurewithRussiancompanySollers.[94][95] InSeptember2018,attheIAACommercialVehiclesshowinHannover,Germany,Fordintroducedanelectrictractor-trailerconceptvehicledubbedtheF-Vision,whichwouldhaveLevel4autonomousdrivingcapability.[96] OnMarch1,2022,FordannouncedthatitwassuspendingitsSollersjointventureoperationinRussia,inresponsetothe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine.[97] EastandSoutheastAsia Fordformeditsfirstpassenger-vehiclejointventureinChinain2001,sixyearsbehindGMandmorethanadecadeafterVW.Ithasspentasof2013[update]$4.9billiontoexpanditslineupanddoubleproductioncapacityinChinato600,000vehicles.ThisincludesFord'slargest-everfactorycomplexinthesouthwesterncityofChongqing.Fordhad2.5%oftheChinesemarketin2013,whileVWcontrolled14.5%andGMhad15.6%,accordingtoconsultantLMCAutomotive.GMoutsellsFordinChinabymorethansix-to-one.[98]Ford'spresenceinAsiahastraditionallybeenmuchsmaller,confinedtoMalaysia,Singapore,HongKong,thePhilippines,andTaiwan,whereFordhashadajointventurewithLioHosincethe1970s.FordbeganassemblyofcarsinThailandin1960,butwithdrewfromthecountryin1976,anddidnotreturnuntil1995whenitformedajointventurewithMazdacalledAutoAlliance.[99]NowbasedintheBo-winSubDistrictoftheSrirachaDistrictinChonburi,thefactorystillproducespassengerautomobiles.Thefactory,builtin1941inSingapore,wassoontakenoverbytheJapaneseduringthewarandwasthesiteofasurrenderoftheBritishtotheJapanese,atthefactorysitewhichisnowanationalmonumentinSingapore. OnApril30,2013,FordMotorCo.launchedtheircarandtrucklineinMyanmar.Previously,heavyimportationtaxeshadstifledimportedcarpurchasesinMyanmar,butduetocurrencyreform,liftingofpreviousimportrestrictions,andtheabolishmentofshadowcurrency,Myanmar'scarmarkethadgrownindemand.[100] SouthKorea In1967,FordpartneredwiththeSouthKoreancompanyHyundai,andatthenewfactoryinUlsan,SouthKorea,builttheEuropeanFordCortinauntil1974whenHyundaiintroducedtheirall-newHyundaiPonyin1975.FordthendevelopedarelationshipwithKorea'soldestcarmanufacturerKiawhichbuiltvehiclesco-engineeredwithMazda,latersellingtheFordFestivafrom1988to1993,andtheFordAspirefrom1994to1997forexporttotheUnitedStates.WiththeacquisitionofastakeinJapanesemanufacturerMazdain1979,FordbegansellingMazda'sFamiliaandCapellaastheFordLaserandTelstarthroughouttheregion,replacingtheEuropean-sourcedEscortandCortina.From1989to1996,KiaimportedtheMercurySablefromFordintheU.S.andsoldtheminSouthKoreaastheKiaSable.ThoughtheSablewasbrandedandmarketedasaKia,itretainedtheMercurybadgesandemblem.FordlosttheirKiainteresttoHyundaiin1998duringtheAsianfinancialcrisis.Kiahaddeclaredbankruptcyin1997;in1998,HyundaiMotorCompanyacquired51%ofthecompany,outbiddingFordwhichhadownedaninterestinKiaMotorssince1986.[101]Aftersubsequentdivestments,[102]HyundaiMotorCompanyownslessthan50%ofthecompanybutremainsKia'slargeststakeholder. Asof2020[update],FordsellstheExplorer,Mondeo,andMustang,[103]aswellastheLincolnAviator,Continental,Corsair,MKZ,andNautilusinSouthKorea.[104] SouthandWestAsia FordIndiabeganproductionin1998atChennai,TamilNadu,withitsFordEscortmodel,whichwaslaterreplacedbythelocallyproducedFordIkonin2001.IthassinceaddedtheFusion,Fiesta,MondeoandEndeavourmodelstoitsproductline. OnMarch9,2010,Fordlauncheditsfirstmade-for-Indiacompactcar.Startingat₹349,900,theFigowasFord'sfirstcardesignedandpricedforthemassIndianmarket.[105]OnJuly28,2011,FordIndiasignedamemorandumofunderstanding(MoU)withtheStateofGujaratfortheconstructionofanassemblyandengineplantinSanandandplannedtoinvestapproximatelyUS$1billionona460-acresite.[106]In2019,thecompanyandMahindra&Mahindraformedajointventuretodevelop,marketanddistributeFord-brandedvehiclesinIndia.[107]InSeptember2021FordIndiaannouncedplanstoshutdownbothitsassemblyplants.Thecompanysaidthatitintendstomaintainitspartsandservicenetwork.[108] Ford'smarketpresenceintheMiddleEasthastraditionallybeensmall,partlyduetopreviousArabboycottsofcompaniesdealingwithIsrael.FordandLincolnvehiclesarecurrentlymarketedintencountriesintheregion.[109]SaudiArabia,Kuwait,andtheUnitedArabEmiratesarethebiggestmarkets.FordalsoestablisheditselfinEgyptin1926butfacedanuphillbattleduringthe1950sduetothehostilenationalistbusinessenvironment.[110]Ford'sdistributorinSaudiArabiaannouncedinFebruary2003thatithadsold100,000FordandLincolnvehiclessincecommencingsalesinNovember1986.HalfoftheFordandLincolnvehiclessoldinthatcountrywereFordCrownVictorias.[111]In2004,Fordsold30,000unitsintheregion,fallingfarshortofGeneralMotors'88,852unitsandNissanMotors'75,000units. SouthAmerica InSouthAmerica,Ford'sprimaryoperationsareinBrazil,Argentina,andFordAndina[112](Colombia,Ecuador,andVenezuela).Fordemploysover18,000peopleandoperatessevenassemblyorotherplantsintheregion.[113]In1987,FordBrasilandFordMotorArgentinamergedtheiroperationswiththeBrazilianandArgentineoperationsofVolkswagenGroup,forminganewjoint-venturecompanycalledAutolatinawithasharedmodelrange.[114]Autolatinawasdissolvedin1995.[114] Inearly2021,Ford'sBrazilbranchannounceditwouldcompletelyceaseproductioninthecountryoverthecourseofafewmonths.[115] Africa InAfrica,Ford'smarketpresencehastraditionallybeenstrongestinSouthAfricaandneighbouringcountries,withonlytrucksbeingsoldelsewhereonthecontinent.FordinSouthAfricabeganbyimportingkitsfromCanadatobeassembledatitsfacilityinPortElizabeth;thecompanylatersourceditsmodelsfromtheUKandAustralia,withlocalversionsoftheFordCortinaincludingtheXR6,witha3.0V6engine,andaCortina-based'bakkie'orpick-up,whichwasexportedtotheUK.Inthemid-1980sFordmergedwitharivalcompany,ownedbyAngloAmerican,toformtheSouthAfricanMotorCorporation(Samcor).[116] Followinginternationalcondemnationofapartheid,ForddivestedfromSouthAfricain1988,andsolditsstakeinSamcor,althoughitlicensedtheuseofitsbrandnametothecompany.[117]SamcorbegantoassembleMazdasaswell,whichaffecteditsproductline-upandsawtheEuropeanFordsliketheEscortandSierrareplacedbytheMazda-basedLaser[118]andTelstar.[119]Fordboughta45percentstakeinSamcorfollowingthedemiseofapartheidin1994,andthislaterbecame,onceagain,awhollyownedsubsidiary,theFordMotorCompanyofSouthernAfrica.FordnowsellsalocalsedanversionoftheFiesta(alsobuiltinIndiaandMexico),andtheFocus.TheFalconmodelfromAustraliawasalsosoldinSouthAfrica,butwasdroppedin2003;theMondeo,afterbrieflybeingassembledlocally,wasdroppedin2005.TheMondeowaslaterreintroducedin2015,badgedastheFusion,butwasdroppedin2017.[120] Research FordResearchandInnovationCenteristhenameofthetechnologyresearchfacilitiesofFordMotorCompanyin Dearborn,Michigan PaloAlto,California Aachen,Germany Nanjing,China TheFordResearchandInnovationCenterinPaloAltowasfirstopenedin2012,andinJanuary2015,announcedplanstosignificantlyexpanditsoperations.[121][122][123][124] Formeroperations EastandSoutheastAsia ForddecidedtoshutdowntheirentireoperationsinIndonesia,includingtheirdealernetworkbysecondhalfof2016.[125][126] FordofJapan Mainarticle:FordMotorCompanyofJapan FordestablishedamanufacturingfacilityintheportcityofYokohamainFebruary1925,whereModelTvehicleswereassembledusingimportedknock-downkits.[127]Thefactorysubsequentlyproduced10,000ModelA'supto1936.Productionceasedin1940asaresultofpoliticaltensionsbetweenJapanandtheUnitedStates. AfterWorldWarII,ForddidnothaveapresenceinJapan,astheFordfacilitywasappropriatedbytheJapaneseGovernmentuntil1958whenpropertywasreturnedasapossessionoftheFordMotorCompanyandbecamearesearchanddevelopmentlocationforFordpartnerMazda.In1979,Fordacquireda24.5%ownershipstakeinMazda,andin1982,FordandMazdajointlyestablishedasaleschanneltosellFordproductsinJapan,includingvehiclesmanufacturedinNorthAmerica,atadealershipcalledAutorama(Japanese).TheAutoramasaleschannelwasrenamedFordSalesofJapanin1997.[128] VehiclessoldatAutoramalocationsweretheNorthAmericanassembledFordExplorer,Probe(1989–1998),Mustang,Taurus(1989–1997),Thunderbird(1990–1993),LincolnContinental,andLincolnLS.FordproductsmanufacturedinEuropethatweresoldinJapanweretheFordMondeo,Ka,Focus,FocusC-MAX,Fiesta,andtheGalaxy.MazdamanufacturedFordvehiclesinJapanandsoldthemasFordsattheAutoramalocations.TheyweretheFordTelstar(MazdaCapella),Laser,Festiva,FestivaMiniWagon,Ixion(MazdaPremacy),Freda(MazdaBongoFriendee),Spectron(MazdaBongo),andcommercialtrucksJ80andtheJ100(MazdaBongotruck). FordincreaseditsshareholdinginMazdato33.4%in1996,butasofJuly 2016[update],itislistedat11%.[129]ForddidsellasmallrangeofvehiclesinJapan;asofOctober 2010[update],theFordMustang,Escape,Explorer(andExplorertruck),FordKuga,LincolnNavigator,LincolnMKX,andmorerecently,theFordEcosportwereavailableinJapan.AsofFebruary 2016[update],FordnolongermaintainsaregionalofficeinMinato,Tokyo,Japan,andsalesofnewcarsinJapanhaveended.[130][131] Oceania FordFGXFalcon(Australia)(2014–2016;2014modelshown) TheFordstampingplantinGeelong,Victoria,Australia.Itclosedin2016. InAustraliaandNewZealand,thepopularFordFalcon(1960–2016)hadlongbeenconsideredtheaveragefamilycarandisconsiderablylargerthantheMondeo,Ford'slargestcarsoldinEurope.Between1960and1972,theFalconwasbasedonaU.S.modelofthesamename,butsincethenhasbeenentirelydesignedandmanufacturedinAustraliauntil2016,occasionallybeingmanufacturedinNewZealand.LikeitsGeneralMotorsrival,theHoldenCommodore,theFalconusedarear-wheel-drivelayout.High-performancevariantsoftheFalconrunninglocallybuiltenginesproduceupto362 hp(270 kW).Aute(shortfor"utility",knownintheUSaspickuptruck)versionisalsoavailablewiththesamerangeofdrivetrains.Inaddition,FordAustraliasoldhighlytunedlimited-productionFalconsedansandutesthroughitsperformancecardivision,FordPerformanceVehiclesuntilitclosedin2014. InAustralia,theCommodoreandFalconhadtraditionallyoutsoldallothercarsandconstitutedover20%ofthenewcarmarket.InNewZealand,Fordwassecondinmarketshareinthefirsteightmonthsof2006with14.4%.[132]Morerecently,FordhasaxeditsFalcon-basedLWBvariantofitslineup–theFairlaneandLTDranges.ForddiscontinuedtheFairlanein2007andLTDin2008.FordhadannouncedthattheirGeelongenginemanufacturingplantwouldbeshutdownbetween2013and2016.TheyhadearlierannouncedlocalmanufacturingoftheFocussmallcarstartingfrom2011,butinsteaddecidedtoimportthemodelfromFord'splantinThailand.[133] InAustralia,theLaserwasoneofFordAustralia'smostsuccessfulmodelsandwasmanufacturedinFord'sHomebushWestplantfrom1981untiltheplant'sclosureinSeptember1994.ItoutsoldtheMazda323,despitebeingalmostidenticaltoitbecausetheLaserwasmanufacturedinAustraliaandFordwasperceivedasalocalbrand.[134]AccordingtoresearchcarriedoutbyFordAustraliain1984,athirdofLaserbuyerswereunawarethattheFordmodelwasbasedontheMazda323.[135] InNewZealand,theFordLaserandTelstarwereassembledalongsidetheMazda323and626until1997,attheVehicleAssemblersofNewZealand(VANZ)plantinWiri,Auckland.[136]TheSierrawagonwasalsoassembledinNewZealand,owingtothepopularityofstationwagonsinthatmarket.[137] ThescheduledclosureofFord'sAustralianmanufacturingbasein2016wasconfirmedonMay23,2013.HeadquarteredintheVictoriansuburbofBroadmeadows,thecompanyhadregisteredlossesworthAU$600millionoverthefiveyearspriortotheannouncement.Itwasnotedthatthecorporatefleetandgovernmentsalesthataccountfortwo-thirdsoflarge,localcarsalesinAustraliaareinsufficienttokeepFord'sproductsprofitableandviableinAustralia.Thedecisionwillaffect1200Fordworkers—over600employeesinGeelongandmorethan500inBroadmeadows—whowilllosetheirjobsbyOctober2016.TheclosureofFord'splantsinNorlaneGeelongandBroadmeadowsMelbourneoccurredonOctober7,2016.[138] Productsandservices Automobiles Seealso:ListofFordvehicles,ListofLincolnvehicles,andListofMercuryvehicles The2017modelyearF-150 FordMotorCompanysellsabroadrangeofautomobilesundertheFordmarqueworldwide,andanadditionalrangeofluxuryautomobilesundertheLincolnmarqueintheUnitedStates.Thecompanyhassoldvehiclesunderanumberofothermarquesduringitshistory.TheMercurybrandwasintroducedbyFordin1939,continuinginproductionuntil2011whenpoorsalesledtoitsdiscontinuation.[139]In1958,FordintroducedtheEdselbrand,butpoorsalesledtoitsdiscontinuationin1960.In1985,theMerkurbrandwasintroducedintheUnitedStatestomarketproductsproducedbyFordofEurope;itwasdiscontinuedin1989. FordacquiredtheBritishsportscarmakerAstonMartinin1989,latersellingitonMarch12,2007,[140]althoughretainingan8%stake.[141][142]FordpurchasedVolvoCarsofSwedenin1999,[143]sellingittoZhejiangGeelyHoldingGroupin2010. InNovember2008,itreducedits33.4%controllinginterestinMazdaofJapantoa13.4%non-controllinginterest.[144]OnNovember18,2010,Fordreducedtheirstakefurthertojust3%,citingthereductionofownershipwouldallowgreaterflexibilitytopursuegrowthinemergingmarkets.FordandMazdaremainstrategicpartnersthroughexchangesoftechnologicalinformationandjointventures,includinganAmericanjointventureplantinFlatRock,MichigancalledAutoAlliance.[145]In2015,Fordsolditsremaining3%stakeinMazda.[146] FordsoldtheUnitedKingdom-basedJaguarandLandRovercompaniesandbrandstoTataMotorsofIndiainMarch2008. OnApril25,2018,FordannouncedthatitplannedtophaseoutallbutoneofitsNorthAmericanautomobilemodels(theMustangwillbethesolesurvivingmodel)tofocusprimarilyontrucksandSUVs.Fordhadalsoplannedtointroducean"Active"crossoverversionofthenext-generationFocus,butcanceledthoseplansduetotariffissuesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.[147] Trucks Anadvertisementforthe1939FordV-8pick-uptruck Anadvertisementforthe1961FordH-Seriestruck Fordhasproducedtruckssince1908,beginningwiththeFordModelTT,followedbytheModelAA,andtheModelBB.CountrieswhereFordcommercialvehiclesareorwereformerlyproducedincludeArgentina,Australia,Brazil,Canada(alsobadgedasMercury),France,Germany,India,Netherlands,Philippines,Spain(badgedEbrotoo),Turkey,UK(badgedalsoFordsonandThames),andtheUnitedStates. Fromthe1940stothelate1970s,Ford'sFordF-SerieswasusedasthebaseforlighttrucksfortheNorthAmericanmarket. Mostoftheseventuresarenowextinct.TheEuropeanonethatlastedlongestwasthelorriesarmofFordofBritain,whichbecamepartoftheIvecogroupin1986.FordhadaminorityshareinthenewcompanyandIvecotookoversalesandproductionoftheFordCargorange.[148]Ford'slastsignificantEuropeantruckmodelsweretheTranscontinentalandtheCargo.Attheendof1996,FordsoldtherightstoitsheavytrucksdivisiontotheFreightlinerTrucksdivisionofDaimlerAG,withFordproducingtheCargo,Louisville,andAeromax,throughthe1998modelyear.Duringthe1998modelyear,FreightlinerbeganproductionofitsownversionsofFord-developedtrucksinSt.Thomas,Ontario,launchingtheSterlingtruckbrand.[149][150]SlottedbetweenFreightlinerandWesternStar,Sterlingtruckswereproducedthrough2009. LineofheavytrucksmadebyFordfortheNorthAmericanmarket: FordF-Series "SuperDuty/ExtraHeavyDuty(1958-1962) "BigJob"(1951-1957) FordN-Series(1963-1969) FordL-Seriestrucks(1970-1998) akaFord"LouisvilleLine" FordAeromax(1988-1998) FordLouisville(1996-1998) Sterling(1998-2009) FordC-Series(1957-1990) FordCargo/CF-Series(1986-1997) FordH-Series(1961-1966) aka"Two-storyFalcon" FordW-Series(1966-1977) FordCL-Series(1978-1995) For1999,Fordbrieflywithdrewfromproductionofmedium-dutytrucks.Forthe2001modelyear,thecompanyenteredintoajointventurewithNavistarInternational(thesupplierofdieselenginesfor1-tonF-Seriestrucks),namedBlueDiamondTruckCompanyLLC.[151]Aspartofthejointventure,sharingacommontruckchassis,thetwocompanieswouldproducemedium-duty(Class6–7)trucksinaNavistarfacilityinMexico,witheachmanufacturersupplyingitsownpowertrainandbodywork,withtheFordF-650/F-750SuperDutyandInternational4000/DuraStarsharinganassemblyline.In2006,thejointventuredebutedtheFordLCF/InternationalCityStar.[152]UsingamodifiedF-SerieschassisadoptedtofitaMazdaTitancab,theLCFwasalow-cabforwardtruckthatwassoldthrough2009.[153] InEurope,FordmanufacturestheFordTransitjumbovan,whichisclassedasaLargeGoodsVehicleandhasapayloadofupto2,265 kg;thereareoptionsofapanelvan,pickuporchassiscab.TheFordTransitisalsoavailableasalightvancalledtheFordTransitConnectandtheFordRangerpickupisavailable.[154] Buses AFordB700buschassis,withabodybyThomasBuilt Fordmanufacturedcompletebusesinthecompany'searlyhistory,buttodaytheroleofthecompanyhaschangedtothatofasecondstagemanufacturer.InNorthAmerica,theE-SeriesisstillusedasachassisforsmallschoolbusesandtheF-650isusedincommercialbusmarkets.Inthe1980sand1990s,themedium-dutyB700wasapopularchassisusedbyschoolbusbodymanufacturersincludingThomasBuilt,Ward,andBlueBird,butFordlostitsmarketshareduetoindustrycontractionandagreementsbetweenbodymanufacturers.Olderbusmodelsincluded: Priorto1936,Fordbuseswerebasedontruckbodies: ModelB–1930s ModelT–1920s F-105schoolbus A1937FordTransitBusinSeattle In1936,FordintroducedtheFordTransitBus,aseriesofsmalltransitbuseswithbodiesbuiltbyasecondparty.Originallyafront-enginedesign,itwasmodifiedtoarear-enginedesignin1939.About1,000to1,200oftheoriginaldesignwerebuilt,andaround12,500oftherear-enginedesign,whichwasinproductionuntil1947[155](rebrandedastheUniversalBusin1946). Rear-engineTransitBuschassismodelnumbers:[156] 09-B/19-BCitytransitbus–1939–1941 19-B/29-BCitytransitbus–1941–1942 49-B/79-BCitytransitbus–1944–1947 69-BCitytransitbus–1946–1947 29-BCitytransitbus–1946–1947 72-Ttransitbus–1944–1945 After1946theTransitCitybuswassoldastheUniversalBuswiththeroofchangedfromfabric/woodtoall-metal: 79-BUniversaltransitbus–1946–1947 SucceedingtheFordTransitBuswastheFord8Mbuses: 8MBtransitbus–withWayneWorks1948–? FollowingWorldWarIIandfromthe1950sonwards,FordlostouttoGeneralMotors.[156]ThisledtotheendoftransitbusesforFordinNorthAmerica. B500orB-series–1950–1990sbasedonFordF-seriestruckchassisusedbyschoolbusbodymanufacturers InEurope,FordmanufacturestheFordTransitMinibuswhichisclassedinEuropeasaPassengerCarryingVehicleandthereareoptionsof12-,15-,or17-seaters.[157]Inthepast,Europeanmodelsincluded: EM N-138 Dseriesbuses(Australia) Tractors AFordNseriestractor The"HenryFordandSonCompany"beganmakingFordsontractorsinHenry'shometownofSpringwells(laterpartofDearborn),Michigan,from1907to1928,from1919to1932,atCork,Ireland,andbetween1933and1964atDagenham,England,latertransferredtoBasildon.TheywerealsoproducedinLeningradbeginningin1924. Fordreenteredthetractormarketin1939withtheFordN-seriestractors.TheFord8N,introducedin1947,becamethemostpopulartractorofalltimeinNorthAmerica.ProductionoftheNlineofmodelsendedin1952. TheFordNAAtractorwasintroducedasanentirelynewmodelin1953.ItwasareplacementfortheFordN-Seriestractors.Largerthanthe8N,withafour-cylinderengine,andstreamlinedstyling. In1986,FordexpandeditstractorbusinesswhenitpurchasedtheSperry-NewHollandskid-steerloaderandhaybaler,haytoolsandimplementcompanyfromSperryCorporationandformedFord-NewHollandwhichboughtoutVersatiletractorsin1988.ThiscompanywasboughtbyFiatin1993andthenamechangedfromFordNewHollandtoNewHolland.NewHollandisnowpartofCNHGlobal. Financialservices FordoffersautomotivefinancethroughFordMotorCreditCompany. Automotivecomponents Ford'sFoMoCopartsdivisionsellsaftermarketpartsundertheMotorcraftbrandname.IthasspunoffitspartsdivisionunderthenameVisteon. Marques Currentmarques Origin Marque Estab. Added Markets  USA Ford 1903 1903 Global  USA Lincoln 1917 1922 NorthAmerica,MiddleEast,China,SouthKorea Formermarques Origin Marque Years Markets Fate  USA Continental[158][159] 1956–1986 NorthAmerica Discontinued  USA Edsel 1957–1960 NorthAmerica Discontinued  USA Mercury 1939–2011 NorthAmerica,MiddleEast Discontinued  USA Merkur 1985–1989 NorthAmerica Discontinued  AUS FPV 2002–2014 Australia Discontinued  BRA Troller 2007–2021 Brazil Defunctcompany,plantclosedbyFordBrasil  JPN Mazda 1974–2015 Global Soldshares  SWE Volvo 1999–2010 Global SoldtoGeely  UK AstonMartin 1989–2007 Global Soldtoaprivateconsortium  UK Jaguar 1989–2008 Global SoldtoTataMotors  UK LandRover 2000–2008 Global SoldtoTataMotors Motorsport Mainarticle:FordPerformance AlongwithShelbyandChevrolet,FordisoneofonlythreeAmericanconstructorstowintitlesontheinternationalsceneattheFIAWorldChampionships.Asaconstructor,FordwontheWorldSportscarChampionshipthreetimesin1966,1967,and1968,andtheWorldRallyChampionshipthreetimesin1979,2006and2007. Open-wheelcarracing IndyCar ArieLuyendyk'srecord-settingFordCosworth-poweredIndyCarfrom1996 IndyCarswithFordenginesfirstcompetedin1935usingaproduction-basedFordV8intheMiller-Fordracer.[160][161]ApushrodFordV8racedwithLotusin1963,andFord'sfirstIndywinwasin1965withaDOHCV8.[162][163]Fordmotors,includingtheFord-sponsoredDFXenginedevelopedbyCosworth,havewontheIndianapolis500eighteentimes.[164]OnMay12,1996,ArieLuyendyk,whiledrivinganIndyCarpoweredbyaFordCosworthXBengine,broketheIndianapolis500recordsforfastestqualificationlap(237.498 mph(382.216 km/h))andfastestqualificationfour-lapaverage(236.986 mph(381.392 km/h)).[165][166]Thesespeedrecordsstillstandasof2018[update].[167] FormulaFord FormulaFord,conceivedintheUKin1966,isanentry-leveltypeofformularacingwithwinglesssingle-seatercars.Manyoftoday'sformularacingdriversstartedtheircarracingcareersinthiscategory. FormulaOne FordwasheavilyinvolvedinFormulaOneformanyyearsandsuppliedenginestoalargenumberofteamsfrom1967until2004.TheseenginesweredesignedandmanufacturedbyCosworth,theracingdivisionthatwasownedbyFordfrom1998to2004.Ford-badgedengineswon176GrandsPrixbetween1967and2003forteamssuchasTeamLotusandMcLaren.FordenteredFormulaOneasaconstructorin2000undertheJaguarRacingname,afterbuyingtheStewartGrandPrixteamwhichhadbeenitsprimary'works'teamintheseriessince1997.JaguarachievedlittlesuccessinFormulaOne,andafteraturbulentfiveseasons,Fordwithdrewfromthecategoryafterthe2004season,sellingbothJaguarRacing(whichbecameRedBullRacing)andCosworth(toGeraldForsytheandKevinKalkhoven).[168] Stockcarracing RyanBlaneydrivingtheNo.21WoodBrothersFordin2016atMichiganInternationalSpeedway FordisoneofthreemanufacturersinNASCAR'sthreemajorseries:theCupSeries,XfinitySeries,andTruckSeries.MajorteamsincludeRFKRacing,TeamPenske,Stewart-HaasRacing,andWoodBrothersRacing.FordisrepresentedbytheMustangGTintheCupSeries,andtheXfinitySeriesandbytheF-150intheTruckSeries.SomeofthemostsuccessfulNASCARFordsweretheaerodynamicfastbackFordTorino,FordTorinoTalladega,MercuryCycloneSpoilerII,andMercuryMontegos,andtheaero-eraFordThunderbirds.TheFordnameplatehaswoneightmanufacturer'schampionshipsinSprintCupwhileMercuryhaswonone.IntheSprintCupSeries,Fordearnedits1,000thvictoryinthe2013QuickenLoans400.[169]TheFordFusionisalsousedintheARCARacingSeries.Fordhadlastwonadrivers'championshipintheCupSerieswithJoeyLoganoin2018. Rally Mainarticle:FordWorldRallyTeam Jari-MattiLatvaladrivingtheFordFocusRSWRC09in2010 FordhasalonghistoryinrallyingandhasbeenactiveintheWorldRallyChampionshipsincethebeginningoftheworldchampionship,the1973season.Fordtookthe1979manufacturers'titlewithHannuMikkola,BjörnWaldegård,andAriVatanendrivingtheFordEscortRS1800.IntheGroupBera,FordachievedsuccesswithFordRS200.Sincethe1999season,FordhasusedvariousversionsoftheFordFocusWRCtomuchsuccess.Inthe2006season,BP-FordWorldRallyTeamsecuredForditssecondmanufacturers'title,withtheFocusRSWRC06builtbyM-Sportanddrivenby"FlyingFinns"MarcusGrönholmandMikkoHirvonen.[170]ContinuingwithGrönholmandHirvonen,Fordsuccessfullydefendedthemanufacturers'worldchampionshipinthe2007season.Fordistheonlymanufacturertoscoreinthepointsfor92consecutiveraces;sincethe2002seasonopenerMonteCarloRally.[171] Rallycross FordhascompetedinrallycrosswithitsFordFiestaandFordFocus.TannerFoustwontheGlobalRallyCrossChampionshipin2011and2012andwasrunner-upintheFIAEuropeanRallycrossChampionshipin2011and2012.ToomasHeikkinenwontheGlobalRallyCrossChampionshiptitlein2013andJoniWimanwonitin2014.OthernotableForddriversincludeMarcusGrönholm,KenBlock,andBrianDeegan. Sportscars Mainarticle:FordGT§ Racing Fordsportscarshavebeenvisibleintheworldofsportscarracingsince1964.MostnotablytheGT40wonthe24HoursofLeMansfourtimesinthe1960sandistheonlyAmericancartoeverwinoverallatthisprestigiousevent.Fordalsowonthe1968InternationalChampionshipforMakeswiththeGT40.SwissteamMatechGTRacing,incollaborationwithFordRacing,openedanewchapterwiththeFordGT,winningtheTeamstitleinthe2008FIAGT3EuropeanChampionship. FordMustang Mainarticle:FordMustang§ Racing AGTracingversionoftheFordMustang,competingintheKoniChallengein2005 TheFordMustanghasarguablybeenFord'smostsuccessfulsportscar.JerryTituswonthe1965SCCAProBNationalChampionshipwithaMustangandthemodelwentontoearnFordtheSCCATrans-AmChampionshiptitleinboth1966and1967.FordwontheTrans-AmChampionshipagainin1970withParnelliJonesandGeorgeFollmerdrivingBoss302MustangsforBudMooreEngineering.Fordtookthe1985and1986IMSAGTOChampionshipwithMustangsdrivenbyJohnJonesandScottPruettbeforereturningtoTrans-Amglorywithachampionshipin1989withDorseySchroeder.ForddominatedTrans-Aminthe1990swithTommyKendallwinningchampionshipsin1993,1995,1996,and1997withPaulGentilozziaddingyetanothertitlein1999.In2005theFordMustangFR500CtookthechampionshipintheRolexKoniChallengeSeriesinitsfirstyearonthecircuit.In2007,FordaddedavictoryintheGT4EuropeanChampionship.2008wasthefirstyearoftheMustangChallengefortheMillerCup,aseriesthatpitsafullfieldofidenticalfactory-builtFordMustangracecarsagainsteachother.Also,in2008,FordwonthemanufacturerschampionshipintheKoniChallengeSeriesandHyperSportdriversJoeFosterandSteveMaxwellwonthedriverstitleinaMustangGT. FordandMichelinteameduptoprovidecustom-engineeredtiresfortheFordPerformancevehiclelineup.FordPerformancedirectorDavePericaksaid:"ThatconfidenceextendsfromourupcomingracingeffortatLeMansin2016withtheall-newFordGT,totheFordPerformancevehiclelineup,includingtheShelbyGT350andF-150Raptor".[172] Touringcars FordPerformanceRacingFordFalconV8SupercaratEasternCreekinAustraliain2008 FordhascampaignedtouringcarssuchastheFocus,Falcon,andContour/MondeoandtheSierraCosworthinmanydifferentseriesthroughouttheyears.Notably,Mondeodriversfinished1,2,3inthe2000BritishTouringCarChampionshipandFalcondriversplaced1,2,3inthe2005V8SupercarChampionshipSeries. Dragracing Indragracing,JohnForceRacingdriversJohnForce,TonyPedregon,andRobertHighthavepilotedFordMustangFunnyCarstoseveralNHRAtitlesinrecentseasons.TeammatesTimWilkersonandBobTascaIIIalsodriveMustangsinFunnyCar. Drifting FordhasbranchedoutintodriftingwiththeintroductionofthenewmodelMustang.MostnoticeableistheTurquoiseandBlueFalkenTiresMustangdrivenbyVaughnGittin,Jr.,(A.K.A."JR")thatproduces750RWHP(RearWheelHorsepower). Environmentalinitiatives Compressednaturalgas Thealternativefossilfuelvehicles,suchassomeversionsoftheCrownVictoriaespeciallyinfleetandtaxiservice,operateoncompressednaturalgas—orCNG.SomeCNGvehicleshavedualfueltanks–oneforgasoline,theotherforCNG–thesameenginecanoperateoneitherfuelviaaselectorswitch. Flexiblefuelvehicles TheFordFocusFlexifuelwasthefirstE85flexiblefuelvehiclecommerciallyavailableintheEuropeanmarket. Flexiblefuelvehiclesaredesignedtooperatesmoothlyusingawiderangeofavailableethanolfuelmixtures—frompuregasolinetobioethanol-gasolineblendssuchasE85(85%ethanoland15%gasoline)orE100(neathydrousethanol)inBrazil.PartofthechallengeofsuccessfulmarketingalternativeandflexiblefuelvehiclesintheU.S.isthegenerallackofestablishmentofsufficientfuelingstations,whichwouldbeessentialforthesevehiclestobeattractivetoawiderangeofconsumers.SignificanteffortstorampupproductionanddistributionofE85fuelsareunderwayandexpanding.[173]CurrentFordE100FlexsoldintheBrazilianmarketaretheCourier,FordEcoSport,FordFiesta,FordFocus,andFordKa. Electricdrivevehicles Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Thereasongivenis:thissectiondidnotincludenewerelectricandhybridmodels.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(January2021) Hybridelectricvehicles Seealso:Hybridelectricvehicle FordEscapeplug-inhybridtestvehicle AlanMulally(wearingredtie)withthen-PresidentGeorgeW.BushattheKansasCityAssemblyplantinClaycomo,Missouri,onMarch20,2007,toutingFord'snewhybridcars In2004,FordandToyotaagreedapatent-sharingaccordthatgrantedFordaccesstocertainhybridtechnologypatentedbyToyota;inexchange,FordlicensedsomeofitsownpatentstoToyota.[174][175][176]In2004,FordintroducedtheEscapeHybrid.Withthisvehicle,FordwasthirdtotheautomotivemarketwithahybridelectricvehicleandthefirsthybridelectricSUVtomarket.ThiswasalsothefirsthybridelectricvehiclewithaflexiblefuelcapabilitytorunonE85.[177]TheEscape'splatformmateMercuryMarinerwasalsoavailablewiththehybrid-electricsysteminthe2006modelyear—afullyearaheadofschedule.ThesimilarMazdaTributewillalsoreceiveahybrid-electricpowertrainoption,alongwithmanyothervehiclesintheFordvehicleline. In2005,Fordannouncedagoaltomake250,000hybridsayearby2010,butbymid-2006announcedthatitwouldnotmeetthatgoal,duetoexcessivelyhighcostsandthelackofsufficientsuppliesofthehybrid-electricbatteriesanddrivetrainsystemcomponents.[178]Instead,Fordhascommittedtoacceleratingdevelopmentofnext-generationhybrid-electricpowerplantsinBritain,incollaborationwithVolvo.Thisengineeringstudyisexpectedtoyieldmorethan100newhybrid-electricvehiclemodelsandderivatives. InSeptember2007,FordannouncedapartnershipwithSouthernCaliforniaEdison(SCE)toexaminehowplug-inhybridswillworkwiththeelectricalgrid.Underthemultimillion-dollar,multi-yearproject,FordwillconvertademonstrationfleetofFordEscapeHybridsintoplug-inhybrids,andSCEwillevaluatehowthevehiclesmightinteractwiththehomeandtheutility'selectricalgrid.Someofthevehicleswillbeevaluated"intypicalcustomersettings",accordingtoFord.[33][34] OnJune12,2008,USDOEexpandeditsownfleetofalternativefuelandadvancedtechnologyvehicleswiththeadditionofaFordEscapePlug-InHybridFlex-FuelVehicle.Thevehicleisequippedwitha10-kilowatt(13 hp)lithium-ionbatterysuppliedbyJohnsonControls-Saftthatstoresenoughelectricenergytodriveupto30miles(48 km)atspeedsofupto40 mph(64 km/h).[179]InMarch2009,FordlaunchedhybridversionsoftheFordFusionHybridandtheMercuryMilanHybridintheUnitedStates,bothas2010models.[180] AsofNovember 2014[update],Fordhasproducedforretailsalesthefollowinghybridelectricvehicles:FordEscapeHybrid(2004–2012),MercuryMarinerHybrid(2005–2010),MercuryMilanHybrid(2009–2010),FordFusionHybrid(2009–present),LincolnMKZHybrid(2010–present),FordC-MaxHybrid(2012–present),andFordMondeoHybrid(2014–present).ByJune2012,Fordhadsold200,000fullhybridsintheUSsince2004,[181]and,asofSeptember 2014[update],thecarmakerhassoldover344 thousandhybridsintheUnitedStates.[181][182][183][184]ThetopsellinghybridsintheU.S.marketaretheFusionHybridwith127,572units,followedbyEscapeHybridwith117,997units,andtheC-MaxHybridwith54,236.[182][183][184][185][186]AsofNovember 2014[update],Fordistheworld'ssecond-largestmanufacturerofhybridsafterToyotaMotorCorporation,with400,000hybridelectricvehiclesproducedsincetheirintroductionin2004.[187] Plug-inelectricvehicles Seealso:Plug-inelectricvehicle AsofOctober 2014[update],Fordhasproducedthefollowingplug-inelectricvehicles:theall-electricFordRangerEV(1997–2002),FordTH!NK(1999–2003),TransitConnect(2010–2012),andFordFocusElectric(December2011–present);andtheplug-inhybridsC-MAXEnergi(October2012–present)andtheFusionEnergi(February2013–present),soldundertheMondeonameplateinEurope.[188][189]SincethelaunchoftheFocusElectricin2011,combinedsalesofallFordplug-inelectricmodelsamountedtojustover56,000throughOctober2015.[190] TheAzureTransitConnectElectricwasproducedbetween2010and2012asacollaborationbetweenAzureDynamicsandFordMotorCompany. BillFordwasoneofthefirsttopindustryexecutivestomakeregularuseofabatteryelectricvehicle,aFordRangerEV,whilethecompanycontractedwiththeUnitedStatesPostalServicetodeliverelectricpostalvansbasedontheRangerEVplatform.ForddiscontinuedalineofelectricRangerpickuptrucksandorderedthemdestroyed,thoughitreversedinJanuary2005,afterenvironmentalistprotest.[191]Theall-electricpickuptruckleased205unitstoindividualsand1,500unitstofleetsintheU.S.from1998to2002.[192][193] From2009to2011,FordofferedtheFordTH!NKcar.Fordendedproductionandorderedallthecarsrepossessedanddestroyed,evenasmanyofthepeopleleasingthembeggedtobeabletobuythecarsfromFord.AfteranoutcryfromthelesseesandactivistsintheUSandNorway,FordreturnedthecarstoNorwayforsale.[194]440unitswereleasedintheU.S.from1999until2003.[193] In2017,FordCEOMarkFieldsannouncedthatthecompanywouldinvest$4.5billioninfurtherdevelopmentofplug-inelectricvehiclesby2020.[195] TheAzureTransitConnectElectricwasanall-electricvandevelopedasacollaborationbetweenAzureDynamicsandFordMotorCompany,butAzurewastheofficialmanufacturerofrecord.[196]TheTransitConnectElectrichadanofficialUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyall-electricrangeof56 mi(90 km).[197]TheEPAratedthecombinedcity/highwayfueleconomyat62milespergallongasolineequivalent(3.8 L/100 kmequivalent).[197]DeliveriesforfleetcustomersintheU.S.andCanadabeganinDecember2010.[198]ProductionoftheelectricvanwasstoppedinMarch2012asaresultofAzure'sbankruptcyprotectionfiling.Fordcontinuestoprovideservicing.[199]Around500unitsweresoldbeforeAzurestoppedproduction.[200] TheFordFusionEnergiplug-inhybridsharesitspowertrainwiththeFordC-MaxEnergi. TheFordFocusElectricisbasedonthenextgenerationFocusinternalcombustionvehicle,convertedtoanall-electricpropulsionsystemasaproductionelectriccarbyMagnaInternational,andretailsalesbeganintheU.S.inDecember2011.[201][202]TheFocusElectrichasanEPAratedrangeof76 mi(122 km)andacombinedcity/highwayfueleconomyof105milespergallongasolineequivalent(2.2 L/100 km).[203]AvailablealsoinCanadaandseveralEuropeancountries,3,965unitshavebeensoldintheU.S.throughSeptember2014.[182][183][184][204] TheFordC-MaxEnergiisaplug-inhybridreleasedintheU.S.inOctober2012.TheC-MaxEnergihasanEPAratedall-electricrangeof20 mi(32 km)andacombinedcity/highwayfueleconomyinall-electricmodeat88MPG-e(2.7 L/100 km).[205]U.S.salestotaled33,509units throughDecember2016.[182][183][206][207][208]DeliveriesoftheFordFusionEnergibeganintheUnitedStatesinFebruary2013.[209][210]TheFusionEnergihasanall-electricrangeof20 mi(32 km)andanequivalentfueleconomyEPAratingof88MPG-e(2.7 L/100 km).[205]AsofDecember 2016[update],atotalof43,327unitshavebeendeliveredintheU.S.sinceitsinception.[183][206][207][208] BothEnergimodelssharethesamepowertraintechnologyandhavethesameEPAcombinedcity/highwayfueleconomyinhybridoperationof38 mpg‑US(6.2 L/100 km;46 mpg‑imp).[205] Whenaskedaboutabattery-electricvehiclewitha200-mile(320 km)range,FieldssaidinApril2016"Clearlythat'ssomethingwe'redevelopingfor".Fordhasapendingtrademarkapplicationonthe"ModelE"name,[211]preventingtheTeslaModel3inusingthename.[212] InOctober2017,FordannounceditsTeamEdisonbattery-electricvehiclegrouptoleadthecompany'srenewedeffortsintotheEVmarket,inwhichitcurrentlyoffersonlytheFocussubcompactandhasplansforasmall300-mileSUVby2020.[213]ThenewteamwillbeheadquarteredinDetroitandhaveofficesinEuropeandAsia.[214] In2022,FordbeganmanufacturingitsE-TransitelectriccargovansatitsplantinKansasCity,Missouri.Thefirstdeliveriesofthenewvehiclesareexpectedinthenextfewweeks.[215] FordMustangMach-E Hydrogen Fordalsocontinuestostudyfuelcell-poweredelectricpowertrainsandhasdemonstratedhydrogen-fueledinternalcombustionenginetechnologies,aswellasdevelopingthenext-generationhybrid-electricsystems.Comparedwithconventionalvehicles,hybridvehiclesand/orfuelcellvehiclesdecreaseairpollutionemissionsaswellassoundlevels,withfavorableimpactsuponrespiratoryhealthanddecreaseofnoisehealtheffects. Fordhaslaunchedtheproductionofhydrogen-poweredshuttlebuses,usinghydrogeninsteadofgasolineinastandardinternalcombustionengine,foruseatairportsandconventioncenters.[216]Atthe2006GreaterLosAngelesAutoShow,FordshowcasedahydrogenfuelcellversionofitsExplorerSUV.TheFuelcellExplorerhasacombinedoutputof174 hp(130 kW).Ithasalargehydrogenstoragetankwhichissituatedinthecenterofthecartakingtheoriginalplaceoftheconventionalmodel'sautomatictransmission.Thecenteredpositionofthetankassiststhevehiclereachanotablerangeof350miles(563 km),thefarthestforafuelcellvehiclesofar.ThefuelcellExplorerthefirstinaseriesofprototypespartlyfundedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergytoexpandeffortstodeterminethefeasibilityofhydrogen-poweredvehicles.ThefuelcellExplorerisoneofseveralvehicleswithgreentechnologybeingfeaturedattheL.A.show,includingthe2008FordEscapeHybrid,PZEVemissionscompliantFusionandFocusmodelsanda2008FordF-SeriesSuperDutyoutfittedwithFord'scleandieseltechnology. Increasedfuelefficiency InJuly2008,FordMotorCompanyannouncedthatitwouldaccelerateitsplanstoproducemorefuel-efficientcars,changingbothitsNorthAmericanmanufacturingplansanditslineupofvehiclesavailableintheUnitedStates.IntermsofNorthAmericanmanufacturing,thecompanyplannedtoconvertthreeexistingtruckandsportutilityvehicle(SUV)plantsforsmallcarproduction,withthefirstconversionatitsMichiganTruckPlant.Inaddition,Ford'sassemblyplantsnearMexicoCity,Mexico,andinLouisville,Kentucky,weretobeconvertedfrompickupsandSUVstosmallcars,includingtheFordFiesta,by2011.FordthenalsoplannedtointroducetoNorthAmericasixofitsEuropeansmallvehicles,includingtwoversionsoftheFordFiesta,bytheendof2012.[217] FordofEuropedevelopedtheECOneticprogrammetoaddressthemarketandlegislativeneedforhigherfuelefficiencyandlowerCO2emissions.AsopposedtothehybridenginetechnologyusedincompetitorproductssuchastheToyotaPrius,ECOneticimprovesexistingtechnology.UsinglowerconsumingDuratorqTDCidieselengines,andbasedonacombinationofimprovedaerodynamics,lowerresistance,andimprovedefficiency,theFordFiestawasthelowestemittingmass-producedcarinEurope[218]whilethe2012FordFocusECOneticwillhavebetterfuelconsumptionthanthePriusortheVolkswagenGolfBlueMotion.[219]ECOneticisnotpresentlyplannedtobesoldinNorthAmericanduetocurrentperceivedlowerconsumerdemand.[220] FordhaschallengedUniversityteamstocreateavehiclethatissimple,durable,lightweight,andcomeequippedwithabasetargetpriceofonly$7,000.ThestudentsfromAachenUniversitycreatedthe"2015FordModelT".[221][222] In2000,undertheleadershipofthecurrentFordchairman,WilliamClayFord,thecompanyannounced[223]aplanned25percentimprovementintheaveragemileageofitsSUVs–tobecompletedbythe2005calendaryear.In2003,Fordannouncedthatcompetitivemarketconditionsandtechnologicalandcostchallengeswouldpreventthecompanyfromachievingthisgoal.[224] Forthe2007modelyear,FordhadthirteenU.S.modelsthatachieve30milespergallonorbetter(basedonthehighwayfueleconomyestimatesoftheEPA)andseveralofFord'svehicleswererecognizedintheEPAandDepartmentofEnergyFuelEconomyGuideforbest-in-classfueleconomy.Fordclaimedtohaveeliminatednearlythreemillionpoundsofsmog-formingemissionsfromtheirU.S.carsandlighttrucksoverthe2004to2006modelyears.[225]However,theUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhaslinkedFordto54Superfundtoxicwastesites,twelveofwhichhavebeencleanedupanddeletedfromthelist.[226] EfficientBuildings AspartofarenovationoftheFordRiverRougeComplex,in2010Fordunveileda10.4acre(4047m2)livingroofcoveringpartoftheDearbornTruckplant,consistingofsedum,alow-growinggroundcover.Thesedumretainsandcleansesrainwaterandmoderatestheinternaltemperatureofthebuilding,savingenergy.[227] In2016,Fordannouncedaten-yearrenovationplanforitsDearborncampus.[228]Theplanfeaturesconsolidationofofficeandlabspacesintofewerandmuchlargerbuildings,whichwillbebuilttoLEEDstandards,andwillfeatureextensiveuseofwetlandsandparkspaces.[229][230]Thenewcampusfeaturesnewmulti-storyparkingdeckswithsolarpowergeneratingroofs,[231]andanewnaturalgaspowerplant.TheDTEFordCentralEnergyPlantisa34MWcombinedheat-and-powerplantwhichfeaturesahighefficiencydesignandLEEDGoldbuildings.[232] Sponsorships FordsponsorsnumerouseventsandsportsfacilitiesaroundtheUS,mostnotablytheFordCenterindowntownEvansville,Indiana,andFordFieldindowntownDetroit.[233] ThecompanyhasalsobeenamajorsponsoroftheUEFAChampionsLeagueforovertwodecades,andisalsoalongtimesponsoroftheSkymediachannel'scoverageofPremierLeaguefootball. Salesnumbers CalendarYear USsales Marketshare ofUSsales[234] 1997 3,877,458[235] 25.0% 1998 3,922,604[236] 24.5% 1999 4,163,369[237] 23.9% 2000 4,202,820 23.6% 2001 3,971,364 22.7% 2002 3,623,709[238] 21.2% 2003 3,483,719 20.5% 2004 3,331,676[239] 19.3% 2005 3,153,875 18.1% 2006 2,901,090[240] 17.0% 2007 2,507,366 15.2% 2008 1,988,376[241] 14.7% 2009 1,620,888[242] 15.3% 2010 1,935,462[243] 16.4% 2011 2,143,101[244] 16.4% 2012 2,250,165[245] 15.2% 2013 2,493,918[246] 15.7% 2014 2,480,942[247] 14.7% 2015 2,613,162[248] 14.6% 2016 2,614,697[249][250] 14.6% 2017 2,586,715[251] 14.7% 2018 2,497,318[251] 14.1% 2019 2,422,698[252] 13.8% 2020 2,044,744[253] 13.7% 2021 1,905,955[254] 12.4% Seealso Carsportal Companiesportal Michiganportal Ford'sGarage Bridj Chariot(company) DetroitAutomobileCompany Dodgev.FordMotorCompany EugeneTurenneGregorie FirestoneandFordtirecontroversy ListofautomobilemanufacturersoftheUnitedStates SmithElectricVehicles SoybeanCar TheHenryFord References 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Furtherreading Bak,Richard.HenryandEdsel:TheCreationoftheFordEmpire(2003) Bardou;Jean-Pierre,Jean-JacquesChanaron,PatrickFridenson,andJamesM.Laux.TheAutomobileRevolution:TheImpactofanIndustryUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,1982 Batchelor,Ray.HenryFord:MassProduction,ModernismandDesignManchesterU.Press,1994 Bonin,Huberetal.Ford,1902–2003:TheEuropeanHistory2volParis2003.ISBN 2-914369-06-9scholarlyessaysinEnglishonFordoperationsinEurope;reviewedinLenHolden,Len."FordingtheAtlantic:FordandFordisminEurope"inBusinessHistoryVolume47,#January1,2005pp122–127 Bowman,TimothyJ.SpiritualityatWork:AnExploratorySociologicalInvestigationoftheFordMotorCompany.LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience,2004 Brinkley,DouglasG.WheelsfortheWorld:HenryFord,HisCompany,andaCenturyofProgress(2003) Brinkley,Douglas."PrimeMover".AmericanHeritage200354(3):44–53.onModelT Bryan,FordR.Henry'sLieutenants,1993;ISBN 0-8143-2428-2 Bucci,Federico.AlbertKahn:ArchitectofFordPrincetonArchitecturalPress,1993 Cabadas,JosephP.RiverRouge:Ford'sIndustrialColossus(2004),heavilyillustrated Dempsey,MaryA."Fordlandia'MichiganHistory199478(4):24–33.Ford'srubberplantationinBrazil Flink,James.AmericaAdoptstheAutomobile,1895–1910MITPress,1970 Foster,MarkS."TheModelT,TheHardSell,andLosAngelesUrbanGrowth:TheDecentralizationofLosAngelesDuringthe1920s."PacificHistoricalReview44.4(November1975):459–84 Halberstam,David.TheReckoning(1986)detailedreportingondeclineoftheautoindustry.online;also Iacocca,LeeandWilliamNovak.Iacocca:AnAutobiography(1984) Jacobson,D.S."ThePoliticalEconomyofIndustrialLocation:theFordMotorCompanyatCork1912–26."IrishEconomicandSocialHistory[Ireland]19774:36–55.FordandIrishpolitics Lacey,Robert"Ford:TheMenandtheMachine"(Heinnemann,London)0414401027(1986) Levinson,WilliamA.HenryFord'sLeanVision:EnduringPrinciplesfromtheFirstFordMotorPlant,2002;ISBN 1-56327-260-1 Kuhn,ArthurJ.GMPassesFord,1918–1938:DesigningtheGeneralMotorsPerformance-ControlSystem.PennsylvaniaStateUniversityPress,1986 Magee,David.FordTough:BillFordandtheBattletoRebuildAmerica'sAutomaker(2004) Maxton,GraemeP.andJohnWormald,TimeforaModelChange:Re-engineeringtheGlobalAutomotiveIndustry(2004) May,GeorgeS.AMostUniqueMachine:TheMichiganOriginsoftheAmericanAutomobileIndustryEerdman's,1975 Maynard,Micheline.TheEndofDetroit:HowtheBigThreeLostTheirGripontheAmericanCarMarket(2003) McIntyre,StephenL."TheFailureofFordism:ReformoftheAutomobileRepairIndustry,1913–1940:TechnologyandCulture200041(2):269–299.repairshopsrejectedflatrates Nevins,Allan.Ford:theTimes,theMan,theCompany(vol11954)online Nevins,Allan,andFrankHill.Ford:ExpansionandChallenge1915-1933(vol2,1957)online Nevins,Allan.Ford:Declineandrebirth,1933-1962(vol3,1963)online Rubenstein,JamesM.TheChangingU.S.AutoIndustry:AGeographicalAnalysis,Routledge,1992 Shiomi,HaruhitoandKazuoWada.FordismTransformed:TheDevelopmentofProductionMethodsintheAutomobileIndustry,OxfordUniversityPress,1995 Sorensen,CharlesE.(1956),MyFortyYearswithFord,withWilliamson,SamuelT.,NewYork,NewYork,USA:Norton,LCCN 56010854.Variousrepublications,includingISBN 9780814332795. Studer-Noguez;Isabel.FordandtheGlobalStrategiesofMultinationals:TheNorthAmericanAutoIndustryRoutledge,2002 Tedlow,RichardS."TheStruggleforDominanceintheAutomobileMarket:theEarlyYearsofFordandGeneralMotors"BusinessandEconomicHistory198817:49–62.Fordstressedlowpricebasedonefficientfactories,butGMdidbetterinoligopolisticcompetitionbyincludinginvestmentinmanufacturing,marketing,andmanagement Thomas,RobertPaul."TheAutomobileIndustryanditsTycoon"ExplorationsinEntrepreneurialHistory19696(2):139–157.arguesForddidNOThavemuchinfluenceonUSindustry Watts,Steven.ThePeople'sTycoon:HenryFordandtheAmericanCentury(2005) Wik,ReynoldM.HenryFordandGrass-RootsAmerica,UniversityofMichiganPress,1972.impactonfarmers Wilkins,MiraandFrankErnestHill,AmericanBusinessAbroad:FordonSixContinentsWayneStateUniversityPress,1964 Williams,Karel,ColinHaslamandJohnWilliams,"Fordversus'Fordism':TheBeginningofMassProduction?"Work,Employment&Society,Vol.6,No.4,517–555(1992),stressonFord'sflexibilityandcommitmenttocontinuousimprovements. Externallinks WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoFordMotorCompany. WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoFordMotorCompany. Officialwebsite FordMotorCompanycompaniesgroupedatOpenCorporates BusinessdataforFordMotorCompany:GoogleSECfilingsYahoo! vteFordMotorCompanyEstablishedJune 16,1903;119yearsago (1903-06-16)–Headquarters:Dearborn,MichiganDivisions/MarquesCurrent Ford Lincoln Discontinued Comet(1960–61) Continental(1956–59) Edsel(1956–59) Frontenac(1960) Mercury(1938–2011) Merkur(1985–89) Meteor(1949–76) Monarch(1946–61) SubsidiariesCurrent AutomotiveComponentsHoldings ChanganFord(China) Australia Argentina Brazil Canada FordMotorCredit Europe France Germany Ireland Italia Romania UnitedKingdom India NewZealand FordPerformance Philippines QuickLane SouthernAfrica Spin Former AstonMartin Chariot Cosworth FordAerospace FPV FordJapan FordTeamRS HertzCorporation Jaguar DaimlerCompany Kwik-Fit LandRover NewHollandAgriculture PremierAutomotiveGroup SpecialVehicleOperations SpecialVehicleTeam Th!nk Troller Visteon Volvo JointventuresandshareholdingsCurrent ArgoAI(42%) AutoAllianceInternational(50%) AutoAllianceThailand ChanganFord(50%) FordLioHo FordOtosan(41%) FordVietnam(60%) GetragFordTransmissions(50%) JianglingMotors(32%) Former AutoLatina(Argentina/Brazil) AutomotiveFuelCellCooperation(49.9%) ChanganFordMazda(China) FordSollers(Russia) FordUnion(Belaurs) Matford(France) Samcor(SouthAfrica) Troller(Brazil) Facilitiesandproducts FordWorldHeadquarters DetroitCorktowncampusproperties MichiganCentralStation RooseveltWarehouse Engines Factories Motorcraft Platforms Provinggrounds Transmissions Vehicles People Designers FordFamily HenryFord(Founder) WilliamClayFordJr.(ExecutiveChairman) JimFarley(CEO) ListofCEOs Other BigThree Dodgev.FordMotorCo. 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Mayflower National NorthAmerican PODS TwoMenandaTruck United Wheaton Truckstops BowlinTravelCenters DixieTravelPlaza Iowa80 Love's PilotFlyingJ RoadRanger Roady's T/A&Petro TownPump People FrederickW.Smith IymanFaris J.HarwoodCochrane JimmyHoffa JohnHunt KeithJesperson KellyReno ReginaldDenny Organizations AmericanMoving&StorageAssociation AmericanTruckingAssociations DATSolutions(Dial-A-Truck) InternationalBrotherhoodofTeamsters NationalMotorFreightClassification NationalMotorFreightTrafficAssociation NationalPrivateTruckCouncil SmartWayTransportPartnership GlossaryoftheAmericantruckingindustry PopularcultureFilm BlackDog Breakdown Breaker!Breaker! Convoy Duel F.I.S.T. High-Ballin' JoyRide MaximumOverdrive OverTheTop Smokey&theBandit TheyDrivebyNight TheGang'sAllHere TheGreatSmokeyRoadblock Trucker WhiteLineFever Television AmericanLoggers AmericanTrucker B.J.andtheBear IceRoadTruckers Movin'On TrickMyTruck Music ATombstoneEveryMile BigWheelsintheMoonlight BonnieJean(LittleSister) Convoy Drivin'MyLifeAway EastBoundandDown EighteenWheelsandaDozenRoses GiddyupGo GirlontheBillboard Movin'On PapaLovedMama Phantom309 RollOnBigMama RollOn(EighteenWheeler) SixDaysontheRoad TeddyBear TheWhiteKnight Radio DaleSommers RedEye(BillMack) RoadDogTrucking(DaveNemo) Videogames 18Wheeler:AmericanProTrucker 18WheelsofSteel AmericanTruckSimulator Rig'n'Roll BigRigs:OvertheRoadRacing Other Citizensbandradio TheRollingMemorial Note:Defunctcompaniesareshowninitalics vteFordMotorCompanyvehicletimeline,NorthAmericanmarket,1903–1942—next » Type 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Chassis Various ModelT ModelA 1932Ford 1935Ford 1937Ford 1941Ford Runabout ModelA ModelAC ModelC Touring ModelB ModelF ModelK ModelT ModelN ModelR ModelS Full-size ModelT ModelA ModelB Model18 Model40 Model48 Standard Standard Model68 DeLuxe Deluxe PickupTruck ModelTT ModelAA ModelBB Model48 Standard Standard ModelT ModelA ModelB Model18 Model40 Model68 DeLuxe Deluxe Bus TransitBus vte« previous—Fordcartimeline,NorthAmericanmarket,1946–1979—next » Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact Fiesta Pinto Compact Falcon Falcon Falcon Maverick Fairmont Granada Mid-size Falcon70½ Fairlane Fairlane Fairlane Fairlane Torino Torino Torino LTDII Full-size Deluxe Ford Deluxe Mainline Mainline Custom,Custom300 Custom300 Fairlane GalaxieMainliner 300 Custom Custom Custom Custom(cdn) SuperDeluxe CustomDeluxe Customline Customline Fairlane Fairlane Fairlane500 Galaxie Custom500 Custom500 Custom500 Crestline Fairlane Fairlane500 Galaxie Galaxie500 Galaxie500 Galaxie500 Galaxie Galaxie500XL Galaxie500XL XL XL Galaxie500LTD LTD LTD LTD Stationwagon Parklane DelRio RanchWagon RanchWagon RanchWagon RanchWagon RanchWagon RanchWagon CountrySedan CountrySedan CountrySedan CountrySedan CountrySedan CountrySquire CountrySquire CountrySquire CountrySquire CountrySquire CountrySquire Personalluxury Elite Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Sports Thunderbird Mustang Mustang Mustang vte« previous—Fordcartimeline,UnitedStates&Canada,1980–present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Subcompact Fiesta Festiva Aspire Fiesta Compact Pinto Escort Escort Escort Focus Focus Focus Fairmont Tempo Tempo Contour Granada Mid-size Granada LTD Fusion Fusion Taurus Taurus Taurus Taurus Full-size LTD LTDCrownVictoria CrownVictoria CrownVictoria CountrySquire FiveHundred→Taurus Taurus Personalluxury Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Sportcompact EXP EXP Probe Probe EscortZX2 ZX2 FiestaST FocusST FocusRS Sportscar Mustang Mustang Mustang Mustang GT GT vte« previous—FordMotorCompanylighttrucktimeline,NorthAmericanmarket,1946–1989—next » Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SUV Compact Bronco II Full-size Bronco Bronco Bronco Bronco Pickuptruck Coupéutility Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Compact Courier Courier Ranger Full-size Standard/Deluxe F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series Van Minivan Aerostar Full-size Econoline Econoline Econoline/ClubWagon vte« previous—FordMotorCompanylighttrucktimeline,UnitedStates&Canada,1990s–present Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Crossover Subcompact EcoSport Compact BroncoSport Escape Escape Escape Escape MustangMach-E Mid-size Edge Edge Explorer Explorer Full-size Freestyle Taurus X Flex SUV Mid-size BroncoII Explorer Explorer Explorer Explorer Bronco Full-size Bronco Bronco Expedition Expedition Expedition Expedition Excursion ExpeditionEL/Max ExpeditionMax Pickuptruck Compact Ranger Ranger Ranger Maverick Mid-size ExplorerSportTrac ExplorerSportTrac Ranger Full-size F-Series(all) F-Series(all) F-150/F-250 F-150 F-150 F-150 F-150 SVTLightning SVTLightning SVTRaptor Raptor Raptor SuperDuty SuperDuty SuperDuty SuperDuty Van CompactMPV TransitConnect TransitConnect C-MAX Minivan Aerostar Windstar Windstar Freestar Full-size Econoline/ClubWagon Econoline/ClubWagon/E-Series Transit E-Series(cutawaychassisonly) vte« previous—Fordheavytrucktimeline,NorthAmericanmarket,1946–1979—next » Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Medium-Duty F-4/F-5/F-6/F-7/F-8 F-500/F-600/F-700/F-800 F-SeriesF-Series F-Series F-Series Conventional F-Series"BigJob" F-Series"BigJob" F-Series"SuperDuty"/"ExtraHeavyDuty" N-Series L-Series Cab-over(COE) C-Series H-Series W-Series W-Series CL-Series Bus TransitBus B-Series B-Series B-Series B-Series B-Series vteFordMotorCompanyheavytrucktimeline,NorthAmericanmarket,1980–present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Medium-Duty F-Series(F-600/700/800/8000) F-Series(F-600/700/800) F-SeriesSuperDutyF-650,F-750(BlueDiamondTruck) F-SeriesSuperDutyF-650,F-750 Conventional L-Series/"Louisville" Louisville LTL-9000 Aeromax Aeromax Cabover(COE) C-Series Cargo LCF CLT-9000 Bus B-Series(B600/B700/B800/B8000) B-Series vte« previous—Fordautomobiletimeline,Europeanmarket,1980s–present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Citycar KaI KaII KaIII Supermini FiestaI FiestaII FiestaIV FiestaV FiestaIII FiestaVI FiestaVII Smallfamilycar EscortIII/OrionI Escort IV/Orion II EscortV/OrionIII EscortVb EscortVI FocusI FocusII FocusIII FocusIV Largefamilycar Taunus III/Cortina V SierraI SierraII MondeoI MondeoII MondeoIII MondeoIV Executivecar GranadaII ScorpioI/GranadaIII ScorpioII Sportscar Puma Capri Probe Cougar MustangVI RS200 GT GT SmallSUV EcoSport Puma MustangMach-E MediumSUV MaverickI MaverickII KugaI KugaII KugaIII LargeSUV Edge Explorer ExplorerPHEV MiniMPV Fusion B-MAX CompactMPV C-MAXI C-MAXII LargeMPV S-MAXI S-MAXII GalaxyI GalaxyII GalaxyIII LCV/LAV CourierIII CourierIV TransitCourier TransitConnectI TransitConnectII TransitConnectIII Van TransitCustom TransitII TransitIII TransitIV TransitV TransitVI Pick-up RangerI RangerII RangerIII Notes OnlymodelssoldinContinentalEuropeandtheBritishIslesareshown,overseasterritoriesoftenhavedifferentofferings. vteFordAustraliaautomobiletimeline,1980s–present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 City Ka Subcompact Festiva Festiva Fiesta Fiesta Compact Escort Laser Laser Laser Laser Laser Focus Focus Focus Focus Meteor Mid-size Cortina Telstar Telstar Mondeo Mondeo Mondeo Corsair Taurus Full-size Falcon/Fairmont Falcon/Fairmont Falcon/Fairmont Falcon Fairlane/LTD Fairlane/LTD Fairlane/LTD Sports Capri Probe Cougar Mustang Mustang Utility F-Series F-Series Courier Courier Courier Ranger Ranger FalconUte FalconUte FalconUte Van FalconVan Spectron Econovan Econovan Econovan TransitCustom Transit Transit Transit Transit Transit SubcompactSUV EcoSport Puma CompactSUV Escape Escape Kuga/Escape Kuga/Escape Mid-sizeSUV Raider Territory Endura Bronco Maverick Explorer Explorer Everest vteFordIndia,automobiletimeline,1990s–present Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 Subcompact Figo Figo Ikon FigoAspire Smallfamilycar Fiesta FiestaClassic→Classic Escort Fiesta Largefamilycar Mondeo Sportscar Mustang MiniSUV Fusion Ecosport Freestyle SUV Endeavour Endeavour vteBritishLeyland–carcompaniesandmarques Marque 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Jaguar SSCars Jaguar Jaguar&Daimler BMH BLMC/BritishLeyland Jaguar&Daimler Ford(PAG) Tata Daimler Daimler BSA BSA Lanchester Lanchester Rover RoverCompany RoverCompany RoverCompany AustinRoverGroup&LandRoverGroup(BLplc) RoverGroup(BAe) RoverGroup(BMW) MGRoverGroup(PVH) LandRover Ford(PAG) Alvis Alvis BAESystems Standard Standard StandardTriumph LeylandMotors BritishMotorHeritage Triumph Dawson Triumph BMW Riley Riley NuffieldOrganization BMC BMH MG MorrisGarages(MG) RoverGroup(BMW) MGRoverGroup(PVH) SAIC&NAC SAIC Morris Morris Morris Wolseley Wolseley Austin Austin Austin VandenPlas VandenPlas Mini BMW Princess BMC BLMC/BritishLeyland Austin-Healey Austin(BMC)&DonaldHealey Marque 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s vteBritishcarindustry–companiesandmarques Marque 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 Rolls-Royce Rolls-RoyceLimited Rolls-RoyceLimited&Bentley Rolls-RoyceMotors Rolls-RoyceMotors(Vickers) BMW&VWGroup BMW Bentley Bentley VolkswagenGroup ArmstrongSiddeley Siddeley-Deasy ArmstrongWhitworth ArmstrongSiddeley BristolSiddeley Rolls-RoyceLimited Rolls-Royceplc Rolls-Royceplc/BMW AstonMartin AstonMartin AstonMartinLagonda FordPAG AstonMartinLagonda Lagonda Lagonda Jaguar SSCars Jaguar Jaguar&Daimler BMH BLMC/BritishLeyland Jaguar&Daimler Ford(PAG) Tata Daimler Daimler BSA BSA Lanchester Lanchester Rover RoverCompany RoverCompany RoverCompany AustinRoverGroup&LandRoverGroup(BLplc) RoverGroup(BAe) RoverGroup(BMW) MGRoverGroup(PVH) LandRover Ford(PAG) Alvis Alvis BAESystems Standard Standard StandardTriumph LeylandMotors BritishMotorHeritage Triumph Dawson Triumph BMW Riley Riley NuffieldOrganization BMC BMH MG MorrisGarages(MG) RoverGroup(BMW) MGRoverGroup(PVH) SAIC&NAC SAIC Morris Morris Morris Wolseley Wolseley Austin Austin Austin VandenPlas VandenPlas Mini BMW Princess BMC BLMC/BritishLeyland Austin-Healey Austin(BMC)&DonaldHealey Jensen JensenMotors BritcarHoldings JensenCars Reliant Reliant Reliant Bond Bond AC ACCars(severalownership&companynamechanges) Argyll Argyll Argyll BristolCars BristolCars Caterham Caterham Crossley Crossley Dutton Dutton Dutton Ginetta Ginetta Gordon-Keeble Peerless&Warwick Gordon-Keeble Jowett Jowett Blackburn Lea-Francis Lea-Francis Lotus Lotus GeneralMotorsEurope Proton Geely McLaren McLaren Marcos Marcos Marcos Marcos Morgan Morgan Napier Napier Turner Turner TVR TVR Westfield Westfield PotenzaSportsCars GTM GTM Vulcan Vulcan Vauxhall VauxhallMotors GeneralMotors GeneralMotorsEurope Opel Peugeot(PSA) Stellantis Hillman Hillman Humber Rootes ChryslerEurope(Chrysler) Peugeot(PSA) Humber Humber Singer Singer Rootes Sunbeam Sunbeam S.T.D.Motors Rootes (asSunbeam-Talbot)Rootes Rootes Talbot Talbot Marque 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s vteHenryFordLifeandhistory FordMotorCompany history FordModelT TheDearbornIndependent Residences FairLane EdisonandFordWinterEstates Family ClaraBryantFord(wife) EdselFord(son) HenryFordII(grandson) JosephineClayFord(granddaughter) WilliamClayFordSr.(grandson) EdselFordII(great-grandson) AlfredFord(great-grandson) SheilaFordHamp(great-granddaughter) WilliamClayFordJr.(great-grandson) ElenaFord(great-granddaughter) Other Fordism CarEntrepreneuroftheCentury TheHenryFordMuseumandGreenfieldVillage Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 2 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries France(data) Israel UnitedStates CzechRepublic Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology MusicBrainzlabel NationalArchives(US) SocialNetworksandArchivalContext SUDOC(France) 1 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