Limousine - Wikipedia

A limousine or limo for short, is a large, chauffeur-driven luxury vehicle with a partition between the driver compartment and the passenger compartment. Limousine FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Luxurycarwithdivisiondrivenbyachauffeur Thisarticleisaboutlimousinecars.Fortheband,seeTheLimousines.FortheformeradministrativeregionofFrance,seeLimousin. Seealso:Pullman(carorcoach) 1908Studebakerlimousinewithanopendriver'scompartment1953Rolls-RoycePhantomIV(coachworkbyHooper) Alimousine(/ˈlɪməziːn/or/lɪməˈziːn/),orlimo(/ˈlɪmoʊ/)forshort,[1]isalarge,chauffeur-drivenluxuryvehiclewithapartitionbetweenthedrivercompartmentandthepassengercompartment.[2] Averylongwheelbaseluxurysedan(withmorethanfourdoors)drivenbyaprofessionaldriveriscalledastretchlimousine.[3] Insomecountries,suchastheUnitedStates,Germany,Canada,andAustralia,alimousineservicemaybeanypre-bookedhirecarwithdriver,usuallybutnotalwaysaluxurycar.Inparticular,airportshuttleservicesareoftencalledlimousineservicesthoughtheyoftenuseminibuses.[2][4] InGerman-speakingcountries,aLimousineissimplyasedan,whilealengthened-wheelbasecariscalledPullmanLimousine. Contents 1Etymology 2History 3Characteristics 3.1Stretchlimousines 3.2Noveltylimousines 4UnitedStates 5UnitedKingdom 6Currentlimousineproduction 7Seealso 8References Etymology[edit] Thetypeoflimousinehoodorroofdescribedinthetext(1912Vauxhall) ThewordlimousineisderivedfromthenameoftheFrenchregionLimousin.However,howthenameoftheregiontransferredtothecarisuncertain. Onepossibilityinvolvesaparticulartypeofcarriagehoodorroofphysicallyresembledtheraisedhoodofthecloakwornbytheshepherdsthere.[5][6] AnalternateetymologyspeculatesthatsomeearlychauffeursworeaLimousin-stylecloakintheopendriver'scompartment,forprotectionfromtheweather.[7]Thenamewasthenextendedtothisparticulartypeofcarwithapermanenttopprojectingoverthechauffeur.[5]Thisformertypeofautomobilehadanenclosedpassengercompartmentseatingthreetofivepersons,withonlyaroofprojectingforwardovertheopendriver'sareainthefront.[8] History[edit] Richownersofexpensivecarriagesandtheirpassengerswereaccustomedtotheirownprivatecompartmentleavingtheircoachmanordriveroutsideinallweathers.Whenautomobilesarrivedthesamepeoplerequiredasimilararrangementfortheirchauffeurs.Assuch,the1916definitionoflimousinebytheUSSocietyofAutomobileEngineersis"aclosedcarseatingthreetofiveinside,withdriver'sseatoutside".[9] InGreatBritain,thelimousinede-villewasaversionofthelimousinetowncarwherethedriver'scompartmentwasoutsideandhadnoweatherprotection.[10]: 103 Thelimousine-landauletvariant(alsosoldintheUnitedStates)hadaremovableorfoldingroofsectionovertherearpassengerseat.[10]: 100  IntheUnitedStates,sub-categoriesoflimousinesin1916weretheberlinedefinedas"alimousinehavingthedriver'sseatentirelyenclosed",andthebrougham,definedas"alimousinewithnoroofoverthedriver'sseat."[9] Diagramshowinganexposeddriver'sseat 1915WintonSixLimousine-notetheopendriver'scompartment 1941LincolnCustomlimousineinteriorshowingtheoccasionalseats Characteristics[edit] Thelimousinebodystyleusuallyhasapartitionseparatingthedriverfromtherearpassengercompartment.[7][10]: 96 Thispartitionincludesausuallyopenableglasssectionsopassengersmayseetheroad.Communicationwiththedriverispossibleeitherbyopeningthewindowinthepartitionorbyusinganintercomsystem. Limousinesareoftenlong-wheelbasevehicles,inordertoprovideextralegroominthepassengercompartment.Therewillusuallybeoccasionalseats(intheU.S.calledjumpseats)atthefrontofthecompartment(eitherforward-facing,rear-facingorabletofaceeitherdirection). Manynationshaveofficialstatecarsdesignedtotransportgovernmentofficials.Thetopleadershavededicatedandspeciallyequippedlimousines.TheUnitedStatesPresidentialStateCaristheofficialcarofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates. AurusSenatlimousineofthePresidentoftheRussianFederation TheofficialstatecarofQueenElizabethII PassengercompartmentofQueenElizabeth'scarwithoccasionalseatsfoldeddown CadillacOnelimousineofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates Stretchlimousines[edit] LincolnTownCarstretchlimousine Stretchlimousinesarelongerthanregularlimousines,usuallyinordertoaccommodatemorepassengers.Stretchlimousinesmayhaveseatingalongthesidesofthecabin. A"stretchlimousine"wascreatedinFortSmith,Arkansas,around1928byacoachcompanynamedArmbruster.Armbruster'scarswereprimarilyusedtotransportfamous"bigband"leaders,suchasGlennMillerandBennyGoodman,andtheirbandsandequipment.Theseearlystretchlimousineswereoftencalled"bigbandbuses".Armbrustercalledtheirlengthenedcars"extended-wheelbasemulti-doorauto-coaches".Their12-passengerpeoplemoverswereusedbyhotels,taxis,airlines,corporationsandtourcompanies.[11] Noveltylimousines[edit] Avarietyofvehicleshavebeenconvertedintonoveltylimousines.[12]Theyareusedforweddings,partiesandothersocialoccasions.[13]Anotherstyleofnoveltylimousinearethosepaintedinbrightcolours,suchaspurpleorpink.[14] VehiclesconvertedintonoveltystretchlimousinesincludetheEastGermanTrabant,VolkswagenBeetle,FiatPanda,andCitroën2CV.ThereareinstancesofCorvettes,Ferraris,andMiniCoopersbeingstretchedtoaccommodateupto10passengers. VolkswagenBeetlelimousine LadalimousineinCuba Trabantlimousine UnitedStates[edit] LincolnNavigatorstretchlimousine Thelastproductionlimousine,byCadillac,withforward-facingjumpseatswasin1987(withtheirFleetwoodSeries75model),thelastPackardin1954,andthelastLincolnin1939,thoughLincolnhasofferedlimousinesthroughtheirdealersasspecialordervehiclesattimes.SeveralLincolnPremiercarswerealsobuilt,onebeingownedbyElvisPresley.Vehiclesofthistypeinprivateusemaycontainexpensiveaudioplayers,televisions,videoplayers,andbars,oftenwithrefrigerators.ThePresidentoftheUnitedStateshasriddeninavarietyofbrandsoflimousinestretchingbackto1899.[15] UnitedKingdom[edit] Divisionina1993BentleyTurboR ThedivisioninaLondoncab,blackoccasionalseatsfoldeduptobulkhead Duetothepartitionbehindthedriver,theHackneycarriagesareatypeoflimousine,althoughnottypicallyidentifiedassuchinBritain.Theoccasionalseats,alsoreferredtoastaxi-tip-seats,usuallycarryadvertisingontheunderside;theadvertisementsarevisibletothepassengerswhenthetip-seatsarenotinuse. Currentlimousineproduction[edit] Examplesoflimousinescurrentlyproducedbyvehiclemanufacturersinclude: AurusSenat LincolnMKTLivery LincolnNavigatorL Mercedes-BenzPullman Seealso[edit] LookuplimousineinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Transportportal Carclassification Partybus References[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoLimousines. ^Garner,Bryan(July28,2009).Garner'sModernAmericanUsage.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 9780199874620.RetrievedAugust2,2020. ^ab"Definitionoflimousine".merriam-webster.com.October28,2019.RetrievedNovember6,2019. ^"DefinitionofStretchLimo".merriam-webster.com.RetrievedNovember6,2019. ^"ThingsYouNeedtoKnowBeforeHiringACarService".RetrievedMay13,2018. ^abDyke,AndrewLee(1920).Dyke'sAutomobileandGasolineEngineEncyclopedia(Twelfth ed.).p. 582.RetrievedJune27,2015. ^Ayto,John(2009).WordOrigins.A&CBlackPublishers.ISBN 978-1-4081-0160-5.RetrievedJune27,2015. ^abTheRandomHouseCollegeDictionary.RandomHouse.1975.p. 777.ISBN 0-394-43600-8.1.anautomobilehavingapermanentlyenclosedcompartmentforfromthreetofivepersons,theroofofwhichprojectsforwardoverthedriver'sseatinfront...[