Hashtag - Wikipedia

A hashtag is a metadata tag that is prefaced by the hash (or pound) sign, #. On social media, hashtags are used on microblogging and photo-sharing services ... Hashtag FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Metadatatagprefixedwith# Forthegroup,seeHashTag(group). Anexampleofahashtag Ahashtagisametadatatagthatisprefacedbythehash(orpound)sign,#.Onsocialmedia,hashtagsareusedonmicrobloggingandphoto-sharingservicessuchasTwitterorInstagramasaformofuser-generatedtaggingthatenablescross-referencingofcontentbytopicortheme.[1]Forexample,asearchwithinInstagramforthehashtag#blueskyreturnsallpoststhathavebeentaggedwiththatterm.Aftertheinitialhashsymbol,ahashtagmayincludeletters,numerals,orunderscores.[2] TheuseofhashtagswasfirstproposedbyAmericanbloggerandproductconsultantChrisMessinaina2007tweet.[3][4]Messinamadenoattempttopatenttheusebecausehefeltthat"theywerebornoftheinternet,andownedbynoone".[5][6]HashtagsbecameentrenchedinthecultureofTwitter[7]andsoonemergedacrossInstagram,Facebook,andYouTube.[8][9]InJune2014,hashtagwasaddedtotheOxfordEnglishDictionaryas"awordorphrasewiththesymbol#infrontofit,usedonsocialmediawebsitesandappssothatyoucansearchforallmessageswiththesamesubject".[10][11] Contents 1Originandacceptance 2Format 2.1Etiquetteandregulation 2.2Alternateformats 3Function 3.1Co-optationbyotherindustries 3.2Non-commercialuse 3.2.1Sentimentanalysis 3.3Professionaldevelopmentandeducation 4Inpopularculture 5Seealso 6References 7Externallinks Originandacceptance[edit] ChrisMessina,theinventorofthehashtag Thenumbersignorhashsymbol,#,haslongbeenusedininformationtechnologytohighlightspecificpiecesoftext.In1970,thenumbersignwasusedtodenoteimmediateaddressmodeintheassemblylanguageofthePDP-11[12]whenplacednexttoasymboloranumber,andaround1973,'#'wasintroducedintheCprogramminglanguagetoindicatespecialkeywordsthattheCpreprocessorhadtoprocessfirst.[13]ThepoundsignwasadoptedforusewithinIRC(InternetRelayChat)networksaround1988tolabelgroupsandtopics.[14]ChannelsortopicsthatareavailableacrossanentireIRCnetworkareprefixedwithahashsymbol#(asopposedtothoselocaltoaserver,whichuseanampersand'&').[15] TheuseofthepoundsigninIRCinspired[16]ChrisMessinatoproposeasimilarsystemonTwittertotagtopicsofinterestonthemicrobloggingnetwork.[17]HepostedthefirsthashtagonTwitter: Howdoyoufeelaboutusing#(pound)forgroups.Asin#barcamp[msg]?— ChrisMessina,("factoryjoe"),August23,2007[3] AccordingtoMessina,hesuggesteduseofthehashtagtomakeiteasyforlayuserswithoutspecializedknowledgeofsearchprotocolstofindspecificrelevantcontent.Therefore,thehashtag"wascreatedorganicallybyTwitterusersasawaytocategorizemessages".[18] Thefirstpublisheduseoftheterm"hashtag"wasinablogpost"HashTags=TwitterGroupings"byStoweBoyd,[19]onAugust26,2007,accordingtolexicographerBenZimmer,chairoftheAmericanDialectSociety'sNewWordsCommittee. Asignwitha#TimeToActhashtagata2014conference Messina'ssuggestiontousethehashtagwasnotimmediatelyadoptedbyTwitter,buttheconventiongainedpopularacceptancewhenhashtagswereusedintweetsrelatingtothe2007SanDiegoforestfiresinSouthernCalifornia.[20][21]Thehashtaggainedinternationalacceptanceduringthe2009–2010Iranianelectionprotests;TwitterusersusedbothEnglish-andPersian-languagehashtagsincommunicationsduringtheevents.[22] Hashtagshavesinceplayedcriticalrolesinrecentsocialmovementssuchas#jesuischarlie,#BLM,[23]and#MeToo.[24][25] BeginningJuly2,2009,[26]TwitterbegantohyperlinkallhashtagsintweetstoTwittersearchresultsforthehashtaggedword(andforthestandardspellingofcommonlymisspelledwords).In2010,Twitterintroduced"TrendingTopics"ontheTwitterfrontpage,displayinghashtagsthatarerapidlybecomingpopular,andthesignificanceoftrendinghashtagshasbecomesogreatthatthecompanymakessignificanteffortstofoilattemptstospamthetrendinglist.[27]Duringthe2010WorldCup,Twitterexplicitlyencouragedtheuseofhashtagswiththetemporarydeploymentof"hashflags",whichreplacedhashtagsofthree-lettercountrycodeswiththeirrespectivenationalflags.[28] OtherplatformssuchasYouTubeandGawkerMediafollowedinofficiallysupportinghashtags,[29]andreal-timesearchaggregatorssuchasGoogleReal-TimeSearchbegansupportinghashtags. Format[edit] Ahashtagmustbeginwithahash(#)characterfollowedbyothercharacters,andisterminatedbyaspaceorendofmessage.Someplatformsmayrequirethe#tobeprecededwithaspace.Mostorallplatformsthatsupporthashtagspermittheinclusionofletters(withoutdiacritics),numerals,andunderscores.[2]Othercharactersmaybesupportedonaplatform-by-platformbasis.Somecharacters,suchas&aregenerallynotsupportedastheymayalreadyserveothersearchfunctions.[30]Hashtagsarenotcasesensitive(asearchfor"#hashtag"willmatch"#HashTag"aswell),buttheuseofembeddedcapitals(i.e.,CamelCase)increaseslegibilityandimprovesaccessibility. Languagesthatdonotuseworddividershandlehashtagsdifferently.InChina,microblogsSinaWeiboandTencentWeibouseadouble-hashtag-delimited#HashName#format,sincethelackofspacingbetweenChinesecharactersnecessitatesaclosingtag.TwitterusesadifferentsyntaxforChinesecharactersandorthographieswithsimilarspacingconventions:thehashtagcontainsunspacedcharacters,separatedfromprecedingandfollowingtextbyspaces(e.g.,'我#爱你'insteadof'我#爱你')[31]orbyzero-widthnon-joinercharactersbeforeandafterthehashtaggedelement,toretainalinguisticallynaturalappearance(displayingasunspaced'我‌#爱‌你',butwithinvisiblenon-joinersdelimitingthehashtag).[32] Etiquetteandregulation[edit] Somecommunitiesmaylimit,officiallyorunofficially,thenumberofhashtagspermittedonasinglepost.[33] Misuseofhashtagscanleadtoaccountsuspensions.Twitterwarnsthataddinghashtagstounrelatedtweets,orrepeateduseofthesamehashtagwithoutaddingtoaconversationcanfilteranaccountfromsearchresults,orsuspendtheaccount.[34] Individualplatformsmaydeactivatecertainhashtagseitherforbeingtoogenerictobeuseful,suchas#photographyonInstagram,orduetotheirusetofacilitateillegalactivities.[35][36] Alternateformats[edit] In2009,StockTwitsbeganusingtickersymbolsprecededbythedollarsign(e.g.,$XRX).[37][38]InJuly2012,Twitterbegansupportingthetagconventionanddubbeditthe"cashtag".[39][40]Theconventionhasextendedtonationalcurrencies,andCashApphasimplementedthecashtagtomarkusernames. Function[edit] Searchbarintheheaderofasocialnetworkingsite,searchingformostrecentpostscontainingthehashtag#science Hashtagsareparticularlyusefulinunmoderatedforumsthatlackaformalontologicalorganization.Hashtagshelpusersfindcontentsimilarinterest.Hashtagsareneitherregisterednorcontrolledbyanyoneuserorgroupofusers.Theydonotcontainanysetdefinitions,meaningthatasinglehashtagcanbeusedforanynumberofpurposes,andthattheacceptedmeaningofahashtagcanchangewithtime. Hashtagsintendedfordiscussionofaparticulareventtendtouseanobscurewordingtoavoidbeingcaughtupwithgenericconversationsonsimilarsubjects,suchasacakefestivalusing#cakefestivalratherthansimply#cake.However,thiscanalsomakeitdifficultfortopicstobecome"trendingtopics"becausepeopleoftenusedifferentspellingorwordstorefertothesametopic.Fortopicstotrend,theremustbeaconsensus,whethersilentorstated,thatthehashtagreferstothatspecifictopic. Hashtagsmaybeusedinformallytoexpresscontextaroundagivenmessage,withnointenttocategorizethemessageforlatersearching,sharing,orotherreasons.Hashtagsmaythusserveasareflexivemeta-commentary.[41] Thiscanhelpexpresscontextualcuesoroffermoredepthtotheinformationormessagethatappearswiththehashtag."Myarmsaregettingdarkerbytheminute.#toomuchfaketan".Anotherfunctionofthehashtagcanbeusedtoexpresspersonalfeelingsandemotions.Forexample,with"It'sMonday!!#excited#sarcasm"inwhichtheadjectivesaredirectlyindicatingtheemotionsofthespeaker.[42] Verbaluseofthewordhashtagissometimesusedininformalconversations.[43]Usemaybehumorous,suchas"I'mhashtagconfused!"[42]ByAugust2012,useofahandgesture,sometimescalledthe"fingerhashtag",inwhichtheindexandmiddlefingerbothhandsareextendedandarrangedperpendicularlytoformthehash,wasdocumented.[44][45] Co-optationbyotherindustries[edit] Companies,businesses,andadvocacyorganizationshavetakenadvantageofhashtag-baseddiscussionsforpromotionoftheirproducts,servicesorcampaigns. Intheearly2010s,sometelevisionbroadcastersbegantoemployhashtagsrelatedtoprogramsindigitalon-screengraphics,toencourageviewerstoparticipateinabackchannelofdiscussionviasocialmediapriorto,during,oraftertheprogram.[46]Televisioncommercialshavesometimescontainedhashtagsforsimilarpurposes.[47] Theincreasedusageofhashtagsasbrandpromotiondeviceshasbeencomparedtothepromotionofbranded"keywords"byAOLinthelate1990sandearly2000s,assuchkeywordswerealsopromotedattheendoftelevisioncommercialsandseriesepisodes.[48] Stencilgraffitipromotingthehashtag#OccupyForRights Organizedreal-worldeventshaveusedhashtagsandadhoclistsfordiscussionandpromotionamongparticipants.Hashtagsareusedasbeaconsbyeventparticipantstofindeachother,bothonTwitterand,inmanycases,duringactualphysicalevents. Sincethe2012–13season,theNBAhasallowedfanstovoteplayersinasAll-StarGamestartersonTwitterandFacebookusing#NBAVOTE.[49] Non-commercialuse[edit] Politicalprotestsandcampaignsintheearly2010s,suchas#OccupyWallStreetand#LibyaFeb17,havebeenorganizedaroundhashtagsorhavemadeextensiveusageofhashtagsforthepromotionofdiscussion.Hashtagshavealsobeenusedtopromoteofficialevents;theFinnishMinistryofForeignAffairsofficiallytitledthe2018Russia–UnitedStatessummitasthe"#HELSINKI2018Meeting".[50] Hashtagshavebeenusedtogathercustomercriticismoflargecompanies.InJanuary2012,McDonald'screatedthe#McDStorieshashtagsothatcustomerscouldsharepositiveexperiencesabouttherestaurantchain,butthemarketingeffortwascancelledaftertwohourswhencriticaltweetsoutnumberedpraisingones.[51] Hashtagshavealsobeeninitiatedbyindividualstoshowsupportandcriticismforpoliticalleadersduringtimesofcontroversy.InAugust2021,JoeBidenwascriticisedforthewaythenationdealtwiththecollapseofAfghanistan'scapitalcityofKabultotheTaliban.Asaresult,thehashtag#WhereIsBidenbegantrendingonTwitter.Ontheotherhand,thosestandinginsolidaritywiththepresidenttweeted#IStandWithBidenwhichstartedtrendingwithalmost50,000tweets.[52] Sentimentanalysis[edit] Theuseofhashtagsalsorevealswhatfeelingsorsentimentanauthorattachestoastatement.Thiscanrangefromtheobvious,whereahashtagdirectlydescribesthestateofmind,tothelessobvious.Forexample,wordsinhashtagsarethestrongestpredictorofwhetherornotastatementissarcastic[53]—adifficultAIproblem.[54] Professionaldevelopmentandeducation[edit] Hashtagsplayanimportantroleforemployeesandstudentsinprofessionalfieldsandeducation.Inindustry,individuals'engagementwithahashtagscanprovideopportunitiesforthemdevelopandgainsomeprofessionalknowledgeintheirfields.[55] Ineducation,researchonlanguageteacherswhoengagedinthe#MFLtwitteratiHashtagdemonstratestheusesofhashtagsforcreatingcommunityandsharingteachingresources.ThemajorityofparticipantsreportedpositiveimpactontheirteachingstrategiesasinspiredbymanyideassharedbydifferentindividualsintheHashtag.[56] Emergingresearchincommunicationandlearningdemonstrateshowhashtagpracticesinfluencetheteachinganddevelopmentofstudents.AnanalysisofeightstudiesexaminedtheuseofhashtagsinK–12classroomsandfoundsignificantresults.Theseresultsindicatedthathashtagsassistedstudentsinvoicingtheiropinions.Inaddition,hashtagsalsohelpedstudentsunderstandself-organisationandtheconceptofspacebeyondplace.[clarificationneeded][57]Relatedresearchdemonstratedhowhighschoolstudentsengagementwithhashtagcommunicationpracticesallowedthemtodevelopstorytellingskillsandculturalawareness.[58] ForyoungpeopleatriskofpovertyandsocialexclusionduringtheCOVID-19Pandemic,Instagramhashtagswereshownina2022articletofosterscientificeducationandpromoteremotelearning.[59] Inpopularculture[edit] Twoyoungmendisplayingthehashtaghandgesture DuringtheApril2011Canadianpartyleaderdebate,JackLayton,then-leaderoftheNewDemocraticParty,referredtoConservativePrimeMinisterStephenHarper'scrimepoliciesas"a[sic]hashtagfail"(presumably#fail).[60][61] In2010KanyeWestusedtheterm"hashtagrap"todescribeastyleofrappingthat,accordingtoRizohoftheHoustonPress,uses"ametaphor,apause,andaone-wordpunchline,oftenplacedattheendofarhyme".[62][63]RappersNickiMinaj,BigSean,Drake,andLilWaynearecreditedwiththepopularizationofhashtagrap,whilethestylehasbeencriticizedbyLudacris,TheLonelyIsland,[64]andvariousmusicwriters.[65] OnSeptember13,2013,ahashtag,#TwitterIPO,appearedintheheadlineofaNewYorkTimesfront-pagearticleregardingTwitter'sinitialpublicoffering.[66][67] In2014Bird'sEyefoodsreleased"Mashtags",amashedpotatoproductwithpiecesshapedeitherlike @or#.[68] Theriseofhashtagactivism In2017,the#MeToohashtagbecameviralinresponsetothesexualharassmentaccusationsagainstHarveyWeinstein.TheuseofthisHashtagcanbeconsideredpartofHashtagactivism,spreadingawarenessacrosseighty-fivedifferentcountrieswithmorethanseventeenmillionTweetsusingtheHashtag#MeToo.ThisHashtagwasnotonlyusedtospreadawarenessofaccusationsregardingHarveyWeinsteinbutalloweddifferentwomentosharetheirexperiencesofsexualviolence.UsingthisHashtagbirthedmultipledifferentHashtagsinconnectionto#MeTootoencouragemorewomentosharetheirstories,resultinginfurtherspreadofthephenomenonofHashtagactivism.TheuseofHashtags,especially,inthiscase,allowedforbetterandeasieraccesstosearchforcontentrelatedtothissocialmediamovement.[69] In2019,theBritishOrnithologicalUnionincludedashashcharacterinthedesignofitsnewJanetKearUnionMedal,torepresent"sciencecommunicationandsocialmedia".[70] Hashtag-centeredbiomedicalTwittercampaignshaveshowntoincreasethereach,promotion,andvisibilityofhealthcare-relatedopeninnovationplatforms.[71] Seealso[edit] URIfragment Tagging Mentioningauser'sprofilebyusing@tagginginblogging. 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Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoHashtags. Wikipediainternalhashtagsearchengine–forhashtagsusedineditsummaries Veszelszki,Ágnes2016:#time,#truth,#tradition.AnImage-textRelationshiponInstagram:photoandhashtag.In:Benedek,András;Veszelszki,Ágnes(eds.):IntheBeginningwastheImage:TheOmnipresenceofPictures:Time,Truth,Tradition.FrankfurtamMain:PeterLangGmbH,InternationalerVerlagderWissenschaften,pp. 139–150. InfografikaHlubokáHistoriehashtagu InfografikaHistoriehashtagu Growinghashtags:ExpandingoutreachonWikipedia Wikimediahashtagsearch vteMicrobloggingWebsites Facebook Twitter Tumblr LinkedIn SinaWeibo Diaspora Edmodo Fanfou Gab Gettr Identi.ca micro.blog migme Myspace Parler Plurk Qzone Solaborate TruthSocial Viadeo VK XING Defunct App.net GoogleBuzz Google+ Heello Jaiku Meme Me2day Natter Posterous Pownce Qaiku TencentWeibo Tout PlatformsOStatus-compatible Friendica GNUsocial PeerTube ActivityPub-compatible Friendica GNUsocial PeerTube Mastodon Diaspora OpenMicroBlogging pump.io Twister WebfingerFeatures Reblogging Activitystream Lifestreaming Hashtag Backchannel Mention/Replies Othertopics MicroblogginginChina Microbloggingnovel Micropoetry Comparisonofmicrobloggingservices vteSocialnetworkingservicesPersonal 23snaps Amikumu aNobii Ask.fm Badoo BeReal Bumble Clash Cloob Clubhouse Cyworld Diaspora display! Douban Draugiem.lv Ello Facebook FoursquareCityGuide FoursquareSwarm Friendica Gab Gapo Gettr GNUsocial Hi5 Idka Instagram IGTV IRC-Galleria Kumu Letterboxd LiveJournal Likee MarcoPolo Mastodon MeetMe Meetup MeWe Miaopai micro.blog Minds Mixi Moj MXTakaTak Myspace MyWorld Nextdoor Odnoklassniki(OK.ru) Parler Peach Pinterest Pixnet Plurk Qzone Readgeek Renren ShareChat SinaWeibo Slidely Snapchat SNOW Spaces SpotifyGreenroom StudiVZ Tagged Taringa! 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