Allium chinenseSpring onionAllium cepaIpomea reptansWelsh onionAllium pronunciationEnglish name of allium fistulosumAllium fistulosum L. - PROTA4U.org
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Allium fistulosum is a perennial plant, grown commercially mostly as an annual, but in home gardens also as a perennial. It does not have a long-day dormant ...
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AlliumfistulosumL.
Protologue [edit] Sp.pl.1:301(1753). showmoredata(5)showlessdata(5)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Family [edit] Alliaceae showmoredata(10)showlessdata(10)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Chromosomenumber [edit] 2n=16 showmoredata(21)showlessdata(21)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Synonyms [edit] showmoredata(13)showlessdata(13)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Vernacularnames [edit] Welshonion,Japanesebunchingonion(En).Ciboule(Fr).Cebolinha,cozida(Po). showmoredata(33)showlessdata(33)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Originandgeographicdistribution [edit] Alliumfistulosumisonlyknownincultivationandprobablyoriginatedinnorth-westernChina.DNAstudiesindicatethatitwasderivedfromthewildAlliumaltaicumPall.,whichoccursinSiberiaandMongolia,whereitisoccasionallycollectedasavegetableforlocaluseorforexporttoChina.CultivationofAlliumfistulosumdatesbacktoatleast200BCinChina.ItreachedJapanbefore500ADandspreadfurthertoSouth-EastAsiaandEurope.‘Welsh’inthenamewelshonionisprobablyrelatedtotheoldGerman‘welsche’meaningforeign,andhasnoconnectionwithWalesintheUnitedKingdom.InChinaAlliumfistulosumisthemostimportantAlliumspeciesfulfillingtheculinaryroleofboththecommononionandleekinEurope;inJapanitisnowsecondinimportancetothebulbonion(AlliumcepaL.).Thecropisgrownthroughouttheworld,butthemainareaofcultivationremainseasternAsiafromSiberiatoIndonesia;elsewhereitismainlyacropofhomegardens.InAfricaitislocallyimportantonlyandisreportedfromSierraLeone,Ghana,Cameroon,Congo,DRCongo,Sudan,Kenya,ZambiaandZimbabwe.AleafonionreportedfromNigeriaprobablyalsobelongstoAlliumfistulosum. showmoredata(15)showlessdata(15)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Uses [edit] TwotypesofAlliumfistulosumaregrownandsometimesdistinguishedascultivar-groups:JapaneseBunchingGroupandWelshOnionGroup.JapanesebunchingonionisgrownmainlyineasternAsiaforitsthick,blanchedpseudostemsandiseatenasapotherb,e.g.insukiyakiandchickendishes;welshonionisgrownforitsgreenleaves,whichareusedinsalads,orasaherbtoflavoursoupsandotherdishes.ThelatterismostcommoninAfrica.IntheBrazzaville-Kinshasaarea(CongoandDRCongo),wholeplantsareharvestedandeatenasaboiledvegetable.InSouth-EastAsia(Java)theplantsarealsoeatenwhole,eithersteamedorafterheatingoverafireforashorttime,andinJapanseedlingsof7–10cmtallareusedinspecialdishes.Alliumfistulosumhasnotbeenusedinaprocessedformuntilrecently,whenadehydrationindustrystarted.Theproductismainlyusedasanadditivetopreprocessedfoodsuchasinstantnoodles.Theyounginflorescenceissometimesdeep-friedandeatenasasnack.Theplantsaresaidtoreduceorpreventtermiteinfestationingardens.DilutedpressedjuiceisusedagainstaphidsinChina.ThetherapeuticqualitiesattributedtoAlliumfistulosumaremany,especiallyinChinesemedicine.Itisusedtoimprovethefunctioningofinternalorgansandthemetabolism,forthepreventionofcardiovasculardisorders,andtoprolonglife.Itisfurtherreportedtoimproveeyesight,andtoenhancerecoveryfromcommoncolds,headaches,woundsandfesteringsores. showmoredata(15)showlessdata(15)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Productionandinternationaltrade [edit] NoworldwidestatisticsforAlliumfistulosumareavailable,asinformationonitsproductionisoftencombinedwiththatofotherAlliumspp.China,Japan,Korea,TaiwanandIndonesiaarethemainproducers.In1984productioninJapanreached563,000tfrom24,000ha,inKorea432,000tfrom19,000ha. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Properties [edit] Thenutritionalcompositionofrawgreentopsper100gedibleportionis:water90.5g,energy142kJ(34kcal),protein1.9g,fat0.4g,carbohydrate6.5g,Ca18mg,Mg23mg,P49mg,Fe1.2mg,Zn0.52mg,vitaminA1160IU,thiamin0.05mg,riboflavin0.09mg,niacin0.40mg,folate16μg,ascorbicacid27mg(USDA,2002).Thenutritionalvalueofgreentopsandblanchedpseudostemsdiffers,greentopsbeingmorenutritious.TheodourofAlliumfistulosumisnotverystrong.Itischemicallyintermediatebetweentheodoursofonionandleek.Itderivesfromvolatilepropylcysteinesulphoxide(characteristicofleek)andpropenylcysteinesulphoxide(characteristicofonion).Thesealkyl-sulphoxidesaredegradationproductsofnon-proteinaminoacidsoftheS-alk(en)yl-cysteinegroup.Whencellsaredamagedtheaminoacidsbreakdownundertheinfluenceoftheenzymealiinaseintohighlyreactivesulphenicacids,ammoniaandpyruvate.Thesulphenicacidsthenreactwithothercompoundstoformarangeofdisulphides.Alargeproportionofthestoragecarbohydratesaresugarsandoligosaccharides.Besidesglucose,fructoseandsucrose,theyconsistofmaltose,rhamnose,galactose,arabinose,mannoseandxylose.Sugarandproteincontentsincreaseinplantsgrownunderlowtemperatures,andthisimproveseatingquality.Testsshowedthatwelshonionextractscanmodulatevasculartoneinvitrointhethoracicaortaeofrats.Thissupportstheuseintraditionalmedicinetopreventcardiovasculardisorders.Antifungalconstituentshavebeenisolatedfromtheseeds. showmoredata(2)showlessdata(2)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Description [edit] Perennialglabrousherb,growingintufts,usuallygrownasanannualorbiennialplant,upto50(–100)cmtall,withindistinct,ovoidtooblongoidbulbupto10cmlong,lateralbulbsfewtoseveralorvirtuallyabsent;tunicwhitetopalereddishbrown.Leaves4–12,distichouslyalternate,glaucous,withtubularsheath;bladecylindrical,hollow,10–50(–100)cm×0.5–2.5cm,acuteatapex.Inflorescenceasphericalumbel3–7cmindiameter,onalong,erect,terete,hollowscapeupto50(–100)cmlongandupto2.5cmindiameter;umbelcomposedeitherofflowersorofbulbilsonly;spathe1,hyaline,persistent,upto1cmlong,splittinginto(1–)2–3parts.Flowersbisexual,narrowlycampanulatetourceolate;pedicelslender,upto3cmlong;tepals6,in2whorls,free,ovate-oblongtooblong-lanceolate,6–10mmlong,whitewithgreenishmidvein;stamens6,exceedingtepals,connateatbaseandadnatetotepals;ovarysuperior,3-celled,styleslender,exceedingtepals.Fruitaglobularcapsulec.5mmindiameter,splittingloculicidally,few-seeded.Seeds3–4mm×2–2.5mm,black. showmoredata(9)showlessdata(9)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Otherbotanicalinformation [edit] InEuropeaclassificationinto2cultivar-groupshasbeenproposed:JapaneseBunchingGroup,single-stemmedcultivarsgrownfortheirthickenedpseudostem,andWelshOnionGroup,multi-stemmedcultivarsgrownfortheirleaves.Aclassificationinto3groupsiscommoninJapan:KagaGroupgrowninthecoolestpartsofJapanforitspseudostems;KujyoGroupmainlygrowninthewarmestpartsofJapanandmainlyforitsleaves;andSenjuGroup,intermediateinuseandecologicalrequirements.SuperficiallythereisastrongresemblancetoAlliumcepa,butAlliumfistulosumdoesnotdevelopabulb,althoughsomeslightthickeningofthebaseofthepseudostemmayoccur.Itsfoliageleavesaresomewhatrounderincross-section,notflattenedadaxially.Differencesaremoreprominentintheflowers.InAlliumfistulosumfloweringprogressesfromthetopoftheumbeldownwards.Theflowerslackbracteoles,arelargerandcampanulatetourceolate,whilethoseofAlliumcepahavebracteoles,aresmallerandstellate.AlliumfistulosumhybridizeseasilywithAlliumaltaicum;thehybridshavehighpollenfertilityandformampleseed.HybridizationisalsopossiblewithAlliumcepa.Thehybridsareperennialplantsformingsmallbulbs.SeveraloldhybridsbetweenAlliumfistulosumasfemaleparentandtropicalshallots(AlliumcepaAggregatumGroup)exist.TheseareknownasAllium×proliferum,Allium×wakegiorAlliumfistulosumvar.caespitosum.ExamplesaretheIndonesianshallot‘Sumenep’,whichiswelladaptedtotropicalconditionsandneverflowers,andthetoponioninwhichtheinflorescenceiscomposedofbulbils.InthevegetativestagetheseplantsresembleAlliumfistulosum.RecentcommercialhybridsbetweenAlliumfistulosumasfemaleparentandAlliumcepa,grownmainlyintheUnitedStatesandEuropefortheirgreentops,include‘BeltsvilleBunching’(aseed-producingtetraploid),‘LouisianaEvergreen’(asterilediploid)and‘DeltaGiant’(asteriletriploidoriginatingfromabackcrossofthehybridwithAlliumcepa).AnothergroupofhybridsgrowninJapanisYakuraNegiGroup.Plantsofthisgrouptillerabundantlyinspringandsummerandaredormantinwinter.Theirinflorescenceproducesnoflowersbutonlybulbils;theyarepropagatedbydivisionorbybulbils. showmoredata(24)showlessdata(24)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Growthanddevelopment [edit] Alliumfistulosumisaperennialplant,growncommerciallymostlyasanannual,butinhomegardensalsoasaperennial.Itdoesnothavealong-daydormantstagelikeAlliumcepa,soitcontinuesitsvegetativegrowthanddoesnotdeveloparealbulb.However,somecultivarswhichoriginatedfromcoldtemperateareasshowshort-daydormancy.Theystopgrowingandtheirleavesdryoutanddieoffundershortdays,evenwhenthetemperaturewouldpermitnormalgrowth.Thelateralbudsintheleafaxilselongateanddevelopastillerstoformaclump.Thistilleringcharacteristicismorepronouncedincultivarsgrownforthegreenleavesthaninthosegrownforthelongblanchedpseudostems.Flowerinductioniscontrolledbytemperatureanddaylength.Lowtemperaturesandshortdaysinduceflowering,butrequirementsvarystronglywiththeoriginofcultivars.Floweringisgenerallyinducedbytemperaturesbelow13°C,whenseedlingshaveformedacertainnumberofleavesorapseudostemofacertainthickness.Inthetropics,whereconditionsfavourvegetativeratherthangenerativegrowth,onlysomewell-adaptedcultivarswillflower.Rootsarereadilycolonizedbyarbuscularmycorrhizalfungi,whichenhancesPuptakeandstimulatesgrowth. showmoredata(5)showlessdata(5)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Ecology [edit] Alliumfistulosumisadaptedtoaremarkablywiderangeofclimates.ItisverytolerantofcoldweatherandcanoverwintereveninSiberia.ItisalsotolerantofhothumidconditionssuchasthoseoccurringnearBrazzavilleandKinshasainCentralAfrica.InJava(Indonesia)itgrowswellaboveanaltitudeof200m,butitismorecommonabove500m.MostlocalcultivarsarewelladaptedtovariationsinrainfallandtheyaremoretolerantofheavyrainfallthanotherAlliumspp.Establishedplantsaretolerantofmoisturestressanddroughtwillrarelykillthem.Awell-drainedloamysoil,richinorganicmatterispreferred.Alliumfistulosumisverysusceptibletowaterlogging,whichquicklykillstheactiveroots.ForoptimalgrowthaneutralsoilpHisrequired,butevenatapHof8–10goodgrowthispossible.Inacidsoilsgrowthisgenerallypoor. showmoredata(5)showlessdata(5)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Propagationandplanting [edit] InthetropicsAlliumfistulosumispropagatedmainlybybasaltillersandcanbeplantedthewholeyearround.Althoughseedproductionispossibleatelevationsabove1000m,andimportedseedofTaiwaneseandJapanesecultivarsisalsoavailable,plantsarerarelyraisedfromseedbecausethisismoredifficultundertropicalconditionsandismoretime-consuming.However,intheBrazzaville-Kinshasaarea,bothtillersandseedoflocalcultivarsareused.Intemperateareaswhereseedproductionismoresuccessful,propagationismainlybyseed,whichiseithersowndirectlyintothefieldorfirstinnurseries.Theweightof1000seedsis2.2–2.5g.Seedrequirementsare8–16kg/hafordirectseedingand2–4kg/hainthecaseoftransplanting.Innurserybeds,seedsareeitherbroadcastorsowninrowsorin5–6cmwidebands.Theareaofnurseryrequiredis10–12%ofthefieldarea.Seedlingsarereadyfortransplantingwhen25–30cmtallandthickasapencil. showmoredata(2)showlessdata(2)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Management [edit] Forgreenleafproduction,landpreparationislight.Tillersorseedlingsaretransplantedintoraisedbedsorridges,whicharealternatedwithfurrowsforirrigationanddrainage.Plantingdistancesareabout20cm×25cm(200,000plantsperha).Aboutone-thirdofthetoppartofthetillerisusuallytrimmedtoreducetranspiration.Plantingholesarefilledwith50–100gofmanure(10–20t/ha)andtheshootsinsertedslantingtostimulatetillering.Ureaorammoniumsulphateatarateof3gperplant(about600kg/ha)isapplied3weeksafterplanting,andagainat6weeksafterplantingifsoilfertilityislow.Weedingandearthingupareusuallypractised6–7weeksafterplanting.Alliumfistulosumneedsplentyofwater.Atlowerelevations,itisusuallygrownduringtherainyseason.Dailyirrigationisnecessaryduringthedryseason.Mixedcroppingwithwhitecabbage,carrotandpotatoiscommoninthehighlands.Forblanchedpseudostemproduction,fieldsaredeeplycultivated.Furrowsof10–20cmdeeparemade,thesoilbeingthrowntoonesideformingaridgewhichwillsupporttheyoungplantandfacilitateearthinguplater.Earthingupisessentialtoblanchandsoftentheleaf-sheathcylinder.Asearthingupalsoaffectsaerationoftherootsandthuschecksgrowth,itshouldbedonegraduallyandnotbestartedtooearly. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Diseasesandpests [edit] AlthoughAlliumfistulosumisgenerallyahealthycrop,itmaybeaffectedbyanumberofdiseases,manyofthemcommontomostAlliumcrops.Purpleblotch(Alternariaporri),whichcausescharacteristicconcentricspotsontheleaves,anddownymildew(Peronosporadestructor)maycausesevereproblems.Whiterot(Sclerotiumcepivorum)maycauseseriouslossesundersuccessiveorrepeatedcropping,asthepathogenisverypersistentinthesoil.Poor,unbalancednutritionandheavyrainsstimulatethedevelopmentofthediseases.Thepracticeofvegetativepropagationisconducivetovirusinfestation,butmanylandracesseemtoberelativelytolerant.Diseasedplantsshouldberemovedbyrigorousvisualinspectionoftheplantingmaterial.Alliumfistulosumisresistanttotheonionyellowdwarfvirus(OYDV),butsusceptibletothewelshonionyellowstripevirus(WoYSV),occurringe.g.inJapanandIndonesia.Itcausessimilarmosaic-typesymptoms,includingchloroticmottling,streakingandstunting,anddistortedflatteningoftheleaves.RelativetoleranceisfoundincultivarsofKujyoGroup.AlliumfistulosumisresistanttoseveraldiseasesaffectingotherAlliumspp.includingpinkrootcausedbyPyrenochaetaterrestris,neckrotcausedbyBotrytisspp.andleafrotcausedbyBotrytissquamosa.Partialresistancehasbeenfoundtoanthracnose(Colletotrichumgloeosporioides).Thebeetarmyworm(Spodopteraexigua)andtheAmericanbollworm(Heliothisarmigera)arethemostseriouspests.Theyaredifficulttocontrolbecausethelarvaehideinsidethehollowleavesandthewaxylayerontheleaveshinderswetting.Onionthrips(Thripstabaci)maycauseconsiderabledamage.ThripsdamageisstimulatedbypesticidesprayingsagainstSpodoptera,whichkillthenaturalenemiesofthethrips.Overheadsprinklingreducesthripsdamage. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Harvesting [edit] InthetropicsAlliumfistulosumcanbeharvestedyear-round;intheBrazzaville-Kinshasaareaitismainlyharvestedduringtherainyseason.Plantsarepulledoutabout2.5monthsafterplantingthetillers.Thepartusedasplantingmaterialforthenextcropisleftinthefielduntilitisneeded.Harvestingisalabour-intensiveoperation,especiallyforpseudostems,whichhavetobedugup,cleanedandbundled.MechanizedharvestingequipmenthasbeendevelopedinJapan. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Yield [edit] YielddataforcountriesinAfricaarenotavailable.AverageyieldsinJapanandKoreaareabout25t/ha,inTaiwan10–15t/ha.InIndonesia,theyareconsiderablylower,averaging7t/ha,buttheymayreach15t/ha;however,thegrowingperiodisonly2.5–3monthscomparedto9monthsinEastAsiancountries. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Handlingafterharvest [edit] Afterharvesting,leavesandpseudostemsarecleaned,driedordamagedleavesareremoved,andtheplantsarebunchedandpackedinboxesorbasketsfortransporttothemarket. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Geneticresourcesandbreeding [edit] CollectionsofgermplasmaremaintainedinJapan,theUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,GermanyandtheformerSovietUnion.IPGRIrankedAlliumfistulosumsecondinimportanceinthegenusAlliumbecauseofitsdiseaseresistance,ecologicaladaptabilityandcloserelationshiptoAlliumcepa.Breedersoftenmaintaintheirowncollectionsandcommonlyexchangematerials,thusmaintaininganadequatelevelofvariability. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Breeding [edit] Inmostcountriesfarmersproducetheirownseedorplantingmaterial.InJapanaseedindustryhasdeveloped,andseveralnewcultivarsarereleasedperyear.LargebreedingprogrammesalsoexistinChinaandTaiwan.Breedersaimatimprovedcultivarhomogeneityandadaptationtospecificecologicalconditions.Forpseudostemcultivars,breedingworkaimsatobtaininglineswithminimaltillering.MalesterilelinesexistandF1hybridshavebeendeveloped. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Prospects [edit] ThegreatadaptabilityofthecropandtheexampleofJapanandTaiwan,whereintensificationofcultivationcombinedwithselection,breedingandthedevelopmentofagoodmarketingnetworkhasledtoagreatlyincreasedproduction,indicatethatthereisgreatscopeforthedevelopmentofbettercultivarsandforincreasedcommercializationandintensificationofproductioninthetropics,includingAfrica. showmoredata(2)showlessdata(2)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Majorreferences [edit] •deWilde-Duyfjes,B.E.E.,1976.ArevisionofthegenusAlliumL.(Liliaceae)inAfrica.MededelingenLandbouwhogeschoolWageningen76–11.Wageningen,Netherlands.239pp.•Helm,J.,1956.DiezuWürz-undSpeisezweckenkultiviertenArtenderGattungAlliumL.Kulturpflanze4:130–180.•Inden,H.&Asahira,T.,1990.Japanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).In:Brewster,J.L.&Rabinowitch,H.D.(Editors).Onionsandalliedcrops.Volume3.CRCPress,BocaRaton,Florida,UnitedStates.pp.159–178.•Jones,H.A.&Mann,L.K.,1962.Onionsandtheirallies.LeonardHill,London,UnitedKingdom.286pp.•Krug,H.,Berg,E.,Crüger,G.&Fölster,E.,1991.Gemüseproduktion:einLehr-undNachschlagewerkfürStudiumundPraxis.2ndedition.VerlagPaulParey,Berlin,Germany.541pp.•MooreJr,H.E.,1955.CultivatedAlliums.Baileya3:156–167.•Oyen,L.P.A.&Soenoeadji,1993.AlliumfistulosumL.In:Siemonsma,J.S.&KasemPiluek(Editors).PlantResourcesofSouth-EastAsiaNo8.Vegetables.PudocScientificPublishers,Wageningen,Netherlands.pp.73–77.•Shinohara,S.,1980.Guidebookfordevelopmentofvegetablehorticulturewithcapableseedproductioninthemonsoonsubtropics.Shinohara'sAuthorizedAgriculturalConsultingEngineerOffice,Tokyo,Japan.218pp.•Takamatsu,E.,1989.Leafonion,Alliumfistulosum.In:Shinohara,S.(Editor):VegetableseedproductiontechnologyofJapan.Volume2.Shinohara'sAuthorizedAgriculturalConsultingEngineerOffice,Tokyo,Japan.pp.260–287. showmoredata(73)showlessdata(73)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Otherreferences [edit] •Arifin,N.S.,Ozaki,Y.&Okubo,H.,2000.GeneticdiversityinIndonesianshallot(Alliumcepavar.ascalonicum)andAllium×wakegirevealedbyRADPmarkersandoriginofA.×wakegiidentifiedbyRFLPanalysesofamplifiedchloroplastgenes.Euphytica111:23–31.•Chen,J.H.,Tsai,S.J.&Chen,H.I.,1999.Welshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)extractsaltervascularresponsesinrataortae.JournalofCardiovascularPharmacology33(4):515–520.•Currah,L.&Proctor,F.,1990.Onionsintropicalregions.NRI,Greenwich,UnitedKingdom.232pp.•Diekman,M.(Editor),1997.FAO/IPGRITechnicalguidelinesforthesafemovementofgermplasm.No18.Alliumspp.FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)andInternationalPlantGeneticResourcesInstitute(IPGRI),Rome,Italy.60pp.•Friesen,N.,Pollner,S.,Bachmann,K.&Blattner,F.R.,1999.RAPDsandnoncodingchloroplastDNArevealasingleoriginofthecultivatedAlliumfistulosumfromA.altaicum(Alliaceae).AmericanJournalofBotany86:554–562.•Galván,G.A.,Wietsma,W.A.,Putrasemedja,S.,Permadi,A.H.&Kik,C.,1997.Screeningforresistancetoanthracnose(ColletotrichumgloeosporioidesPenz.)inAlliumcepaanditswildrelatives.Euphytica95:173–178.•Hetterscheid,W.L.A.,vanEttekoven,C.,vandenBerg,R.G.&Brandenburg,W.A.,1999.CultonomyinstatutoryregistrationexemplifiedbyAlliumL.crops.PlantVarietiesandSeeds12:149–160.•Messiaen,C.-M.,1989.Lepotagertropical.2ndEdition.PressesUniversitairesdeFrance,Paris,France.580pp.•Messiaen,C.-M.,Cohat,J.,Leroux,J.P.,Pichon,M.&Beyries,A.,1993.LesAlliumalimentairesreproduitsparvoievégétative.INRAéditions.230pp.•Pino,J.A.,Rosado,A.&Fuentes,V.,2000.VolatileflavorcompoundsfromAlliumfistulosumL.JournalofEssentialOilResearch12:553–555.•Tawaraya,K.,Tokairin,K.&Wagatsuma,T.,2001.DependenceofAlliumfistulosumcultivarsonthearbuscularmycorrhyzalfungus,Glomusfasciculatum.AppliedSoilEcology17(2):119–124.•USDA,2002.USDAnutrientdatabaseforstandardreference,release15.[Internet]U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,BeltsvilleHumanNutritionResearchCenter,BeltsvilleMd,UnitedStates.http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp.AccessedJune2003.•Yamasaki,A.,Miura,H.&Tanaka,K.,2000.Effectofphotoperiodsbefore,duringandaftervernalizationonflowerinitiationanddevelopmentanditsvarietaldifferenceinJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JournalofHorticulturalScienceandBiotechnology75:645–650.•Yamasaki,A.,Tanaka,K.,Yoshida,M.&Miura,H.,2000.Effectsofdayandnighttemperaturesonflower-budformationandboltingofJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JournaloftheJapaneseSocietyofHorticulturalScience69:40–46. showmoredata(41)showlessdata(41)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Afrirefreferences [edit] showmoredata(4)showlessdata(4)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Sourcesofillustration [edit] •Oyen,L.P.A.&Soenoeadji,1993.AlliumfistulosumL.In:Siemonsma,J.S.&KasemPiluek(Editors).PlantResourcesofSouth-EastAsiaNo8.Vegetables.PudocScientificPublishers,Wageningen,Netherlands.pp.73–77. showmoredata(2)showlessdata(2)comments(0)comments(0) Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content a-z source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000
Author(s) [edit]
•
L.P.A.OyenPROTANetworkOfficeEurope,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box341,6700AHWageningen,Netherlands
•
C.-M.MessiaenBat.B3,RésidenceLaGuirlande,75,ruedeFontcarrade,34070Montpellier,France
Editors [edit]
•
G.J.H.GrubbenBoeckweijdtConsult,PrinsHendriklaan24,1401ATBussum,Netherlands
•
O.A.DentonNationalHorticulturalResearchInstitute,P.M.B.5432,Idi-Ishin,Ibadan,Nigeria
Associateeditors [edit]
•
C.-M.MessiaenBat.B3,RésidenceLaGuirlande,75,ruedeFontcarrade,34070Montpellier,France
•
R.R.SchippersDeBoeier7,3742GDBaarn,Netherlands
Generaleditors [edit]
•
R.H.M.J.LemmensPROTANetworkOfficeEurope,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box341,6700AHWageningen,Netherlands
•
L.P.A.OyenPROTANetworkOfficeEurope,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box341,6700AHWageningen,Netherlands
Photoeditor [edit]
•
E.BoerPROTANetworkOfficeEurope,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box341,6700AHWageningen,Netherlands
Correctcitationofthisarticle [edit] Oyen,L.P.A.&Messiaen,C.-M.,2004.AlliumfistulosumL.[Internet]RecordfromPROTA4U.Grubben,G.J.H.&Denton,O.A.(Editors).PROTA(PlantResourcesofTropicalAfrica/Ressourcesvégétalesdel’Afriquetropicale),Wageningen,Netherlands.
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