Allium fistulosum L. - PROTA4U.org

Allium fistulosum is a perennial plant, grown commercially mostly as an annual, but in home gardens also as a perennial. It does not have a long-day dormant ... PROTA4U Recorddisplay PROTA4UHomepage Selecttranslationpop-up:  ChooseLanguage NoLanguage Afrikaans Arabic BrazilianPortuguese Bulgarian ChineseSimplified ChineseTraditional Corsican Croatian Czech Danish Dutch Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Indonesian Italian Japanese Kanuri Korean Lozi Malay Panjabi(EasternDialect) Persian(Farsi) Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian(LatinScript) Spanish Swahili Swedish Thai Turkish Urdu Vietnamese Wolof Yao Zulu AlliumfistulosumL. Protologue [edit] Sp.pl.1:301(1753). showmoredata(5)showlessdata(5)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Family [edit] Alliaceae showmoredata(10)showlessdata(10)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Chromosomenumber [edit] 2n=16 showmoredata(21)showlessdata(21)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Synonyms [edit] showmoredata(13)showlessdata(13)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Vernacularnames [edit] Welshonion,Japanesebunchingonion(En).Ciboule(Fr).Cebolinha,cozida(Po). showmoredata(33)showlessdata(33)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Originandgeographicdistribution [edit] Alliumfistulosumisonlyknownincultivationandprobablyoriginatedinnorth-westernChina.DNAstudiesindicatethatitwasderivedfromthewildAlliumaltaicumPall.,whichoccursinSiberiaandMongolia,whereitisoccasionallycollectedasavegetableforlocaluseorforexporttoChina.CultivationofAlliumfistulosumdatesbacktoatleast200BCinChina.ItreachedJapanbefore500ADandspreadfurthertoSouth-EastAsiaandEurope.‘Welsh’inthenamewelshonionisprobablyrelatedtotheoldGerman‘welsche’meaningforeign,andhasnoconnectionwithWalesintheUnitedKingdom.InChinaAlliumfistulosumisthemostimportantAlliumspeciesfulfillingtheculinaryroleofboththecommononionandleekinEurope;inJapanitisnowsecondinimportancetothebulbonion(AlliumcepaL.).Thecropisgrownthroughouttheworld,butthemainareaofcultivationremainseasternAsiafromSiberiatoIndonesia;elsewhereitismainlyacropofhomegardens.InAfricaitislocallyimportantonlyandisreportedfromSierraLeone,Ghana,Cameroon,Congo,DRCongo,Sudan,Kenya,ZambiaandZimbabwe.AleafonionreportedfromNigeriaprobablyalsobelongstoAlliumfistulosum. showmoredata(15)showlessdata(15)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Uses [edit] TwotypesofAlliumfistulosumaregrownandsometimesdistinguishedascultivar-groups:JapaneseBunchingGroupandWelshOnionGroup.JapanesebunchingonionisgrownmainlyineasternAsiaforitsthick,blanchedpseudostemsandiseatenasapotherb,e.g.insukiyakiandchickendishes;welshonionisgrownforitsgreenleaves,whichareusedinsalads,orasaherbtoflavoursoupsandotherdishes.ThelatterismostcommoninAfrica.IntheBrazzaville-Kinshasaarea(CongoandDRCongo),wholeplantsareharvestedandeatenasaboiledvegetable.InSouth-EastAsia(Java)theplantsarealsoeatenwhole,eithersteamedorafterheatingoverafireforashorttime,andinJapanseedlingsof7–10cmtallareusedinspecialdishes.Alliumfistulosumhasnotbeenusedinaprocessedformuntilrecently,whenadehydrationindustrystarted.Theproductismainlyusedasanadditivetopreprocessedfoodsuchasinstantnoodles.Theyounginflorescenceissometimesdeep-friedandeatenasasnack.Theplantsaresaidtoreduceorpreventtermiteinfestationingardens.DilutedpressedjuiceisusedagainstaphidsinChina.ThetherapeuticqualitiesattributedtoAlliumfistulosumaremany,especiallyinChinesemedicine.Itisusedtoimprovethefunctioningofinternalorgansandthemetabolism,forthepreventionofcardiovasculardisorders,andtoprolonglife.Itisfurtherreportedtoimproveeyesight,andtoenhancerecoveryfromcommoncolds,headaches,woundsandfesteringsores. showmoredata(15)showlessdata(15)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Productionandinternationaltrade [edit] NoworldwidestatisticsforAlliumfistulosumareavailable,asinformationonitsproductionisoftencombinedwiththatofotherAlliumspp.China,Japan,Korea,TaiwanandIndonesiaarethemainproducers.In1984productioninJapanreached563,000tfrom24,000ha,inKorea432,000tfrom19,000ha. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Properties [edit] Thenutritionalcompositionofrawgreentopsper100gedibleportionis:water90.5g,energy142kJ(34kcal),protein1.9g,fat0.4g,carbohydrate6.5g,Ca18mg,Mg23mg,P49mg,Fe1.2mg,Zn0.52mg,vitaminA1160IU,thiamin0.05mg,riboflavin0.09mg,niacin0.40mg,folate16μg,ascorbicacid27mg(USDA,2002).Thenutritionalvalueofgreentopsandblanchedpseudostemsdiffers,greentopsbeingmorenutritious.TheodourofAlliumfistulosumisnotverystrong.Itischemicallyintermediatebetweentheodoursofonionandleek.Itderivesfromvolatilepropylcysteinesulphoxide(characteristicofleek)andpropenylcysteinesulphoxide(characteristicofonion).Thesealkyl-sulphoxidesaredegradationproductsofnon-proteinaminoacidsoftheS-alk(en)yl-cysteinegroup.Whencellsaredamagedtheaminoacidsbreakdownundertheinfluenceoftheenzymealiinaseintohighlyreactivesulphenicacids,ammoniaandpyruvate.Thesulphenicacidsthenreactwithothercompoundstoformarangeofdisulphides.Alargeproportionofthestoragecarbohydratesaresugarsandoligosaccharides.Besidesglucose,fructoseandsucrose,theyconsistofmaltose,rhamnose,galactose,arabinose,mannoseandxylose.Sugarandproteincontentsincreaseinplantsgrownunderlowtemperatures,andthisimproveseatingquality.Testsshowedthatwelshonionextractscanmodulatevasculartoneinvitrointhethoracicaortaeofrats.Thissupportstheuseintraditionalmedicinetopreventcardiovasculardisorders.Antifungalconstituentshavebeenisolatedfromtheseeds. showmoredata(2)showlessdata(2)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Description [edit] Perennialglabrousherb,growingintufts,usuallygrownasanannualorbiennialplant,upto50(–100)cmtall,withindistinct,ovoidtooblongoidbulbupto10cmlong,lateralbulbsfewtoseveralorvirtuallyabsent;tunicwhitetopalereddishbrown.Leaves4–12,distichouslyalternate,glaucous,withtubularsheath;bladecylindrical,hollow,10–50(–100)cm×0.5–2.5cm,acuteatapex.Inflorescenceasphericalumbel3–7cmindiameter,onalong,erect,terete,hollowscapeupto50(–100)cmlongandupto2.5cmindiameter;umbelcomposedeitherofflowersorofbulbilsonly;spathe1,hyaline,persistent,upto1cmlong,splittinginto(1–)2–3parts.Flowersbisexual,narrowlycampanulatetourceolate;pedicelslender,upto3cmlong;tepals6,in2whorls,free,ovate-oblongtooblong-lanceolate,6–10mmlong,whitewithgreenishmidvein;stamens6,exceedingtepals,connateatbaseandadnatetotepals;ovarysuperior,3-celled,styleslender,exceedingtepals.Fruitaglobularcapsulec.5mmindiameter,splittingloculicidally,few-seeded.Seeds3–4mm×2–2.5mm,black. showmoredata(9)showlessdata(9)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Otherbotanicalinformation [edit] InEuropeaclassificationinto2cultivar-groupshasbeenproposed:JapaneseBunchingGroup,single-stemmedcultivarsgrownfortheirthickenedpseudostem,andWelshOnionGroup,multi-stemmedcultivarsgrownfortheirleaves.Aclassificationinto3groupsiscommoninJapan:KagaGroupgrowninthecoolestpartsofJapanforitspseudostems;KujyoGroupmainlygrowninthewarmestpartsofJapanandmainlyforitsleaves;andSenjuGroup,intermediateinuseandecologicalrequirements.SuperficiallythereisastrongresemblancetoAlliumcepa,butAlliumfistulosumdoesnotdevelopabulb,althoughsomeslightthickeningofthebaseofthepseudostemmayoccur.Itsfoliageleavesaresomewhatrounderincross-section,notflattenedadaxially.Differencesaremoreprominentintheflowers.InAlliumfistulosumfloweringprogressesfromthetopoftheumbeldownwards.Theflowerslackbracteoles,arelargerandcampanulatetourceolate,whilethoseofAlliumcepahavebracteoles,aresmallerandstellate.AlliumfistulosumhybridizeseasilywithAlliumaltaicum;thehybridshavehighpollenfertilityandformampleseed.HybridizationisalsopossiblewithAlliumcepa.Thehybridsareperennialplantsformingsmallbulbs.SeveraloldhybridsbetweenAlliumfistulosumasfemaleparentandtropicalshallots(AlliumcepaAggregatumGroup)exist.TheseareknownasAllium×proliferum,Allium×wakegiorAlliumfistulosumvar.caespitosum.ExamplesaretheIndonesianshallot‘Sumenep’,whichiswelladaptedtotropicalconditionsandneverflowers,andthetoponioninwhichtheinflorescenceiscomposedofbulbils.InthevegetativestagetheseplantsresembleAlliumfistulosum.RecentcommercialhybridsbetweenAlliumfistulosumasfemaleparentandAlliumcepa,grownmainlyintheUnitedStatesandEuropefortheirgreentops,include‘BeltsvilleBunching’(aseed-producingtetraploid),‘LouisianaEvergreen’(asterilediploid)and‘DeltaGiant’(asteriletriploidoriginatingfromabackcrossofthehybridwithAlliumcepa).AnothergroupofhybridsgrowninJapanisYakuraNegiGroup.Plantsofthisgrouptillerabundantlyinspringandsummerandaredormantinwinter.Theirinflorescenceproducesnoflowersbutonlybulbils;theyarepropagatedbydivisionorbybulbils. showmoredata(24)showlessdata(24)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Growthanddevelopment [edit] Alliumfistulosumisaperennialplant,growncommerciallymostlyasanannual,butinhomegardensalsoasaperennial.Itdoesnothavealong-daydormantstagelikeAlliumcepa,soitcontinuesitsvegetativegrowthanddoesnotdeveloparealbulb.However,somecultivarswhichoriginatedfromcoldtemperateareasshowshort-daydormancy.Theystopgrowingandtheirleavesdryoutanddieoffundershortdays,evenwhenthetemperaturewouldpermitnormalgrowth.Thelateralbudsintheleafaxilselongateanddevelopastillerstoformaclump.Thistilleringcharacteristicismorepronouncedincultivarsgrownforthegreenleavesthaninthosegrownforthelongblanchedpseudostems.Flowerinductioniscontrolledbytemperatureanddaylength.Lowtemperaturesandshortdaysinduceflowering,butrequirementsvarystronglywiththeoriginofcultivars.Floweringisgenerallyinducedbytemperaturesbelow13°C,whenseedlingshaveformedacertainnumberofleavesorapseudostemofacertainthickness.Inthetropics,whereconditionsfavourvegetativeratherthangenerativegrowth,onlysomewell-adaptedcultivarswillflower.Rootsarereadilycolonizedbyarbuscularmycorrhizalfungi,whichenhancesPuptakeandstimulatesgrowth. showmoredata(5)showlessdata(5)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Ecology [edit] Alliumfistulosumisadaptedtoaremarkablywiderangeofclimates.ItisverytolerantofcoldweatherandcanoverwintereveninSiberia.ItisalsotolerantofhothumidconditionssuchasthoseoccurringnearBrazzavilleandKinshasainCentralAfrica.InJava(Indonesia)itgrowswellaboveanaltitudeof200m,butitismorecommonabove500m.MostlocalcultivarsarewelladaptedtovariationsinrainfallandtheyaremoretolerantofheavyrainfallthanotherAlliumspp.Establishedplantsaretolerantofmoisturestressanddroughtwillrarelykillthem.Awell-drainedloamysoil,richinorganicmatterispreferred.Alliumfistulosumisverysusceptibletowaterlogging,whichquicklykillstheactiveroots.ForoptimalgrowthaneutralsoilpHisrequired,butevenatapHof8–10goodgrowthispossible.Inacidsoilsgrowthisgenerallypoor. showmoredata(5)showlessdata(5)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Propagationandplanting [edit] InthetropicsAlliumfistulosumispropagatedmainlybybasaltillersandcanbeplantedthewholeyearround.Althoughseedproductionispossibleatelevationsabove1000m,andimportedseedofTaiwaneseandJapanesecultivarsisalsoavailable,plantsarerarelyraisedfromseedbecausethisismoredifficultundertropicalconditionsandismoretime-consuming.However,intheBrazzaville-Kinshasaarea,bothtillersandseedoflocalcultivarsareused.Intemperateareaswhereseedproductionismoresuccessful,propagationismainlybyseed,whichiseithersowndirectlyintothefieldorfirstinnurseries.Theweightof1000seedsis2.2–2.5g.Seedrequirementsare8–16kg/hafordirectseedingand2–4kg/hainthecaseoftransplanting.Innurserybeds,seedsareeitherbroadcastorsowninrowsorin5–6cmwidebands.Theareaofnurseryrequiredis10–12%ofthefieldarea.Seedlingsarereadyfortransplantingwhen25–30cmtallandthickasapencil. showmoredata(2)showlessdata(2)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Management [edit] Forgreenleafproduction,landpreparationislight.Tillersorseedlingsaretransplantedintoraisedbedsorridges,whicharealternatedwithfurrowsforirrigationanddrainage.Plantingdistancesareabout20cm×25cm(200,000plantsperha).Aboutone-thirdofthetoppartofthetillerisusuallytrimmedtoreducetranspiration.Plantingholesarefilledwith50–100gofmanure(10–20t/ha)andtheshootsinsertedslantingtostimulatetillering.Ureaorammoniumsulphateatarateof3gperplant(about600kg/ha)isapplied3weeksafterplanting,andagainat6weeksafterplantingifsoilfertilityislow.Weedingandearthingupareusuallypractised6–7weeksafterplanting.Alliumfistulosumneedsplentyofwater.Atlowerelevations,itisusuallygrownduringtherainyseason.Dailyirrigationisnecessaryduringthedryseason.Mixedcroppingwithwhitecabbage,carrotandpotatoiscommoninthehighlands.Forblanchedpseudostemproduction,fieldsaredeeplycultivated.Furrowsof10–20cmdeeparemade,thesoilbeingthrowntoonesideformingaridgewhichwillsupporttheyoungplantandfacilitateearthinguplater.Earthingupisessentialtoblanchandsoftentheleaf-sheathcylinder.Asearthingupalsoaffectsaerationoftherootsandthuschecksgrowth,itshouldbedonegraduallyandnotbestartedtooearly. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Diseasesandpests [edit] AlthoughAlliumfistulosumisgenerallyahealthycrop,itmaybeaffectedbyanumberofdiseases,manyofthemcommontomostAlliumcrops.Purpleblotch(Alternariaporri),whichcausescharacteristicconcentricspotsontheleaves,anddownymildew(Peronosporadestructor)maycausesevereproblems.Whiterot(Sclerotiumcepivorum)maycauseseriouslossesundersuccessiveorrepeatedcropping,asthepathogenisverypersistentinthesoil.Poor,unbalancednutritionandheavyrainsstimulatethedevelopmentofthediseases.Thepracticeofvegetativepropagationisconducivetovirusinfestation,butmanylandracesseemtoberelativelytolerant.Diseasedplantsshouldberemovedbyrigorousvisualinspectionoftheplantingmaterial.Alliumfistulosumisresistanttotheonionyellowdwarfvirus(OYDV),butsusceptibletothewelshonionyellowstripevirus(WoYSV),occurringe.g.inJapanandIndonesia.Itcausessimilarmosaic-typesymptoms,includingchloroticmottling,streakingandstunting,anddistortedflatteningoftheleaves.RelativetoleranceisfoundincultivarsofKujyoGroup.AlliumfistulosumisresistanttoseveraldiseasesaffectingotherAlliumspp.includingpinkrootcausedbyPyrenochaetaterrestris,neckrotcausedbyBotrytisspp.andleafrotcausedbyBotrytissquamosa.Partialresistancehasbeenfoundtoanthracnose(Colletotrichumgloeosporioides).Thebeetarmyworm(Spodopteraexigua)andtheAmericanbollworm(Heliothisarmigera)arethemostseriouspests.Theyaredifficulttocontrolbecausethelarvaehideinsidethehollowleavesandthewaxylayerontheleaveshinderswetting.Onionthrips(Thripstabaci)maycauseconsiderabledamage.ThripsdamageisstimulatedbypesticidesprayingsagainstSpodoptera,whichkillthenaturalenemiesofthethrips.Overheadsprinklingreducesthripsdamage. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Harvesting [edit] InthetropicsAlliumfistulosumcanbeharvestedyear-round;intheBrazzaville-Kinshasaareaitismainlyharvestedduringtherainyseason.Plantsarepulledoutabout2.5monthsafterplantingthetillers.Thepartusedasplantingmaterialforthenextcropisleftinthefielduntilitisneeded.Harvestingisalabour-intensiveoperation,especiallyforpseudostems,whichhavetobedugup,cleanedandbundled.MechanizedharvestingequipmenthasbeendevelopedinJapan. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Yield [edit] YielddataforcountriesinAfricaarenotavailable.AverageyieldsinJapanandKoreaareabout25t/ha,inTaiwan10–15t/ha.InIndonesia,theyareconsiderablylower,averaging7t/ha,buttheymayreach15t/ha;however,thegrowingperiodisonly2.5–3monthscomparedto9monthsinEastAsiancountries. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Handlingafterharvest [edit] Afterharvesting,leavesandpseudostemsarecleaned,driedordamagedleavesareremoved,andtheplantsarebunchedandpackedinboxesorbasketsfortransporttothemarket. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Geneticresourcesandbreeding [edit] CollectionsofgermplasmaremaintainedinJapan,theUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,GermanyandtheformerSovietUnion.IPGRIrankedAlliumfistulosumsecondinimportanceinthegenusAlliumbecauseofitsdiseaseresistance,ecologicaladaptabilityandcloserelationshiptoAlliumcepa.Breedersoftenmaintaintheirowncollectionsandcommonlyexchangematerials,thusmaintaininganadequatelevelofvariability. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Breeding [edit] Inmostcountriesfarmersproducetheirownseedorplantingmaterial.InJapanaseedindustryhasdeveloped,andseveralnewcultivarsarereleasedperyear.LargebreedingprogrammesalsoexistinChinaandTaiwan.Breedersaimatimprovedcultivarhomogeneityandadaptationtospecificecologicalconditions.Forpseudostemcultivars,breedingworkaimsatobtaininglineswithminimaltillering.MalesterilelinesexistandF1hybridshavebeendeveloped. showmoredata(1)showlessdata(1)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Prospects [edit] ThegreatadaptabilityofthecropandtheexampleofJapanandTaiwan,whereintensificationofcultivationcombinedwithselection,breedingandthedevelopmentofagoodmarketingnetworkhasledtoagreatlyincreasedproduction,indicatethatthereisgreatscopeforthedevelopmentofbettercultivarsandforincreasedcommercializationandintensificationofproductioninthetropics,includingAfrica. showmoredata(2)showlessdata(2)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Majorreferences [edit] •deWilde-Duyfjes,B.E.E.,1976.ArevisionofthegenusAlliumL.(Liliaceae)inAfrica.MededelingenLandbouwhogeschoolWageningen76–11.Wageningen,Netherlands.239pp.•Helm,J.,1956.DiezuWürz-undSpeisezweckenkultiviertenArtenderGattungAlliumL.Kulturpflanze4:130–180.•Inden,H.&Asahira,T.,1990.Japanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).In:Brewster,J.L.&Rabinowitch,H.D.(Editors).Onionsandalliedcrops.Volume3.CRCPress,BocaRaton,Florida,UnitedStates.pp.159–178.•Jones,H.A.&Mann,L.K.,1962.Onionsandtheirallies.LeonardHill,London,UnitedKingdom.286pp.•Krug,H.,Berg,E.,Crüger,G.&Fölster,E.,1991.Gemüseproduktion:einLehr-undNachschlagewerkfürStudiumundPraxis.2ndedition.VerlagPaulParey,Berlin,Germany.541pp.•MooreJr,H.E.,1955.CultivatedAlliums.Baileya3:156–167.•Oyen,L.P.A.&Soenoeadji,1993.AlliumfistulosumL.In:Siemonsma,J.S.&KasemPiluek(Editors).PlantResourcesofSouth-EastAsiaNo8.Vegetables.PudocScientificPublishers,Wageningen,Netherlands.pp.73–77.•Shinohara,S.,1980.Guidebookfordevelopmentofvegetablehorticulturewithcapableseedproductioninthemonsoonsubtropics.Shinohara'sAuthorizedAgriculturalConsultingEngineerOffice,Tokyo,Japan.218pp.•Takamatsu,E.,1989.Leafonion,Alliumfistulosum.In:Shinohara,S.(Editor):VegetableseedproductiontechnologyofJapan.Volume2.Shinohara'sAuthorizedAgriculturalConsultingEngineerOffice,Tokyo,Japan.pp.260–287. showmoredata(73)showlessdata(73)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Otherreferences [edit] •Arifin,N.S.,Ozaki,Y.&Okubo,H.,2000.GeneticdiversityinIndonesianshallot(Alliumcepavar.ascalonicum)andAllium×wakegirevealedbyRADPmarkersandoriginofA.×wakegiidentifiedbyRFLPanalysesofamplifiedchloroplastgenes.Euphytica111:23–31.•Chen,J.H.,Tsai,S.J.&Chen,H.I.,1999.Welshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)extractsaltervascularresponsesinrataortae.JournalofCardiovascularPharmacology33(4):515–520.•Currah,L.&Proctor,F.,1990.Onionsintropicalregions.NRI,Greenwich,UnitedKingdom.232pp.•Diekman,M.(Editor),1997.FAO/IPGRITechnicalguidelinesforthesafemovementofgermplasm.No18.Alliumspp.FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)andInternationalPlantGeneticResourcesInstitute(IPGRI),Rome,Italy.60pp.•Friesen,N.,Pollner,S.,Bachmann,K.&Blattner,F.R.,1999.RAPDsandnoncodingchloroplastDNArevealasingleoriginofthecultivatedAlliumfistulosumfromA.altaicum(Alliaceae).AmericanJournalofBotany86:554–562.•Galván,G.A.,Wietsma,W.A.,Putrasemedja,S.,Permadi,A.H.&Kik,C.,1997.Screeningforresistancetoanthracnose(ColletotrichumgloeosporioidesPenz.)inAlliumcepaanditswildrelatives.Euphytica95:173–178.•Hetterscheid,W.L.A.,vanEttekoven,C.,vandenBerg,R.G.&Brandenburg,W.A.,1999.CultonomyinstatutoryregistrationexemplifiedbyAlliumL.crops.PlantVarietiesandSeeds12:149–160.•Messiaen,C.-M.,1989.Lepotagertropical.2ndEdition.PressesUniversitairesdeFrance,Paris,France.580pp.•Messiaen,C.-M.,Cohat,J.,Leroux,J.P.,Pichon,M.&Beyries,A.,1993.LesAlliumalimentairesreproduitsparvoievégétative.INRAéditions.230pp.•Pino,J.A.,Rosado,A.&Fuentes,V.,2000.VolatileflavorcompoundsfromAlliumfistulosumL.JournalofEssentialOilResearch12:553–555.•Tawaraya,K.,Tokairin,K.&Wagatsuma,T.,2001.DependenceofAlliumfistulosumcultivarsonthearbuscularmycorrhyzalfungus,Glomusfasciculatum.AppliedSoilEcology17(2):119–124.•USDA,2002.USDAnutrientdatabaseforstandardreference,release15.[Internet]U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,BeltsvilleHumanNutritionResearchCenter,BeltsvilleMd,UnitedStates.http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp.AccessedJune2003.•Yamasaki,A.,Miura,H.&Tanaka,K.,2000.Effectofphotoperiodsbefore,duringandaftervernalizationonflowerinitiationanddevelopmentanditsvarietaldifferenceinJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JournalofHorticulturalScienceandBiotechnology75:645–650.•Yamasaki,A.,Tanaka,K.,Yoshida,M.&Miura,H.,2000.Effectsofdayandnighttemperaturesonflower-budformationandboltingofJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JournaloftheJapaneseSocietyofHorticulturalScience69:40–46. showmoredata(41)showlessdata(41)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Afrirefreferences [edit] showmoredata(4)showlessdata(4)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Sourcesofillustration [edit] •Oyen,L.P.A.&Soenoeadji,1993.AlliumfistulosumL.In:Siemonsma,J.S.&KasemPiluek(Editors).PlantResourcesofSouth-EastAsiaNo8.Vegetables.PudocScientificPublishers,Wageningen,Netherlands.pp.73–77. showmoredata(2)showlessdata(2)comments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 Author(s) [edit]  • L.P.A.OyenPROTANetworkOfficeEurope,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box341,6700AHWageningen,Netherlands • C.-M.MessiaenBat.B3,RésidenceLaGuirlande,75,ruedeFontcarrade,34070Montpellier,France Editors [edit]  • G.J.H.GrubbenBoeckweijdtConsult,PrinsHendriklaan24,1401ATBussum,Netherlands • O.A.DentonNationalHorticulturalResearchInstitute,P.M.B.5432,Idi-Ishin,Ibadan,Nigeria Associateeditors [edit]  • C.-M.MessiaenBat.B3,RésidenceLaGuirlande,75,ruedeFontcarrade,34070Montpellier,France • R.R.SchippersDeBoeier7,3742GDBaarn,Netherlands Generaleditors [edit]  • R.H.M.J.LemmensPROTANetworkOfficeEurope,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box341,6700AHWageningen,Netherlands • L.P.A.OyenPROTANetworkOfficeEurope,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box341,6700AHWageningen,Netherlands Photoeditor [edit]  • E.BoerPROTANetworkOfficeEurope,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box341,6700AHWageningen,Netherlands Correctcitationofthisarticle [edit] Oyen,L.P.A.&Messiaen,C.-M.,2004.AlliumfistulosumL.[Internet]RecordfromPROTA4U.Grubben,G.J.H.&Denton,O.A.(Editors).PROTA(PlantResourcesofTropicalAfrica/Ressourcesvégétalesdel’Afriquetropicale),Wageningen,Netherlands..Accessed. Additionalreferences&nbsp[edit]Studyabstract Thereare40studyabstractsrelatedtoAlliumfistulosumL..Clickon"showmore"toviewthem. showmoredatashowlessdatacomments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000Citationinbooks Thereare100bookcitationsrelatedtoAlliumfistulosumL..Clickon"showmore"toviewthem. showmoredatashowlessdatacomments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000Citationinwebsearches Thereare101citationinwebsearchesrelatedtoAlliumfistulosumL..Clickon"showmore"toviewthem. showmoredatashowlessdatacomments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000Citationinscholarlyarticles Thereare100citationinscholarlyarticlesrelatedtoAlliumfistulosumL..Clickon"showmore"toviewthem. showmoredatashowlessdatacomments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000Citationinnewsarticles Thereare43newsarticlecitationsrelatedtoAlliumfistulosumL..Clickon"showmore"toviewthem. showmoredatashowlessdatacomments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000CitationinAfrirefs Thereare20citationsinAfrirefsrelatedtoAlliumfistulosumL..Clickon"showmore"toviewthem. showmoredatashowlessdatacomments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000CitationinWikipedia Thereare26WikipediacitationsrelatedtoAlliumfistulosumL..Clickon"showmore"toviewthem. showmoredatashowlessdatacomments(0)comments(0)  Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|Sortby: content  a-z  source Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis| Comments(0)Showing0of0commentsWhenpostingyourcomment,itwilltakesometimebeforeitwillbecomevisible.Pleasemakesuretoprovideyoure-mailaddresssowecancontactyouifnecessary.Thee-mailaddresswillonlybevisibletotheadministrator.Commentonthisplant Remainingcharactercount:1000 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GeneralimportanceGeographiccoverageAfricaGeographiccoverageWorldOrnamentaluseForage/feeduseCarbohydrate/starchuseMedicinaluseSpicesandcondimentuseFoodsecurityAlliumfistulosumplantedAlliumfistulosumplanthabit.RedrawnandadaptedbyAchmadSatiriNurhamanAlliumfistulosumfloweringplantAlliumfistulosuminflorescenseAlliumfistulosumfieldAlliumfistulosumharvestedplantsshowmorethumbnailsshowlessthumbnailsAlliumfistulosumAlliumfistulosum–WelshOnion-...450x294-16k-jpgwww.beautifulbotany.comAlliumfistulosumAlliumfistulosumWELSHONION271x337-24k-jpgplantswithpurpose.co.ukAlliumfistulosum...cepaandAlliumfistulosumtypes...350x450-39k-jpgwww.semena.orgAlliumfistulosum...patchofAlliumfistulosumthat...250x370-25k-jpgwww.floridata.comAlliumfistulosum...onion--Alliumfistulosum2400x1800-309k-jpgoutdoors.webshots.comAlliumfistulosum...WelshOnion(Alliumfistulosum)512x536-54k-jpgwww.dkimages.comAlliumfistulosum...WelshOnion(Alliumfistulosum)512x632-88k-jpgwww.dkimages.comAlliumfistulosumScientificName:Alliumfistulosum...250x333-36k-jpgwww.mdidea.comAlliumfistulosumWelshonionAlliumfistulosumfrom...375x500-85k-jpgtoads.wordpress.comAlliumfistulosumALLIUMFISTULOSUML.180x270-13k-jpgwww.nimm.org.vnAlliumfistulosumAlliumfistulosum220x398-22k-jpgspecies.wikimedia.orgAlliumfistulosumJPG·alliumfistulosum02BE...1984x1323-2313kwww.botanypictures.comAlliumfistulosumalliumfistulosum01BEbrussels...1425x1984-2099kwww.botanypictures.comAlliumfistulosumAlliumfistulosum210x210-13k-jpgwww.bbc.co.ukAlliumfistulosumAlliumfistulosum-cibulezimní,...666x999-100k-jpgwww.sci.muni.czAlliumfistulosumAlliumfistulosum:Welshonion339x524-21k-jpgwww.kfunigraz.ac.atAlliumfistulosumAlliumfistulosumbyjam343.500x375-48k-jpgwww.flickr.comAlliumfistulosumAlliumfistulosum250x453-43k-jpgwww.infojardin.com AlltextsarelicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike3.0NetherlandsLicenseThislicensedoesnotincludetheillustrations(Maps,drawings,pictures);theseremainallundercopyright.Emailthistoafriend|Print|Shareonfacebook|Tweetthis|