Global Warming: Causes, Effects and Solutions - ResearchGate

... This continuous rise in temperature over a long period of time has given rise to global warming. Since 1850, Earth has warmed equivalent to nearly 2.5 W/ ... ArticlePDFAvailableGlobalWarming:Causes,EffectsandSolutionsAugust2015Authors:UmairShahzadUniversityofNebraskaatLincolnDownloadfull-textPDFReadfull-textDownloadfull-textPDFReadfull-textDownloadcitationCopylinkLinkcopiedReadfull-textDownloadcitationCopylinkLinkcopiedCitations(59)References(5)Figures(8)AbstractandFiguresManyresearchers,engineersandenvironmentalistsareexpressingdeepconcernsaboutchangesintheoverallclimateoftheplanet.Fossilfuelsarebeingcontinuouslyusedtoproduceelectricity.Theburningofthesefuelsproducesgaseslikecarbondioxide,methaneandnitrousoxideswhichleadtoglobalwarming.Deforestationisalsoleadingtowarmertemperatures.ThehazardofglobalwarmingiscontinuouslycausingmajordamagetotheEarth'senvironment.Mostpeoplearestillunawareofglobalwarminganddonotconsiderittobeabigprobleminyearstocome.Whatmostpeopledonotunderstandisthatglobalwarmingiscurrentlyhappening,andwearealreadyexperiencingsomeofitswitheringeffects.Itisandwillseverelyaffectecosystemsanddisturbecologicalbalance.Becauseofthetreacherouseffectsofglobalwarming,somesolutionsmustbedevised.Thepaperintroducesglobalwarming,elaboratesitscausesandhazardsandpresentssomesolutionstosolvethishotissue.Aboveall,alternativeenergysources(solar,wind,hydro,geothermal,biomass)needtobeseriouslypursued.Findingandusingrenewablesourcesofenergyisoneofthemethodstocombattheeverincreasingglobalwarmingeffectively.Typesofgreenhouseeffects[2]… Plantsembodiedinagreenhouse[3]… Distributionofgreenhousegases[7]… Anassessmentoftherelativeimpactandrisksconnectedwithglobalwarming.Fivecategoriesareassessed.Thebarsarecolour-codedtoshowlevelofimpact/concernforeachfactorasafunctionoftemperatureincrease[9]… +3RecentglobalmeantemperaturesaccordingtoNASA[10]… Figures-uploadedbyUmairShahzadAuthorcontentAllfigurecontentinthisareawasuploadedbyUmairShahzadContentmaybesubjecttocopyright.Discovertheworld'sresearch20+millionmembers135+millionpublications700k+researchprojectsJoinforfreePublicFull-text1ContentuploadedbyUmairShahzadAuthorcontentAllcontentinthisareawasuploadedbyUmairShahzadonMay05,2017Contentmaybesubjecttocopyright. DurreesaminJournal(ISSN:2204-9827)AugustVol1Issue4,Year2015GlobalWarming:Causes,EffectsandSolutionsUmairShahzad,RiphahCollegeofEngineering&Technology,RiphahInternationalUniversity,Faisalabad,Pakistanumairshahzada@hotmail.comI.IntroductionThecontinuousriseintemperatureoftheplanetisreallyupsetting.Therootcauseforthisisglobalwarming.GlobalwarmingbeginswhensunlightreachestheEarth.Theclouds,atmosphericparticles,reflectivegroundsurfacesandsurfaceofoceansthensendsbackabout30%ofsunlightbackintothespace,whilsttheremainingisabsorbedbyoceans,airandland.Thisconsequentlyheatsupthesurfaceoftheplanetandatmosphere,makinglifefeasible.AstheEarthwarmsup,thissolarenergyisradiatedbythermalradiationandinfraredrays,propagatingdirectlyouttospacetherebycoolingtheEarth.However,someoftheoutgoingradiationisre-absorbedbycarbondioxide,watervapours,ozone,methaneandothergasesintheatmosphereandisradiatedbacktothesurfaceofEarth.Thesegasesarecommonlyknownasgreenhousegasesduetotheirheat-trappingcapacity.Itmustbenotedthatthisre-absorptionprocessisactuallygoodastheEarth’saveragesurfacetemperaturewouldbeverycoldiftherewasnoexistenceofgreenhousegases.Thedilemmabeganwhentheconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheatmospherewasartificiallyincreasedbyhumankindatanalarmingratesincethepasttwocenturies.Asof2004,over8billiontonsofcarbondioxidewaspumpedthermalradiationisfurtherhinderedbyincreasedlevelsofgreenhousegasesresultinginaphenomenonknownashumanenhancedglobalwarmingeffect.Recentobservationsregardingglobalwarminghavesubstantiatedthetheorythatitisindeedahumanenhancedgreenhouseeffectthatiscausingtheplanettoheatup.Theplanethasexperiencedthelargestincreaseinsurfacetemperatureoverthelast100years.Between1906and2006,theEarth’saveragesurfacetemperatureaugmentedbetween0.6to0.9degreesCelsius,howeverthelast50yearssawtherateoftemperatureincreasenearlydoubling.Sealevelshaveshownariseofabout0.17metersduringthe20thcentury.TheextentofArcticseaicehassteadilyreducedby2.7%perdecadesince1978[1].outperyear.Millionsofpoundsofmethanegasaregeneratedinlandfillsandagriculturaldecompositionofbiomassandanimalmanure.Nitrousoxideisreleasedintotheatmospherebyvariousnitrogen-basedfertilizersincludingureaanddiammoniumphosphateandothersoilmanagementutilizations.Oncereleased,thesegreenhousegasesstayintheatmospherefordecadesorevenlonger.AccordingtoIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),carbondioxideandmethanelevelshaveincreasedby35%and148%sincetheindustrialrevolutionof1750.II.GreenhouseEffectWhileotherplanetsinthesolarsystemoftheEarthareeitherroastinghotorbitterlycold,Earth'ssurfacehasrelativelymild,steadytemperatures.Earthenjoysthesetemperaturesbecauseofitsatmosphere,whichisthethinlayerofgasesthatcoverandprotecttheplanet.However,97%ofclimatescientistsandresearchersagreethathumanshavechangedtheEarth'satmosphereindramaticwaysoverthepasttwocenturies,resultinginglobalwarming.Tounderstandglobalwarming,itisfirstnecessarytobecomefamiliarwiththegreenhouseeffect.AsFig.1depicts,thenaturalgreenhouseeffectnormallytrapssomeportionofheatinsuchawaythatourplanetissafefromreachingfreezingtemperatureswhilehumanenhancedgreenhouseeffectleadstoglobalwarming.Thisisduetoburningoffossilfuelswhichincreasetheamountofgreenhousegases(carbondioxide,methaneandoxidesofnitrogen)presentintheatmosphere[2].Abstract-Manyresearchers,engineersandenvironmentalistsareexpressingdeepconcernsaboutchangesintheoverallclimateoftheplanet.Fossilfuelsarebeingcontinuouslyusedtoproduceelectricity.Theburningofthesefuelsproducesgaseslikecarbondioxide,methaneandnitrousoxideswhichleadtoglobalwarming.Deforestationisalsoleadingtowarmertemperatures.ThehazardofglobalwarmingiscontinuouslycausingmajordamagetotheEarth'senvironment.Mostpeoplearestillunawareofglobalwarminganddonotconsiderittobeabigprobleminyearstocome.Whatmostpeopledonotunderstandisthatglobalwarmingiscurrentlyhappening,andwearealreadyexperiencingsomeofitswitheringeffects.Itisandwillseverelyaffectecosystemsanddisturbecologicalbalance.Becauseofthetreacherouseffectsofglobalwarming,somesolutionsmustbedevised.Thepaperintroducesglobalwarming,elaboratesitscausesandhazardsandpresentssomesolutionstosolvethishotissue.Aboveall,alternativeenergysources(solar,wind,hydro,geothermal,biomass)needtobeseriouslypursued.Findingandusingrenewablesourcesofenergyisoneofthemethodstocombattheeverincreasingglobalwarmingeffectively.Keywords:Climate,fossilfuels,deforestation,globalwarming,alternativeenergysources DurreesaminJournal(ISSN:2204-9827)AugustVol1Issue4,Year2015Fig.1Typesofgreenhouseeffects[2]ThetradeofincomingandoutgoingradiationthatheatsuptheEarthisoftenreferredtoasthegreenhouseeffectbecauseagreenhouseworksinasimilarway(Fig.2).Incomingultravioletradiationeasilypassesthroughtheglasswallsofagreenhouseandisabsorbedbytheplantsandhardsurfacesinside.Weakerinfraredradiation,however,hasdifficultypassingthroughtheglasswallsandistrappedinside,therefore,warmingthegreenhouse.Thiseffectletstropicalplantsprosperinsideagreenhouse,evenduringacoldseason[2].Fig.2Plantsembodiedinagreenhouse[3]Asimilarphenomenontakesplaceinacarwhichisparkedoutsideonacoldsunnyday.Incomingsolarradiationwarmstheinteriorofthecarbutoutgoingthermalradiationistrappedinsidetheclosedwindowsofthecars.Thisentrapmentbasicallywarmsupthecar.Thistrappingoccursinsuchawaythatthehotairdoesnotriseanddoesnotloseenergythoughconvention[2].ThisphenomenonisdepictedinFig.3.Fig.3Greenhouseeffectexample[4]InthewordsofMichaelDaley,anAssociateProfessorofEnvironmentalScienceatLasellCollege:"Gasmoleculesthatabsorbthermalinfraredradiation,andareinsignificantenoughquantity,canforcetheclimatesystem.Thesetypesofgasmoleculesarecalledgreenhousegases”.Carbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesactlikeamantle,absorbinginfraredradiationandpreventingitfromescapingintotheouterspace.TheneteffectistheregularheatingoftheEarth'satmosphereandsurface.Thegreenhouseeffect,combinedwithincreasinglevelsofgreenhousegasesandtheresultingglobalwarming,isexpectedtohavephilosophicalimplications.Ifglobalwarmingcontinuesunrestrainedandnothingeffectiveisdonetolimitthisevil,itwillcausesignificantclimatechange,ariseinsealevels,extremeweathereventsandotherruthlessnatural,environmentalandsocialimpacts[2].III.GreenhouseGases:AHazardTherearemanygreenhousegaseswhicharemainlyemittedbyhumanactivity.Thefirstandforemostinthelistiscarbondioxide.Excessiveburningoffossilfuelslikecoalandoilisthemajorfactorforproducingthisgas.Moreover,deforestationi.e.removaloftreesforacquiringlandsalsocauseslargeamountofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere.Cementmanufacturealsocontributescarbondioxidetoatmospherewhencalciumcarbonateisheatedgeneratinglimeandcarbondioxide.Thesecondculpritgasismethane,commonlyknownasnaturalgas.Itisproducedasaresultofagriculturalactivitiessuchaslivestockdigestion,paddyricefarminganduseofmanure.Methaneisalsoproducedduetoimpropermanagementofwaste.Nitrousoxidesaregeneratedmainlybyfertilizers.Moreover,fluorinatedgasessuchaschlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)arechieflyaresultofvariousindustrialprocessesandrefrigeration[5],[6].Fig.4showspictoriallythedistributionofgreenhousegases.Thesegasesareplayingtheirnegativepartinincreasingthehavocofglobalwarming.Theyarecontinuouslycausinganincreaseintheearth’stemperature. DurreesaminJournal(ISSN:2204-9827)AugustVol1Issue4,Year2015Fig.4Distributionofgreenhousegases[7]IV.CausesofGlobalwarmingThemajorcauseofglobalwarmingisthegreenhousegases.Theyincludecarbondioxide,methane,nitrousoxidesandinsomecaseschlorineandbrominecontainingcompounds.Thebuild-upofthesegasesintheatmospherechangestheradiativeequilibriumintheatmosphere.TheiroveralleffectistowarmtheEarth’ssurfaceandtheloweratmospherebecausegreenhousegasesabsorbsomeoftheoutgoingradiationofEarthandre-radiateitbacktowardsthesurface.Thenetwarmingfrom1850totheendofthe20thcenturywasequivalenttonearly2.5W/m2withcarbondioxidecontributionabout60%tothisfigure,methaneabout25percent,withnitrousoxidesandhalocarbonsprovidingtheremainder.In1985,JoeFarman,oftheBritishAntarcticSurvey,publishedanarticleshowingthedecreaseinozonelevelsoverAntarcticaduringtheearly1980s.Theresponsewasstriking:largescaleinternationalscientificprogrammesweremountedtoprovethatCFCs(usedasaerosolpropellantsinindustrialcleaningfluidsandinrefrigerationtools)werethecauseoftheproblem.EvenmoreimportantwasabruptinternationalactiontocurbtheemissionsofCFCs.Thesecondmajorcauseofglobalwarmingisthedepletionofozonelayer.Thishappensmainlyduetothepresenceofchlorine-containingsourcegases.Whenultravioletlightispresent,thesegasesdissociatereleasingchlorineatomswhichthencatalysesozonedestruction.Aerosolspresentintheatmospherearealsocausingglobalwarmingbychangingtheclimateintwodifferentways.Firstly,theyscatterandabsorbsolarandinfraredradiationandsecondly,theymayalterthemicrophysicalandchemicalpropertiesofcloudsandperhapsaffecttheirlifetimeandextent.Thescatteringofsolarradiationactstocooltheplanet,whileabsorptionofsolarradiationbyaerosolswarmstheairdirectlyinsteadofpermittingsunlighttobeabsorbedbythesurfaceoftheEarth.Thehumancontributiontotheamountofaerosolsintheatmosphereisofvariousforms.Forinstance,dustisaby-productofagriculture.Biomassburninggeneratesamixtureoforganicdropletsandsootparticles.Manyindustrialprocessesproduceawidediversityofaerosolsdependingonwhatisbeingburnedorgeneratedinthemanufacturingprocess.Moreover,exhaustemissionsfromvarioussortsoftransportproducearichmixtureofpollutantsthatareeitheraerosolsfromtheoutsetoraretransformedbychemicalreactionsintheatmospheretoformaerosols[8].V.GlobalWarming:TheEffectsPredictingtheconsequencesofglobalwarmingisoneofthemostdifficulttasksfacedbytheclimateresearchers.Thisisduetothefactthatnaturalprocessesthatcauserain,snowfall,hailstorms,riseinsealevelsisreliantonmanydiversefactors.Moreover,itisveryhardtopredictthesizeofemissionsofgreenhousegasesinthefutureyearsasthisisdeterminedmajorlythroughtechnologicaladvancementsandpoliticaldecisions.Globalwarmingproducesmanynegativeeffectssomeofwhicharedescribedhere.Firstly,extrawatervapourwhichispresentintheatmospherefallsagainasrainwhichleadstofloodsinvariousregionsoftheworld.Whentheweatherturnswarmer,evaporationprocessfrombothlandandsearises.Thisleadstodroughtintheregionswhereincreasedevaporationprocessisnotcompensatedbyincreasedprecipitation.Insomeareasoftheworld,thiswillresultincropfailureandfamineparticularlyinareaswherethetemperaturesarealreadyhigh.Theextrawatervapourcontentintheatmospherewillfallagainasextrarainhencecausingflood.Townsandvillageswhicharedependentonthemeltingwaterfromsnowymountainsmaysufferdroughtandscarcityofwatersupply.Itisbecausetheglaciersallovertheworldareshrinkingataveryrapidrateandmeltingoficeappearstobefasterthanpreviouslyprojected.AccordingtoIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),aboutone-sixthofthetotalpopulationoftheworldlivesintheregionswhichshallbeaffectedbyadecreaseinmeltingwater.Thewarmerclimatewilllikelycausemoreheatwaves,moreviolentrainfallandalsoamplificationintheseverityofhailstormsandthunderstorms.Risingofsealevelsisthemostdeadlyaffectofglobalwarming,theriseintemperatureiscausingtheiceandglacierstomeltrapidly.Thiswillleadtoriseofwaterlevelsinoceans,riversandlakesthatcanpilotdevastationintheformoffloods[6].AsevidentfromFig.5,temperatureanomaliesareprojectedtoincreaseincomingyears.Before,the20thcentury,thesituationwaswellundercontrolbutthebeginningofthecurrentcentury,thesituationstartedtoworsen.Thiswasallduetoincreaseinglobalwarmingmajorlyduetothefactthatnewindustriesandpowerhousesstartedoperationandemittedharmfulgaseswhichcausetheplanettoheatup.Thisdataisbasedon DurreesaminJournal(ISSN:2204-9827)AugustVol1Issue4,Year2015theresearchcarriedoutbydifferentclimateandenvironmentalresearchagencies.Fig.5GlobalwarmingprojectionsbyvariousScienceandEngineeringresearchagencies[9]Similarly,Fig.6elaboratestherisksandimpactsofglobalwarminginyearstocome.Ascanbeinferredfromfigure,wearecurrentlyexperiencingseverityofextremeclimateeventsintheformofthunderstorms,floodsandearthquakes.Thisdestructionwilltakeasharphikeifnothingisdonetostopthismenace.Fig.7depictsglobalmeantemperatureintherecentyearsaccordingtoNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA).Thetrendclearlyputsupaseriousquestionforus.Howwillwesurviveonearthgiventheriseintemperaturetoprevail?Fig.6Anassessmentoftherelativeimpactandrisksconnectedwithglobalwarming.Fivecategoriesareassessed.Thebarsarecolour-codedtoshowlevelofimpact/concernforeachfactorasafunctionoftemperatureincrease[9]Fig.7RecentglobalmeantemperaturesaccordingtoNASA[10]VI.EffectsonLivingBeingsGlobalwarmingcanseverelyaffectthehealthoflivingbeings.Excessheatcancausestresswhichmayleadtobloodpressureandheartdiseases.Cropfailuresandfamines,whichareadirectconsequenceofheatingupofearth,cancauseadeclineinhumanbodyresistancetovirusesandinfections.Globalwarmingmayalsotransfervariousdiseasestootherregionsaspeoplewillshiftfromregionsofhighertemperaturestoregionsofcomparativelylowertemperatures.Warmeroceansandothersurfacewatersmayleadtoseverecholeraoutbreaksandharmfulinfectionsinsometypesofseafood[11].Moreover,itisanestablishedfactthatwarmertemperaturesleadtodehydrationwhichisamajorcauseofkidneystones.AmedicalteamfromTheChildren'sHospitalofPhiladelphiaexaminedthehealthproceedingsofmorethan60,000Americansalongsideweatherrecords.Theydiscoveredthatindividualsweremostlikelytobehospitalizedwithkidneystonesthreedaysafteratemperaturerise.Since1994,kidneystoneincidencehasrisenfromaboutonein20peopletoonein11.Thistrendislikelytoincreaseastheglobegetshotter.AccordingtoLuisOstrosky,M.D.oftheDivisionofInfectiousDiseasesatTheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCentreatHoustonMedicalSchoolandmedicaldirectorforepidemiologyatMemorialHermann-TexasMedicalCentre:“Oneinfectionthatisdefinitelymakingaweirdpatternisvalleyfever”.Inhiswords,“ThisisafungalinfectionweusedtoseeonlyinCalifornia,Arizona,NewMexicoandalittleinTexas,butlastyearwefounditforthefirsttimeinWashingtonState.”ThispotentiallydeadlyconditioncausedapprehensioninCaliforniawhenthenumberofcasesincreaseddrasticallyduring2010and2011.Valleyfeverinfectionshavebeenontherise,probablybecauseofwarmingclimatesanddroughtcausingduststorms.Drysoilandwindcancarrysporesthatspreadthevirus.Hotteranddrierclimatesareprojectedtoincreasetheamountofdustingcarryingthisdisease.Researchershavealreadynoticed DurreesaminJournal(ISSN:2204-9827)AugustVol1Issue4,Year2015ariseinmosquito-bornediseaselikedenguefeverandmalariaduetowarmerandlongersummers.Perhapsthemostprominentmosquito-bornedisease,WestNileVirus,hasalreadyexperiencedasharpincreaseinannualcases.AccordingtotheU.S.CentresforDiseaseControlandPrevention,thesummerof2012wasthenastiestWestNileseasononrecord,.Thelikelyreasonwasthatsummer'sscorchingheatanddrought.Lymediseaseisanotherdangerousdiseasewhichistransmittedmainlythroughbitesfromcertaintickspecies[12].Fig.8describesintheformofablockdiagramthathowalterationsinglobalclimatecanaffecthumanhealth.Thebitterestfactisthatitcancausevariousdiseasesanddeprivehumanbeingsofthefood.Fig.8Potentialimpactsofglobalclimatechangeonhumanhealth[13]Globalwarmingisalsoaffectinganimals.Theyneedtomovetocoolerplacesinordertosurvive.Thisprocesshasbeenobservedinvariousplaces,forinstance,intheAlps,inmountainousQueenslandinAustralia,andinthemistyforestsofCostaRica.FishintheNorthSeahavebeenreportedtomovenorthwardstoo.Theimpactsonspeciesarebecomingnoteworthytosuchanextentthattheirmovementscanbeusedasasignofawarmingworld.TheyarethesilentwitnessesoftheswiftchangesbeinginflictedontheEarth.Scientistsandresearcherspredictthatglobalwarmingisgraduallydamagingtheecosystemsofvariousspeciesandisplayingaveryunconstructiveroleinmakingthemextinct.ForinstanceAsia’sonlyape–theorang-utan–isinbottomlesstrouble.ItslastremainingstrongholdsintherainforestsofIndonesiaarebeingendangeredbyarangeofpressures,includingclimatechange,puttingtheanimalatthemenaceofextinctionwithinafewdecades.Withglobalwarmingcontinuallyincreasingthedurationandfrequencyofdroughts,bushfiresareoccurringmoreoftenintheseheavilyloggedforests,furtherfragmentingtheorang-utan’slivingdomain.Similarly,inAfrica,elephantsfaceaseriesofthreatsincludingshrinkinglivingspace,whichbringsthemmoreregularlyintodivergencewithpeople.Withthisreducedlivingspace,elephantswillbeunabletoescapeanychangestotheirnaturalhabitatcausedbyglobalwarming,includingmorecommonandlongerdryperiods,placingfurtherpressureontheirsurvival[14].VII.AlternativeEnergySourcesThehazardscausedbyglobalwarmingaretremendous.Excessiveuseoffossilfuelssuchascoal,naturalgasandoilplayapartinittoo.Theusageoffossilfuelsshouldbediscontinuedimmediately.Themostsignificantsolutiontoputanendtothisdisasteristheuseofalternativeenergysources.Theyincludewind,solar,biomass,geothermalandhydro.Themostnoteworthypointinusingthesesourcesistheircleannature.Theydonotproduceanysortofpollutionortoxicgasesthatcanleadtoglobalwarming.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendlyandposenothreattoecologicalbalance.However,theirhighinstallationandsetupcostsmaydriveenergycompaniesawayfromthematfirstbutinthelongruntheyaresurelybeneficialforeveryone.Mostimportantly,fossilfuelswilldepleteonedayandsoonerorlater,wehavetoturntorenewableenergysourcesforenergyproduction.Thus,theeventualsolutiontoendglobalwarmingistousealternativeenergysources.Fig.9depictsinapictorialwaythatearthcanbesavedfromthehazardsofglobalwarmingifweutiliserenewableenergysources.Fig.9Saveearthfromglobalwarmingbyusingrenewableenergysources[15]Tocounteractthemedicalhazardsofglobalwarming,itisessentialtoturntorenewableenergysources.Public,ingeneral,shouldberesponsibleabouttheirdecisionsonenergyconservationmethods.Thiswillensureahealthyatmosphereandstableclimateforourfuturegenerations.Governmentsshoulddeviseandpasspolicieswhichencouragetheenergycompaniesandpeople,ingeneral,touserenewableenergyinsteadofconventionalenergy,Nongovernmentalorganisations(NGOs)shoulddistributepamphletstopeoplemotivatingthemtousealternativesourcesofenergyanddiscouragethemfromusingfossilfuels.Theyshouldalsoexplaintothemthehazardswhichtheusageoffossilfuelswillcause.Manydevelopedcountriesarealreadygeneratinghugeamountsofpowerusing DurreesaminJournal(ISSN:2204-9827)AugustVol1Issue4,Year2015renewables.Thesecountriesshouldextendtheirhelpinghandtodevelopingcountriestocombattheevilofglobalwarmingcollectively.Usingrenewableenergyisthemosteffectivewaytocurtaintheemissionofgaseswhichplayamajorroleinglobalwarming.Fig.10andFig.11showthattheuseofrenewablesisgraduallyincreasing.Thefigureshouldbemuchmorethanpresentsothatwecantackletheproblemofglobalwarmingtimelyandeffectively.Fig.10Worldfuelconsumptioninrecentyears[16]Fig.11Projectedworldenergymixin2030[17]VIII.OtherSolutionsAselaboratedearlier,toxicemissionsareamajorcauseofglobalwarming,Alikelysolutiontoreduceharmfulemissionsistocuttheusageofvehicleswhichproducethem.Thishasnotbeenmetwithmuchsuccessasmanypeoplerefusetocutdowntheirpracticeofusingcars.Nodoubt,somepeoplehavestartedtousebicyclesandpublictransport,whereassomeotherprefertowalkbutthesenumbersarerelativelysmall.Itshouldbenotedthatfueleconomyandemissionratesarechieffactorstoconsiderregardingthecarchoice.Hybridcarshavehigherefficiencyandloweremissionrates.Keepingthetiresinflatedwillhelpimprovemileageandairfiltersshouldbefrequentlyreplacedtocutdownharmfulemissions.Peopleshouldsharetheridewithfriendsorco-workerstoreducethetotalnumberofvehiclesontheroad.Printandsocialmediacanplayaneffectiveroleincurbingtheproblem.Itshouldusethephilosophyofautomobileadvertisementstoencouragedriverstoconserveenergyandreducepollution.Awarenesscampaignscanbestartedusingplacards,postersandlogossimilartoshowninFigures12-14.Theyareaveryusefulwaytodemonstratethatglobalwarmingisnotgoodfortheplanet.Recyclingisalsoagoodwaytoreduceglobalwarming.Peopleshoulduserechargeablebatteriesinsteadofdisposableones.Qualityproductsshouldbeboughtthathavealonglife.Shoppingshouldbedonefromlocalmarketswhichreducetransportation.Evensmallindividualeffortslikeloweringthethermostatsinwinterandusingcompactfluorescentlampsinsteadofincandescentlampscanaidtoaddresstheissueofglobalwarming.Reforestationschemesmustbestartedtogrowalargenumberoftrees.Forestdegradationanddeforestationmustbediscouragedatgovernmentlevel.Nuclearpowerisalsoapossiblesolutionasthispowerresultsinfeweremissionsbutthismethodshouldbeusedwithcareasitcanleadtosevereaccidentstherefore,themajorhurdleistoovercomethesecurity,propagation,wastedisposalandhighcostsofnuclearpowerifthismethodhastobemadepractical[1].Fig.12showssymbolicallyhowglobalwarmingiscausingtheearthtomelt[18]Fig.13showingasymbolicrepresentationtostopglobalwarming[19] DurreesaminJournal(ISSN:2204-9827)AugustVol1Issue4,Year2015Fig.14depictingthathowhumanbeingsaredestroyingtheearthfortheirownbenefits[20]IX.ConclusionThescientificandenvironmentalcommunityisonthesamepageregardingthebitterrealityofglobalwarmingandtheinvolvementofhumanfactorinit.Thepaperdiscussedherehasonlydentedthesurfaceofwhatisaveryintricatelineofscientificandengineeringexploration.Globalwarmingisabighazardandappropriatemeasuresmustbetakentotacklethisseriousproblem.Thisproblemisnotonlycausingtroubletothehumanbeingsbutalsotoanimalsandplants.Meltingofpolaricecapswillleadtofloodswhichcancausemayhemeverywhere.Riseofsealevelswilldevastateagriculturalandfishingactivities.Toembarkupontheseproblems,someremedialstepsmustbetimelytakenwhichincludebutarenotlimitedtotheuseofrenewablesourcesofenergyandstoppingdeforestation.Innovativesolutionsmustbebroughtforwardtoendthishazardonceandforever.References[1]“Thebigmelt-globalwarming”,http://www.bigmelt.com/introduction-to-global-warming/,Accessed23May2015.[2]MarcL,“Whatisthegreenhouseeffect”,28January2015,http://www.livescience.com/37743-greenhouse-effect.html,Accessed23May2015.[3]“Halluniversalwidegreenhouse”,http://www.hallsgreenhouses.co.uk/halls_universal_12ftx8ft_wide_greenhouse.htm,Accessed23May2015.[4]“Greenhouseeffect”,http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/grnhse.html,Accessed23May2015.[5]“Greenhousegasemissions”,http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/,Accessed23May2015.[6]“Consequencesofgreenhouseeffecttemperaturerises”,http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/climateChange/CCS/consequencesOfTemperatureIncrease.html,Accessed23May2015.[7]MarcL,“Greenhousegasemissions:causesandsources”,10February2015,http://www.livescience.com/37821-greenhouse-gases.html,Accessed23May2015.[8]“CausesofGlobalWarming”.http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_global_warming.php,Accessed29May2015.[9]“GlobalTemperatures”,http://ete.cet.edu/gcc/?/globaltemp_teacherpage/,Accessed29May2015.[10]HovenR,3May2012,“Globalwarmingmeltsaway”,http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2012/05/global_warming_melts_away.html,Accessed29May2015.[11]“ImpactsofGlobalWarming”,http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-effects/health.html,Accessed29May2015.[12]“Diseasesspreadingduetoclimatechange”,http://www.weather.com/health/news/diseases-spreading-due-climate-change-20140714#/1,Accessed29May2015.[13]“Climatechangeandfoodsafety”,https://epianalysis.wordpress.com/2011/12/01/climateandfood/,Accessed29May2015.[14]“Speciesthreatenedbyclimatechange”,http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/problems/impacts/species/,Accessed29May2015.[15]“Renewableenergyresources”,https://www.pinterest.com/pin/569494315354256951/,Accessed29May2015.[16]“Ourfiniteworld”,http://ourfiniteworld.com/2013/03/20/renewables-good-for-some-things-not-so-good-for-others/,Accessed29May2015.[17]“Greenenergyindustry”,http://jatrogreentech.com/overview-2/,Accessed29May2015.[18]“Globalwarmingissouncool”,http://kristian.bjornard.com/work/print/global-warming-so-uncool.html,Accessed29May2015.[19]“25superbPostersonGlobalWarming”,http://www.webgranth.com/25-superb-posters-on-global-warming-a-sensitive-issue,Accessed29May2015.[20]“Globalwarmingawarenessposters”,http://digitalmofo.com/36-global-warming-awareness-posters-pics/,Accessed29May2015. Citations(59)References(5)...Itisevidentthattheclimatehasbeenchangingforaverylongtimethroughouttheworld'shistory[13].Thechangeinclimateandtemperatureweseetodayarecausedbyfactorssuchashumanfactorsornaturalfactors[14].Astudyconductedby[12]revealedthatmostofthesechangesintheglobalclimateareassociatedwithalittlevariationintheearth'sorbitthatchangesthelevelofenergycomingfromthesuntotheearth.......[34]recommendedthatallstakeholdersinthevaluechainandthepolicymakersshouldincludeclimatechangemitigationstrategiesinshortandlong-termplanning.[14]arguedthatclimatechangeisindeedoneoftheseriousandlife-threateningenvironmentalissuesallovertheworld,andNigeriaisnoexception.Theruralpopulationofthecountryproducesmorethan70%ofthefoodconsumedbyNigerians.......Severalstudiesrecommendedtheuseofgoodagriculturalpracticessuchasprecisionfarminginagriculture,theuseofclimate-smarttechnologiestoreducegreenhousegasemissionsfromagriculturewhileincreasingproductivity.Accordingto[14],usingarenewablesourceofenergyisonewaytofighttheever-growingimpactofclimatechangeonagribusiness.Again[47]suggestedtheuseofprecisionfarmingtechniquestoincreaseproductivityintheagribusinessvaluechain....AReviewofClimateChangeImpactsonAgribusinessValueChaininNigeriaArticleFull-textavailableAug2021ToongHaiSamZainabLawanGwadabeWongCheeHooGeorgeTaylorThispaperaimstoreviewtheimpactofclimatechangeonNigeria'sagribusinessvaluechain.Inthisstudy,theresearcherreviewedrecentandpopularacademicjournalsintheareaofclimatechangeandagriculturalvaluechains.Thisreviewprocessaimstostrengthentheexistingliteratureinthisfieldofstudy.Aftercarefullyreviewingtheliterature,thepaperrevealedthatthechangeintheglobalclimatehasasignificantimpactontheagribusinessvaluechain.TheNigerianagriculturalvaluechainconsistsofthepre-upstream,upstream,mid-stream,anddownstream.Allthestreamsaredirectlyorindirectlyaffectedbyclimatechange.Theclimatechangeimpactvariesacrossthevaluechain;itaffectseachstreamwithadifferentmagnitude.Thereviewalsorevealedthatclimatechangehasasignificanteffectonthefoodproductionvaluechainwithahigherimpactonpre-upstreamandupstreamwhencomparedtomidanddownstream.Suggestionspresentedinthispaperincludefocusingongreenhousegasreduction,practicingprecisionfarming,usingareusablesourceofenergy,takingadvantageofIoT,andclimate-smartagriculturaltechnologies.Thisreviewwillhelpthevaluechainstakeholderstounderstandhowtoachievesustainabilityonthevaluechainandunderstandhowtomitigateoradapttoclimatechangeimpacts....Humanactivitiesresultsinemissionsforfourmaingreenhousegases(GHGs):carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),andhydrofluorocarbons(HFCs).Thesegasesaccumulateinatmosphere,thenaffectingtheEarth'senergybalance(Shahzad,2015).Themainpartoftheseemissionscamefromcombustionfossilfueltouseintransportation,electricityproduction,buildingheatingandcooling,manufactureofcementandothergoods....RelationbetweenCO2emissionsandcrudeoilcombustioninIraqArticleFull-textavailableOct2021AhmedS.HassanHasanM.AzeezFossilfuelisthemainsourceforCO2emissionsthatcausesglobalwarming.Thisfactisthestartingpointforthispaper,thatconsideronthreedifferentsourcesofdata:crudeoilusedtocalculateCO2emissionsforIraqfortheperiodfrom1980to2018;annualdataoftotalCO2emissionsavailablefromtheCarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter(CDIAC)forIraqandtheworldfortheperiodfrom1980to2014;andCO2concentrationsforIraqfortheperiodfrom2002to2006andfortheworldfortheperiodfrom1980to2018.Theresultisamultifacetedaccordingtothedatasetsources.CarbondioxideemissionscalculatedfromIraqicrudeoilwasincreasedfrom1.29Mtin2012to1.97Mtin2018.TheworldandIraqCO2emissionswithdifferentslopofaveragelinethatwas0.5forworld,0.003forIraq,whileincreasedexponentialfunctionfrom2008to2014toreach36and0.17Mt,respectively.ThehighestvalueofIraqiCO2concentrationwas403ppmin2016,whiletheglobalCO2concentrationsslowlyincreasedwithsloplineequalto1.75ppmperyear,fromminimumvalueof338.6ppmwasin1980,whilemaximumvalueof407.05ppmwasin2018,that’smeannodecreasedinCO2concentrationunlessemissionsaddressed....Theimpactofthecombustionoffossilfuelsonhumanhealth,environment,andclimaticconditionscannotbeoveremphasized;theriseintheglobalmeantemperature,globalwarming,andgreenhousegasemissions[1,2].Thisisduetooverdependenceonfossilfuelsastheprimarysourceofenergy....ImprovingtheCombustionPropertiesofCorncobBiomassviaTorrefactionforSolidFuelApplicationsArticleFull-textavailableOct2021IbitoyeSegunEmmanuelTien-ChienJenRasheedatModupeMahamoodEstherTitilayoAkinlabiTheoverdependenceonfossilsastheprimaryenergysourcehasledtoclimatechange,globalwarming,andtheemissionofgreenhousegas.Asaresult,theUnitedNations,whilesettingthegoalsfortheyear2030,hasmadetheprovisionofagreenenvironmentandenergyoneofthetoppriorities.Inthisstudy,thesuitabilityofcorncobforgreenenergyproductionwasinvestigated.Theimprovementofcorncob’sthermalandcombustionpropertiesviathetorrefactionprocesswasconsideredforsolidfuelapplications.Therawcorncobwascollected,sorted,anddriedforsevendaysbeforebeingusedforthetorrefactionexperiment.Differenttorrefactiontemperatures(200,240,and260°C)andresidencetimes(20,40,60min)werestudied.Therewasnoparticlereduction—samplesweretorrefiedascollected(wholecorncob).Theresultsshowthattorrefactiontemperatureandresidencetimeaffectthetorrefactionproductsyieldsalongwiththeirproperties.Thermalandcombustionpropertieswereimprovedwithanincreaseintorrefactiontemperatureandresidencetime.Thehigherheatingvalueandenergydensityofthetorrefiedcorncobvariedbetween17.26and18.89MJ/kg,and3.23and5.66GJ/m3,respectively.Hightorrefactiontemperatureandresidencetimeleadtolowsolidyield;however,liquidandgasyieldsincreasewithtorrefactiontemperatureandresidencetime.Thesolidyieldsvariedfrom27.57to52.23%,whiletheliquidandgasyieldsvariedfrom31.56to44.78%and16.21to27.65%,respectively.Thepropertiesofcorncobimproveaftertorrefactionandaresuitableforsolidfuelapplication....Thiscontinuousriseintemperatureoveralongperiodoftimehasgivenrisetoglobalwarming.Since1850,Earthhaswarmedequivalenttonearly2.5W/m2withcarbondioxidecontributingabout60%tothisfigure,methaneabout25percent,withnitrousoxidesandhalocarbonsprovidingtheremainder6.AnothermajorcauseofglobalwarmingisdepletionoftheozonelayerduetoCFC's,onceusedasrefrigerantsandaerosolpropellants....GlobalwarmingInducedStressanditsImpactonBiodiversityArticleFull-textavailableMay2021JitendraPatilParimitaSharmaKuldeepMhatreBiodiversityprovidesnumerousecologicallyessentialservices.Itincludesincreaseinecosystemproductivity,promotionofformationandprotectionofsoil,improvementofnutrientstorageandrecycling,helpsinbreakingdownpollutants,climatestability,morefoodresources,fasterrecoveryfromnaturaldisasters,etc.Atleast40%oftheworld'seconomyisderiveddirectlyfrombiologicalresources.However,biodiversityisgoingtodeclinebothqualitativelyandquantitativelyinfutureduetomultipleanthropogenicandfewnaturalpressures.Amongthesepressures,globalwarminghasseverelyaffectedtheecosystemandthebiodiversityassociatedwithit.TheIUCNpredictedthat4161speciesarebeingthreatenedbyclimatechange.Thecurrentvelocityandmagnitudeofclimatechangetrendsleadingtoincreasedextinctionrates.Globalwarmingisbeingoneofthecausesaffectingbiodiversitydifferentlyacrossvariousregionsglobally.UnderthisCOVID-19pandemiccondition,theenvironmentalrestorationprocessisalsogoingonasmostofthenationsfollowedcompleteorpartiallockdownaspreventivemeasurefromthespreadofCOVID-19.Inadditiontoairpollution,emissionsofgreenhousegases(GHGs)havealsodroppedthroughouttheworldduringthelockdownperiod.Itgivesusachancetolearnmoreaboutthehumanimpactontheenvironment.Theeffectofnationwidelockdownontheenvironmentmaynotbeclearlyunderstoodduetoashortduration,anditmaybetemporary.However,governmentsandindividualsshouldlearnfromthislockdownonhowtoreducepollutiononalong-termbasis.Even2-3dayscompleteworldwidelockdownperyearinthefuturemayhelptorestoretheenvironment....FenomenainimenyebabkanIndonesiamengalamipenurunancurahhujan(Arjasakusumaetal,2018).ENSOakanlebihekstremdanintensifseiringadanyaperubahaniklimyangdisebabkanolehpemanasanglobalkarenaakanmeningkatansuhudipermukaanbumi(Riphah,2015).PenurunancurahhujanyangdrastisakanmenyebabkankekeringandiIndonesiasalahsatunyadiPulauJawa....IDENTIFIKASISEBARANKERENTANANKEKERINGANPERTANIANMENGGUNAKANANALYTICALHIERARCHYPROCESS(AHP)DIKABUPATENTEMANGGUNGArticleFull-textavailableAug2021IkafFajarMaulanaSudaryatnoSudaryatnoRetnadiHeruJatmikoThedecreasedrainfallinIndonesiaismainlyinfluencedbytheeastmonsoonsoairpressurefromthesouthernhemispherewhichisdrywillflowthroughIndonesia.Inarelativelylongtime,thismaycausedroughtconditiononagriculturallandinIndonesiaingeneralandinTemanggungRegencyinparticular.Inaddition,ENSO(ElNinoSouthernOscillation)contributedtothedecreasedrainfallinIndonesia.Thisphenomenonwillbemoreintensiveandextremewiththeexistenceofglobalwarming.Theidentificationofvulnerabilityofagriculturaldroughtisanefforttomitigatedisasters.ThisstudyaimstodeterminethedistributionofagriculturaldroughtanddeterminethefactorsthatinfluenceagriculturaldroughtinTemangungRegency.TheresearchmethodusedtheAnalyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP)tobuildamodelofagriculturaldroughtvulnerabilitybyconsideringseveralfactors.Theresultsshowedthattheareaofagriculturallandwhichisvulnerableandveryvulnerabletodroughtis86,2km2and74,14km2,whileagriculturallandwithmoderatevulnerabilityis208,21km2,andagriculturallandwhichisnotvulnerableandverynotvulnerabletodroughtis128,15km2and267,33km2.ThemainfactorasadeterminantofagriculturaldroughtinTemanggungRegencyisrainfall.Meanwhile,thenextfactoristherespectivelandcoverandsoiltexture.ThisresearchconcludesthattheeffectofslopeisnotabigimpactonagriculturaldroughtinTemanggungRegency....Inurbanareas,frequentanthropogenicactivitiesincreasetheeffectsofgreenhouseintheatmosphere.Consequently,theincreaseinthegreenhouseeffectleadstoariseintemperature(Shahzad,2015).Apartfromtheincreaseinthegreenhouseeffectintheatmosphere,UrbanHeatIslandmanifestsinmosturbanenvironments,whichleadstotheriseinatmospherictemperature....Effectsofvegetationcoversforoutdoorthermalimprovement:ACaseStudyatAbubakarTafawaBalewaUniversity,Bauchi,NigeriaArticleFull-textavailableJul2021AbdulkarimKabiruHarunaAzmiahAbdGhafarYokeLAILeeIsmailbinSaidFrequentincreasesintemperatureandrelatedconsequenceshavebeenthetrendingphenomenonforovertendecades,withageneralriseofabout0.740C.ThisstudyevaluatestheeffectsofdifferentpercentagecoversoftreecanopiesforoutdoorthermalimprovementofcampusareasinBauchi,Nigeria.Firstly,thestudyinvolveson-sitemeasurementofexistingfeaturesonthesiteandtheclimaticconditions.Secondly,performingsimulationforevaluationoftheplant-surface-atmosphereinteractionswithEnvi-metVersion4.4.2.Thevegetationeffectswereevaluatedforoutdoorairtemperatureandmeanradianttemperature(MRT)reduction.Itisfoundthatthemaximumairtemperaturereductionof3.380Cand24.240CofMRTwereachievedwithupto45%treecanopycoverage.ThemeanairtemperatureandMRTreductionof0.630Cand4.800Cwererespectivelyachievedwiththesamepercentagecoverageofthecanopies.However,itwasfoundthatthethermalreductioneffectsofvegetationdonotapplytoeveryhouroftheday.Inessence,properplanningandimplementationofcampusoutdoorspacesisthekeyfactorinimprovingitsthermalconditions.Thus,adheringtothepracticalrecommendationsbringasignificantimprovementinamelioratingtheriseinatmospherictemperatureoncampusoutdoors.COMPARATIVESTUDYBETWEENGEOTHERMALANDSOLARHVACSYSTEMSArticleOct2021FnyessAlajmiAmerAlajmiAhmedAlrashidiNaserAlrashidiManyapplicationsdependmainlyonheatenergy,suchassolarandgeothermalheatpumps.‎Thereisahighincreaseintheuseofapplicationsthatdependonrenewableenergy.The‎mainobjectiveofthisprojectistostudytheheatingsystemsandgeothermalheatpumps.‎Thisstudyalsoinvestigatedsolarheatpumpsandthegeothermalefficiencytooptimizeits‎strategicplan.Aperformancefactor(COP)wasusedtoassesstheefficiencyofboth‎geothermalandsolarsystems.Toapplythemethodology,acasestudywasused.The‎resultsinthethermalenergysystemarethatsolarenergyisbetterandmorecost-effectivein‎termsofcapital.Therevenuesforthesolarsystemafter25yearswerehigherthanthe‎revenuesforthegeothermalsystem.Furthermore,solarpowerhasashorterpaybacktime‎makingitsuperiorforasimilarlifespan,soitwasclearthattheexpenditureonsolarpower‎wassaferthantheexpenditureongeothermalpower.SimulatedannealingmetaheuristicwithgreedyimprovementforroadsegmentsselectionproblemConferencePaperJun2021DobroslavGrygarMichalKohániImpactsofClimateChangeonLivestockandRelatedFoodSecurityImplications—OverviewoftheSituationinPakistanandPolicyRecommendationsChapterJul2021HammadAhmedHashmiAzaiezBelgacemMohamedBehnassi,PhDMirzaBarjeesBaigPakistanisanagriculturalcountryandlivestockplaysapivotalrole,withthedemandforproteinbeingmetprimarilybylivestockproduction.Livestockcontributesmorethan60%toagricultureand11.22%tothecountry’sGDP.Itisestimatedthatover35millionpeopleengageinlivestock-relatedactivities.Meatproductionhasincreasedduringthepastdecades,especiallypoultry.Climatechangeisseverelyaffectinganimalproductivityinresource-poorcountrieslikePakistandirectlybyheatstressandindirectlybychangesintheecosystem.Pakistanhastheworld’slargestintegratedirrigationsystem;however,waterscarcityhaspushedfarmerstoshiftcultivationfromwater-intensivecropslikerice,wheat,cotton,andsugarcanetoothercropsandvegetables,whichrequirelesswater,thusmakingincreasedpressureonthefoodmarket.ThecountrystillsuffersadeficiencyinCrudeProteinandTotalDigestibleNutrients(TDN)forlargeandsmallruminantsintheirdiet.Adetailedunderstandingiswarrantedtoanticipatethefutureimpactsofclimatechangeontheproductivityofruminants.Thereisadrasticeffectontheperformanceofwaterbuffaloes/cattleandtheircalvesintermsofgrowthandproduction,whileahigherTemperatureHumidityIndex(THI)hasthemostadverseeffectsonexoticcattle.Theperformanceofsmallruminants(aprimarysourceofanimalprotein)isalsoadverselyaffectedbyariseintemperature,becomingmoreseverewithincreasingatmospherichumidityalongwithhightemperatures.Moreover,becauseoftheCOVID-19Pandemic,theimportanceofclimatechangeandthevalueoffoodsecurityareexpectedtoincreaseevenmore.Mitigationmeasuresaresuggestedtoaddressproductivitylossesinthelivestockfoodsupply,asthepopulationgrows.CarbonCapture:InnovationforaGreenEnvironmentChapterJul2021NishuKhuranaNikitaGoswamiRanajitSarmahDevanshiThemomentaftersunlightentersintotheearth’satmosphere,morethanhalfofitsactualamountisconfinedinitsenvelopeandisabsorbedbythegeosphere,andtheremainingproportionisreflectedinspace.Eventually,theglobewarmsupbecauseoftheabsorbedradiations.GreenhousegasemissionsArticleJan2014IngaKonstantinavičiūtėSteigvilėByčenkienėE.KairieneT.AukštinaitisTheGREENHOUSEEFFECTinEFFECTArticleMay2005JEPIDEMIOLCOMMUNHL.TafariGreenhousegasemissions:causesandsourcesCausesofGlobalWarmingMar2015LMarcMarcL,"Greenhousegasemissions:causesand sources", 10 February 2015, http://www.livescience.com/37821-greenhousegases.html,Accessed23May2015. [8]"Causes of Global Warming". http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes _of_global_warming.php,Accessed29May2015. [9]"Global Temperatures", http://ete.cet.edu/gcc/?/globaltemp_teacherpage/, Accessed29May2015.GlobalwarmingmeltsawayMay2012RHovenHovenR,3May2012,"Globalwarmingmelts away", http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2012/0 5/global_warming_melts_away.html,Accessed 29May2015.WhatisthegreenhouseeffectJan2015LMarcMarcL,"Whatisthegreenhouseeffect",28 January2015,http://www.livescience.com/37743-greenhouse-effect.html,Accessed23May2015.AdvertisementRecommendedpublicationsDiscovermoreArticlePowercapacityexpands,costsdeclinegloballyApril2017·Chemical&EngineeringNewsGlennHessAccordingtotheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammetheworldaddedrecordlevelsofrenewableenergycapacityin2016asthedeclineincleantechnologycostspersisted.Intheglobaltrendsanalysissolarwindgeothermalsmallhydromarinesourcesbiomassandwaste-to-energyadded138.5GWtoglobalpowercapacityin2016upfrom127.5GWaddedin2015.Theaddedgeneratingcapacityroughly...[Showfullabstract]equalsthatoftheworld's16largestexistingpower-producingfacilitiescombined.Overallglobalinvestmentinrenewableenergyin2015was$241.6billionandwasnearlydoublethatinfossilfuelgenerationbutwas23%lowerthanin2015.Thelowerinvestmentwasbecauseofthedecreasingcostofcleanenergycomparedwiththatofconventionalfuels.ReadmoreArticleFull-textavailableAQuantitativeComparisonofWindandSolarEnergyMarch2016UmairShahzadThisistheageofrenewableenergytechnology.Gonearethedays,whenconventionalenergysourcesweregivensignificance.Thesesourcesincludecoal,oilandnaturalgas.Theyareamajorcauseofairpollution.Moreover,theywillenduponedayandhencecannotbereliedupon.Duetotheselargeamountofdemerits,theusageofconventional(nonrenewable)fossilsfuelsisbeing...[Showfullabstract]discontinued.Theyarebeinggraduallyreplacedbyrenewablesourcesofenergysuchassolar,wind,hydroandbiomass.Whenitcomestoselectionbetweenwindandsolarenergy,manyimportantfactorsneedtobeconsidered.Thispaperbrieflypresentsmeritsanddemeritsofbothtypesofsourcesalongwiththeirchallenges.Viewfull-textArticleFull-textavailableAlternativeEnergySources:TheQuestforSustainableEnergy[bookreview]April2007·IEEEPowerandEnergyMagazineSaifurRahmanThisbookpresentsalargeamountofdatadealingwiththeconventionalandalternateenergyresourcesandhowtheyareused.Thebookiscomprisedoftenchaptersandcoverssomeofthefollowingtopics:adiscussionaboutfossilfuels,includingcoal-firedpowerplants;sustainabledevelopment,andtheroleofnaturalgas;environmentalimpactsofenergyconsumption;nuclearenergy;and...[Showfullabstract]renewableenergyresourcessuchassolar,wind,hydro,tidal.wave,biomass,andgeothermalsources.Thebookprovideslotsofdata,butnotinanorganizedway.Italsoappearsthattheselectionoffuelsandenergysupplyalternativesseemtobearbitrary.Despitethebook'stitle,morethanhalfofthepagesdiscussenergyfromfossilfuelsandtheirimpactontheenvironment.Viewfull-textConferencePaperFull-textavailableInverterControlStrategiesinSolarPVSystemswithAdaptiveDCLinkTechnology-AReviewMarch2018AnjaliRajendranNeethiRNairKanakasabapathyPonnusamyEver-risingconcernsonclimaticchangesandaccelerated depletionoffossilfuelsraisedbytheworldneeds animmediateactiontoacceleratethecleanenergygeneration withavailablerenewableenergyresources(RES).Hencethe involvementofalternativeenergysourcesisgrowingatafaster pace.Therearemanyrenewablesourceslikesolar,wind,hydro, geothermal,etcbutonlyafewpertain...[Showfullabstract]theadequatepotential. 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