Europa (consort of Zeus) - Wikipedia

In Greek mythology, Europa was a Phoenician princess of Argive Greek origin, and the mother of King Minos of Crete. The continent of Europe is named after ... Europa(consortofZeus) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Greekmythologycharacter,daughterofAgenor "TheRapeofEuropa"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeTheRapeofEuropa(disambiguation). EuropaEuropaonthebackofZeusturnedintoabull.AfrescoatPompeii,contemporarywithOvid.AbodeCretePersonalinformationBornTyre,Phoenicia,(modern-dayLebanon)[citationneeded]ParentsAgenorwitheitherTelephassaorArgiope;alternativelyPhoenixandPerimedeSiblingsCadmus,Cilix,PhoenixConsortAsterion,ZeusChildrenMinos,Rhadamanthys,Sarpedon,Crete,Alagonia,Carnus InGreekmythology,Europa(/jʊəˈroʊpə,jə-/;AncientGreek:Εὐρώπη,Eurṓpē,AtticGreekpronunciation: [eu̯.rɔ̌ː.pɛː])wasaPhoenicianprincessofArgiveGreekorigin,andthemotherofKingMinosofCrete.ThecontinentofEuropeisnamedafterher.ThestoryofherabductionbyZeusintheformofabullwasaCretanstory;asclassicistKárolyKerényipointsout,"mostofthelove-storiesconcerningZeusoriginatedfrommoreancienttalesdescribinghismarriageswithgoddesses.ThiscanespeciallybesaidofthestoryofEuropa."[1] Europa'searliestliteraryreferenceisintheIliad,whichiscommonlydatedtothe8thcenturyBC.[2]AnotherearlyreferencetoherisinafragmentoftheHesiodicCatalogueofWomen,discoveredatOxyrhynchus.[3]Theearliestvase-paintingsecurelyidentifiableasEuropadatesfromthemid-7thcenturyBC.[4] Contents 1Etymology 2Family 3Mythology 4Cult 4.1AstarteandEuropa 4.2Interpretation 5Argivegenealogy 6Inartandliterature 7Gallery 8Namesakes 8.1Continent 8.1.1Chemicalelement 8.2MoonofJupiter 9Notes 10References 11Furtherreading 11.1Primarysources 11.2Secondarysources 12Externallinks Etymology[edit] Furtherinformation:Europe§ Name StatueofEuroparepresentingEuropeatPalazzoFerreriaGreekΕὐρώπη(Eurṓpē)containstheelementsεὐρύς(eurus),"wide,broad"[5]andὤψ/ὠπ-/ὀπτ-(ōps/ōp-/opt-)"eye,face,countenance".[6]BroadhasbeenanepithetofEarthherselfinthereconstructedProto-Indo-Europeanreligion.[7] ItiscommoninancientGreekmythologyandgeographytoidentifylandsorriverswithfemalefigures.Thus,EuropaisfirstusedinageographiccontextintheHomericHymntoDelianApollo,inreferencetothewesternshoreoftheAegeanSea.[8] Asanameforapartoftheknownworld,itisfirstusedinthe6thcenturyBCbyAnaximanderandHecataeus.[9] Theweaknessofanetymologywithεὐρύς(eurus),is1.thatthe-ustemofεὐρύςdisappearsinΕὐρώπηEuropaand2.theexpectedformεὐρυώπηeuryopathatretainsthe-usteminfactexists. AnalternativesuggestionduetoErnestKleinandGiovanniSemerano(1966)attemptedtoconnectaSemitictermfor"west",Akkadianerebumeaning"togodown,set"(inreferencetothesun),Phoenician'ereb"evening;west",whichwouldparalleloccident(theresemblancetoErebus,fromPIE*h1regʷos,"darkness",isaccidental,however).Barry(1999)adducesthewordErebonanAssyrianstelewiththemeaningof"night","[thecountryof]sunset",inoppositiontoAsu"[thecountryof]sunrise",i.e.Asia(AnatoliacomingequallyfromἈνατολή,"(sun)rise","east").[10]Thisproposalismostlyconsideredunlikelyoruntenable.[note1][11][12] Family[edit] ThebirthplaceofEuropa,Tyre,Lebanon SourcesdifferindetailsregardingEuropa'sfamily,butagreethatsheisPhoenician,andfromanArgivelineagethatultimatelydescendedfromtheprincessIo,themythicalnymphbelovedofZeus,whowastransformedintoaheifer.SheisgenerallysaidtobethedaughterofAgenor,thePhoenicianKingofTyre;[13]theSyracusanpoetMoschus[14]makeshermotherQueenTelephassa("far-shining")butelsewherehermotherisArgiope("silver-faced").[note2]Othersources,suchastheIliad,claimthatsheisthedaughterofAgenor'sson,the"sun-red"Phoenix.[15][16]Itisgenerallyagreedthatshehadtwobrothers,Cadmus,whobroughtthealphabettomainlandGreece,andCilixwhogavehisnametoCiliciainAsiaMinor,withtheauthorofBibliothekeincludingPhoenixasathird.SosomeinterpretthisasherbrotherPhoenix(whenheisassumedtobesonofAgenor)gavehissiblings'nametohisthreechildrenandthisEuropa(bythiscase,nieceofformer)isalsolovedbyZeus,butbecauseofthesamename,gavesomeconfusionstoothers.AfterarrivinginCrete,EuropahadthreesonsfatheredbyZeus:Minos,Rhadamanthus,andSarpedon,thefirsttwobecomingjudgesoftheUnderworld,alongsideAeacusofAegina,whentheydied.[13][17]InCreteshemarriedAsterionalsorenderedAsteriusandbecamemother(orstep-mother)ofhisdaughterCrete.PausaniaswrotethatthepoetPraxillamakesCarnusasonofEuropa.[18] ComparativetableofEuropa'sfamily Relation Names Sources Alcman Hom. Sch.Iliad Hes. Hella. Bacchy. Sch.Eurip Mosc Con Diod. Apollod. Hyg. Pau. Non. Parentage Phoenix ✓[note3] ✓ ✓ ✓[note3] ✓ ✓ PhoenixandCassiopeia ✓ PhoenixandTelephassa ✓ PhoenixandTelephe ✓ PhoenixandPerimede ✓ Agenor ✓ AgenorandTelephassa ✓ AgenorandArgiope ✓ ✓ Siblings Phineus ✓ ✓[note4] ✓ Astypale ✓ ✓ Phoenice ✓ Peirus ✓ Cadmus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Thasus ✓ Phoenix ✓ Cilix ✓ Adonis ✓ Consorts Zeus ✓ ✓ ✓ Asterius ✓ Children Minos ✓ ✓[note5] ✓ ✓ Rhadamanthys ✓ ✓ Sarpedon ✓ Carnus ✓ Mythology[edit] TheAbductionofEuropabyRembrandt,1632 TheDictionaryofClassicalMythologyexplainsthatZeuswasenamouredofEuropaanddecidedtoseduceorrapeher,thetwobeingnear-equivalentinGreekmyth.[19]Hetransformedhimselfintoatamewhitebullandmixedinwithherfather'sherds.WhileEuropaandherhelpersweregatheringflowers,shesawthebull,caressedhisflanks,andeventuallygotontohisback.Zeustookthatopportunityandrantotheseaandswam,withheronhisback,totheislandofCrete.Hethenrevealedhistrueidentity,andEuropabecamethefirstqueenofCrete.ZeusgaveheranecklacemadebyHephaestus[3]andthreeadditionalgifts:thebronzeautomatonguardTalos,thehoundLaelapswhoneverfailedtocatchhisquarry,andajavelinthatnevermissed.Zeuslaterre-createdtheshapeofthewhitebullinthestars,whichisnowknownastheconstellationTaurus.ItshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeCretanBullthatfatheredtheMinotaurandwascapturedbyHeracles.RomanmythologyadoptedthetaleoftheRaptus,alsoknownas"TheAbductionofEuropa"and"TheSeductionofEuropa",substitutingthegodJupiterforZeus. ThemythofEuropaandZeusmayhaveitsorigininasacredunionbetweenthePhoeniciandeities`Aštarand`Aštart(Astarte),inbovineform.HavinggivenbirthtothreesonsbyZeus,EuropamarriedakingAsterios,thisbeingalsothenameoftheMinotaurandanepithetofZeus,likelyderivedfromthename`Aštar.[20] AccordingtoHerodotus'rationalizingapproach,EuropawaskidnappedbyGreeks(probablyCretans),whowereseekingtoavengethekidnappingofIo,aprincessfromArgos.Hisvariantstorymayhavebeenanattempttorationalizetheearliermyth;orthepresentmythmaybeagarbledversionoffacts—theabductionofaPhoenicianaristocrat—laterenunciatedwithoutglossbyHerodotus. Cult[edit] TerracottafigurinefromAthens,c.460–480BC AstarteandEuropa[edit] IntheterritoryofPhoenicianSidon,LucianofSamosata(2ndcenturyAD)wasinformedthatthetempleofAstarte,whomLucianequatedwiththemoongoddess,wassacredtoEuropa: ThereislikewiseinPhœniciaatempleofgreatsizeownedbytheSidonians.TheycallitthetempleofAstarte.IholdthisAstartetobenootherthanthemoon-goddess.ButaccordingtothestoryofoneoftheprieststhistempleissacredtoEuropa,thesisterofCadmus.ShewasthedaughterofAgenor,andonherdisappearancefromEarththePhœnicianshonouredherwithatempleandtoldasacredlegendabouther;howthatZeuswasenamouredofherforherbeauty,andchanginghisformintothatofabullcarriedheroffintoCrete.ThislegendIheardfromotherPhœniciansaswell;andthecoinagecurrentamongtheSidoniansbearsuponittheeffigyofEuropasittinguponabull,noneotherthanZeus.ThustheydonotagreethatthetempleinquestionissacredtoEuropa.[13] Theparadox,asitseemedtoLucian,wouldbesolvedifEuropaisAstarteinherguiseasthefull,"broad-faced"moon. Interpretation[edit] Thereweretwocompetingmyths[21]relatinghowEuropacameintotheHellenicworld,buttheyagreedthatshecametoCrete(Kríti),wherethesacredbullwasparamount.InthemorefamiliartellingshewasseducedbythegodZeusintheformofabull,whobreathedfromhismouthasaffroncrocus[3]andcarriedherawaytoCreteonhisback—tobewelcomedbyAsterion,[note6]butaccordingtothemoreliteral,euhemeristversionthatbeginstheaccountofPersian-HelleneconfrontationsofHerodotus,[note7]shewaskidnappedbyCretans,wholikewiseweresaidtohavetakenhertoCrete.ThemythicalEuropacannotbeseparatedfromthemythologyofthesacredbull,whichhadbeenworshippedintheLevant.In2012,anarchaeologicalmissionoftheBritishMuseumledbyLebanesearchaeologist,ClaudeDoumetSerhal,discoveredatthesiteoftheoldAmericanschoolinSidon,LebanoncurrencythatdepictsEuroparidingthebullwithherveilflyingalloverlikeabow,furtherproofofEuropa'sPhoenicianorigin.[22] EuropadoesnotseemtohavebeenvenerateddirectlyincultanywhereinclassicalGreece,[note8]butatLebadaeainBoeotia,Pausaniasnotedinthe2ndcenturyADthatEuropawastheepithetofDemeter—"DemeterwhomtheysurnameEuropaandsaywasthenurseofTrophonios"—amongtheOlympianswhowereaddressedbyseekersatthecavesanctuaryofTrophoniosofOrchomenus,towhomachthoniccultandoraclewerededicated:"thegroveofTrophoniosbytheriverHerkyna ...thereisalsoasanctuaryofDemeterEuropa ...thenurseofTrophonios."[23] Argivegenealogy[edit] ArgivegenealogyinGreekmythology vte InachusMelia ZeusIoPhoroneus EpaphusMemphis LibyaPoseidon BelusAchiroëAgenorTelephassa DanausElephantisAegyptusCadmusCilixEuropaPhoenix MantineusHypermnestraLynceusHarmoniaZeus Polydorus SpartaLacedaemonOcaleaAbasAgaveSarpedonRhadamanthus Autonoë EurydiceAcrisiusInoMinos ZeusDanaëSemeleZeus PerseusDionysus Colourkey:  Male  Female  Deity Inartandliterature[edit] EuropaandbullonaGreekvase.TarquiniaMuseum,Italy,circa480BCE SceneofZeusintheformofabullabductingEuropafromanApulianred-figuredinos,datingc.370–c.330BCE,nowheldintheEskenaziMuseumofArt EuropaprovidedthesubstanceofabriefHellenisticepicwritteninthemid-2ndcenturyBCEbyMoschus,abucolicpoetandfriendoftheAlexandriangrammarianAristarchusofSamothrace,bornatSyracuse.[note9] InMetamorphosesBookII,thepoetOvidwrotethefollowingdepictionofJupiter'sseduction: Andgraduallyshelostherfear,andhe Offeredhisbreastforhervirgincaresses, Hishornsforhertowindwithchainsofflowers Untiltheprincessdaredtomounthisback Herpetbull'sback,unwittingwhomsherode. Then—slowly,slowlydownthebroad,drybeach— Firstintheshallowwavesthegreatgodset Hisspurioushooves,thensaunteredfurtherout 'tilintheopenseaheborehisprize Fearfilledherheartas,gazingback,shesaw Thefastrecedingsands.Herrighthandgrasped Ahorn,theotherlentuponhisback Herflutteringtunicfloatedinthebreeze. Hispicturesquedetailsbelongtoanecdoteandfable:inallthedepictions,whethershestraddlesthebull,asinarchaicvase-paintingsortheruinedmetopefragmentfromSikyon,orsitsgracefullysidesaddleasinamosaicfromNorthAfrica,thereisnotraceoffear.OftenEuropasteadiesherselfbytouchingoneofthebull'shorns,acquiescing. HertaleisalsomentionedinNathanielHawthorne'sTanglewoodTales.Thoughhisstorytitled"Dragon'steeth"islargelyaboutCadmus,itbeginswithanelaboratealbeittoneddownversionofEuropa'sabductionbythebeautifulbull. ThetalealsofeaturesasthesubjectofapoemandfilmintheEnderby(fictionalcharacter)sequenceofnovelsbyAnthonyBurgess.SheisrememberedinDeMulieribusClaris,acollectionofbiographiesofhistoricalandmythologicalwomenbytheFlorentineauthorGiovanniBoccaccio,composedin1361–62.ItisnotableasthefirstcollectiondevotedexclusivelytobiographiesofwomeninWesternliterature.[24] Gallery[edit] Europavelificans,"herflutteringtunic…inthebreeze"(mosaic,ZeugmaMosaicMuseum) TheRapeofEuropabyTitian(1562) TheRapeofEuropabyFrançoisChauveau(1650) TheRapeofEuropabyJean-BaptisteMariePierre(1750) TheRapeofEuropabyFranciscoGoya(1772) TheRapeofEuropabyFélixVallotton(1908) TheRapeofEuropabyValentinSerov(1910) EuropaontheBullbyCarlMilles(1926) RaptodeEuropabyJuanOliveiraViéitez(1989) EuropabyLéondePas(1997) EuropebyMayClaerhout(1999) Namesakes[edit] Europaandthebull,depictedasthecontinent'spersonificationinNovaetaccuratatotiusEuropædescriptiobyFredericusdeWit(1700) Continent[edit] Furtherinformation:Europeansymbols§ Europa ThenameEurope,asageographicalterm,wasusedbyAncientGreekgeographerssuchasStrabotorefertopartofThracebelowtheBalkanmountains.[25]Later,undertheRomanEmpirethenamewasgiventoaThracianprovince. ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordEurōpē(Εὐρώπη)inallRomancelanguages,Germaniclanguages,Slaviclanguages,Balticlanguages,Celticlanguages,Iranianlanguages,Uraliclanguages(HungarianEurópa,FinnishEurooppa,EstonianEuroopa). Europadepictedonthe2013EuropaSeriesofeurobanknotes JürgenFischer,inOriens-Occidens-Europa[26]summarizedhowthenamecameintouse,supplantingtheoriens–occidensdichotomyofthelaterRomanEmpire,whichwasexpressiveofadividedempire,LatinintheWest,GreekintheEast. Inthe8thcentury,ecclesiasticalusesof"Europa"fortheimperiumofCharlemagneprovidethesourceforthemoderngeographicalterm.ThefirstuseofthetermEuropenses,todescribepeoplesoftheChristian,westernportionofthecontinent,appearedintheHispanicLatinChronicleof754,sometimesattributedtoanauthorcalledIsidorePacensis[27]inreferencetotheBattleofToursfoughtagainstMuslimforces. TheEuropeanUnionhasalsousedEuropaasasymbolofpan-Europeanism,notablybynamingitswebportalafterheranddepictingherontheGreek€2coinandonseveralgoldandsilvercommemorativecoins(e.g.theBelgian€10EuropeanExpansioncoin).HernameappearedonpostagestampscelebratingtheCouncilofEurope,whichwerefirstissuedin1956.ThesecondseriesofeurobanknotesisknownastheEuropaSeriesandbearsherlikenessinthewatermarkandhologram. Europa,amoonofJupiter Chemicalelement[edit] Themetaleuropium,arare-earthelement,wasnamedin1901afterthecontinent.[28] MoonofJupiter[edit] Furtherinformation:Europa(moon) TheinventionofthetelescoperevealedthattheplanetJupiter,clearlyvisibletothenakedeyeandknowntohumanitysinceprehistorictimes,hasanattendantfamilyofmoons.Thesewerenamedformaleandfemaleloversofthegodandothermythologicalpersonsassociatedwithhim.ThesmallestofJupiter'sGalileanmoonswasnamedafterEuropa. Notes[edit] ^MartinLitchfieldWeststatesthat"phonologically,thematchbetweenEuropa'snameandanyformoftheSemiticwordisverypoor".M.L.West(1997).TheeastfaceofHelicon:westAsiaticelementsinGreekpoetryandmyth.Oxford:ClarendonPress.p. 451.ISBN 0-19-815221-3.. ^Kerenyipointsoutthatthesenamesareattributesofthemoon,asisEuropa'sbroadcountenance. ^abThoughEuropawasunnamedinthistext,shemustbethedaughterofPhoenixwhocoupledwithZeus. ^EventhoughPhineuswascalledthesonofAgenoraccordingtoApollodorus,hismothermaybedifferentbecauseonlythreesons(Cadmus,PhoenixandCilix)wereborntoAgenorandTelephassa. ^UnnamedbutpertainstoMinoswhowaskingofCrete ^AccordingtothescholiumonIliadXII.292,notedinKarlKerenyi(1996)Dionysus:ArchetypalImageofIndestructibleLifep.105.ISBN 0691029156.PausaniasrenderedthenameAsterion(2.31.1);inBibliotheke(3.1.4)itisAsterion. ^Herodotus,HistoriesI.1;theactismadeouttobearevengefortheprevious"kidnapping"ofIo. ^NopublicstatueofEuropaismentionedbyPausaniasoranyotherClassicalwriter,butaheadlessstatuette,closelydrapedinacloakoverapeplos,ofthetypecalled"Amelung'sGoddess",butinscribed"Europa",attheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,seemstobeaRomancopyofalostGreekoriginal,ofc.460BC;anuninscribedstatuetteofthesametype,fromHama,Syria,isintheDamascusMuseum,andafull-sizecopyhasbeenfoundinBaiae:MartinRobertson(1957)."Europa".JournaloftheWarburgandCourtauldInstitutes.JSTOR.20(1/2):1.doi:10.2307/750147.JSTOR i230424.S2CID 244492052.;I.E.S.Edwards,ed.TheCambridgeAncientHistory,platestovols.VandVI1970:illus.fig.24. ^Thepoemwaspublishedwithvoluminousnotesandcriticalapparatus:WinfriedBühler,DieEuropadesMoschos(Wiesbaden:Steiner)1960. References[edit] ^Kerenyi,Karl(1951).TheGodsoftheGreeks.ThamesandHudson.p. 108. ^PierreVidal-Naquet,Lemonded'Homère,Perrin2000:19;M.I.Finley,TheWorldofOdysseus,(1954)1978:16gives"theyearsbetween750and700BC,orabitlater". ^abcHesiodicpapyrusfragments19and19AArchived2021-12-22attheWaybackMachineoftheCatalogueofWomen,datingfromthethirdcenturyAD. ^WalterBurkert,GreekReligion(1985)I.3.2,note20,referringtoSchefold,plate11B.ReferencesinmythandarthavebeenassembledbyW.Bühler,Europa:eineSammlungderZeugnissedesMythosinderantikenLitteraturundKunst(1967). ^εὐρύςArchived2021-12-22attheWaybackMachine,HenryGeorgeLiddell,RobertScott,AGreek-EnglishLexicon,onPerseus ^ὤψArchived2021-12-22attheWaybackMachine,HenryGeorgeLiddell,RobertScott,AGreek-EnglishLexicon,onPerseus ^M.L.West(2007).Indo-Europeanpoetryandmyth.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.pp. 178–179.ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9..Comparealsoglaukōpis(γλαυκῶπις'grey-eyed')Athenaorboōpis(βοὠπις'ox-eyed')Hera). ^ Τελφοῦσ᾽,ἐνθάδεδὴφρονέωπερικαλλέανηὸν/ἀνθρώπωντεῦξαιχρηστήριον,οἵτεμοιαἰεὶ ἐνθάδ᾽ἀγινήσουσιτεληέσσαςἑκατόμβας,/ἠμὲνὅσοιΠελοπόννησονπίειρανἔχουσιν/ἠδ᾽ὅσοιΕὐρώπηντεκαὶἀμφιρύταςκατὰνήσους "Telphusa,hereIammindedtomakeaglorioustemple,anoracleformen,andhithertheywillalwaysbringperfecthecatombs,boththosewholiveinrichPeloponnesusandthoseofEuropeandallthewave-washedisles,comingtoseekoracles."(verses247–251,trans.HughG.Evelyn-White). ^Histories4.38.C.f.JamesRennell,ThegeographicalsystemofHerodotusexaminedandexplained,Volume1,Rivington1830,p.244 ^M.A.Barry(1999)"L’Europeetsonmythe :àlapoursuiteducouchant".RevuedesdeuxMondes.p.110.ISBN 978-2-7103-0937-6 ^Klein,EtymologicalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(Barking:Elsevier)vol.IA-K,1966;Klein'setymologyofEuropaissingledoutamonghis"optimistic"conclusionsinG.W.S.Friedrichsen(1967)."REVIEWS".TheReviewofEnglishStudies.OxfordUniversityPress(OUP).XVIII(71):295–297.doi:10.1093/res/xviii.71.295.JSTOR i222266. ^Gilman,D.C.;Peck,H.T.;Colby,F.M.,eds.(1905)."Europa" .NewInternationalEncyclopedia(1st ed.).NewYork:Dodd,Mead. ^abc"Europa(mythology)".Encarta.MicrosoftCorporation.2008. ^Moschus,Europa(on-linetextatTheoiProjectArchived2021-05-03attheWaybackMachine). ^Homer,Iliad,Book14,line321.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2022-01-04.Retrieved2022-01-04. ^ScholiaonHomer,IliadB,494,p.80,43ed.Bekk.ascitedinHellanicus'Boeotica ^Pseudo-Apollonius,Bibliotheke3.1.1. ^Pausanias,GraeciaeDescriptio3.13.5 ^PierreGrimal;StephenKershaw(1991).ThePenguindictionaryofclassicalmythology([Abridgeded.] ed.).London,England:PenguinBooks.ISBN 0140512357.OCLC 25246340. ^M.L.West(23October1997).TheEastFaceofHelicon:WestAsiaticElementsinGreekPoetryandMyth.OxfordUniversityPress.pp. 452–.ISBN 978-0-19-159104-4.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22December2021.Retrieved17March2022. ^Bibliotheke3.1.1. ^"TheDesigner:AndifEuropewasSidonian?".Lorientjour.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2013-05-25.Retrieved2012-11-28. ^Pausanias,GuidetoGreece9.39.2–5. ^GiovanniBoccaccio(2003).FamousWomen.ITattiRenaissanceLibrary.Vol. 1.TranslatedbyVirginiaBrown.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress.p. xi.ISBN 0-674-01130-9. ^Strabo,Geography8.1.1Archived2008-10-08attheWaybackMachine. ^JürgenFischer,Oriens–Occidens–Europa(Wiesbaden:Steiner)1957. ^DavidLeveringLewis,God'sCrucible:IslamandtheMakingofEurope,570to1215,NewYork:W.W.Norton,2008. ^"PeriodicTable:Europium".RoyalSocietyofChemistry.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2012-01-24.Retrieved2021-11-05. Furtherreading[edit] Primarysources[edit] Isidore,Etymologiaexiv.4.1 Herodotus,TheHistories,Book1.2 Eusebius,Chronicon,47.7–10,25,53.16–17,55.4–5 Ovid,Metamorphoses,862,translationbyA.D.Melville(1986),p. 50 Metamorphoses,ii.833-iii.2,vi.103–107 Secondarysources[edit] Pseudo-Apollodorus,Bibliotheke,III,i,1–2 Apollodorus,TheLibraryofGreekMythology(OxfordWorld'sClassics),translatedbyRobinHard,OxfordUniversityPress,1999.ISBN 0-19-283924-1 Graves,Robert,(1955)1960.TheGreekMyths D'Europeàl'Europe,I.Lemythed'Europedansl'artetlaculturedel'antiquitéauXVIIIes.(colloquedeParis,ENS –Ulm,24–26.04.1997),éd.R.PoignaultetO.Wattel —deCroizant,coll.Caesarodunum,n°XXXIbis,1998. D'Europeàl'Europe,II.MytheetidentitéduXIXes.ànosjours(colloquedeCaen,30.09–02.10.1999),éd.R.Poignault,F.LecocqetO.Wattel –deCroizant,coll.Caesarodunum,n°XXXIIIbis,2000. D’Europeàl’Europe,III.Ladimensionpolitiqueetreligieusedumythed’Europedel‘Antiquitéànosjours(colloquedeParis,ENS-Ulm,29–30.11.2001),éd.O.Wattel —DeCroizant,coll.Caesarodunum,n°hors-série,2002. D’Europeàl’Europe,IV.EntreOrientetOccident,dumytheàlagéopolitique(colloquedeParis,ENS-Ulm,18–20.05.2006),dir.O.Wattel —deCroizant&G.deMontifroy,Editionsdel’Aged’Homme,Lausanne –Paris,2007. D’Europeàl’Europe,V.Étatdesconnaissances(colloquedeBruxelles,21–22.10.2010),dir.O.Wattel–deCroizant&A.Roba,Bruxelles,éd.Métamorphosesd’Europeasbl,2011. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoEuropa(mythology). Wikisourcehasthetextofthe1911EncyclopædiaBritannicaarticle"Europa". AmetopefromSicily,carvedwithEuropa,c.550 –540BCE:thebull'sface,turnedhead-on,clearlyrevealshisNearEasterniconicantecedents EuropaontheGreekeurocoinof€2 www.europesname.euAstudydescribingtheoriginandartisticuseofthenameEUROPEinitsmythical,geographicandpoliticalsensebyDrs.PeterH.Gommers WarburgInstituteIconographicDatabase(ca250imagesofEuropa)Archived2016-03-10attheWaybackMachine "Europa" .NewInternationalEncyclopedia.1905. vteSymbolsofEuropeStates Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium BosniaandHerzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus CzechRepublic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia SanMarino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine UnitedKingdom VaticanCity Europe Emblem(flag) Anthem EuropeDay EuropeanUnion Emblem(flag) Anthem EuropeDay Motto(EU) Eurosign AuthoritycontrolGeneral VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries Germany Israel UnitedStates CzechRepublic Other SUDOC(France) 1 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)&oldid=1108994948" Categories:PrincessesinGreekmythologyQueensinGreekmythologyAgenoridesMortalwomenofZeusMythologicalrapevictimsMetamorphosescharactersPhoeniciancharactersinGreekmythologyCharactersinGreekmythologyCretanmythologyEuropeinmythologyAstarteNationalpersonificationsSymbolsoftheEuropeanUnionZoophiliaincultureHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticlescontainingAncientGreek(to1453)-languagetextWikipediaarticlesincorporatingacitationfromtheNewInternationalEncyclopediaArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromAugust2021ArticleshavingdifferentimageonWikidataandWikipediaCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithSUDOCidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansAlemannischالعربيةবাংলাБашҡортсаБългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаČeštinaCorsuCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGalego한국어ՀայերենHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתქართულიKiswahiliLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLombardMagyarМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskOccitanOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSarduShqipSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệtWinaray吴语粵語中文 Editlinks