What Is Morphology? | Free Essay Example - StudyCorgi.com

Morphology is the study of the structure of words and their relation to ... [6] The word under analysis is an example of this phenomenon, ... 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Morphologyisthestudyofthestructureofwordsandtheirrelationtootherwords.Sinceamorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticpiece‘withagrammaticalfunction,’itservesasacommonunitofanalysis.[1]Morphemeshavedifferentfunctions,suchasformingnewwords,changingpartsofspeech,oraddingspecificgrammaticalmeanings.Thispaperfocusesonthefunctionsofsuchmorphemesasroots,suffixes,andprefixesandincludesabriefmorphologicalanalysisoftwelvewords.Wewillwriteacustomessayspecificallyforyouforonly$16.05$11/page308certifiedwritersonlineLearnMoreThewordvillagerisformedwiththehelpoftwomorphemes:villageand–r,wheretheformeristheroot,aunitthatcannotbedividedintosmallermorphemes,[2]andthelatteristhesuffix.InEnglish,rootsareprimarilyfreemorphemesthatcanfunctionaswords.[3]Itisnoteworthythatboundstemsalsoexistinthelanguage(forinstance,philosopher).However,thewordsunderconsiderationareconstitutedwiththehelpoffreestems.Thesecondmorphemeinthewordvillagerisboundasitcannotfunctiononitsown.IntheEnglishlanguage,boundmorphemesarealwaysattachedtoaroot.Thesuffix‑risderivationalsinceitaddsanewsemanticmeaningtothewordvillage.[4]Thisword,meaning‘aaplace’,istransformedintoanewone(villageror‘apersoncomingfromavillage’)withthehelpofasuffixthathasthemeaningofaplaceoforigin.’[5]OtherexamplesofthefunctionofthissuffixincludeLondoner,asoutherner,andNewYorker.Atthispoint,itisessentialtoaddthatsomeaffixestendtobeusedwithparticularpartsofspeech.Forinstance,thesuffix–erisregardedasanattributeofanoun,anditisnotassociatedwiththeshiftsofwordclasses.When–erisaddedtoanoun,itcreatesanounwithanewmeaning.Inthecaseofthesuffix–meant,theaffixiscommonfornounsthatarederivedfromverbs.Thispatterncanbeillustratedbythefollowingwordsgovernment,improvement,andstatement.Anotherwordtobescrutinizedistheverbrecords,whichconsistsoftwomorphemesaswell:theroot(freemorpheme)recordandtheinflectionalsuffix(boundmorpheme)‑s.Often,wordsintheEnglishlanguagehavemultiplemeanings,anditcanbedifficulttounderstandwhichconnotationsarisewithoutacontext.[6]Thewordunderanalysisisanexampleofthisphenomenon,knownaspolysemy,andassuch,itcanbeproblematictoidentifytheexactfunctionofthesuffix.Atthesametime,themorphologicalcharacteristicsremainthesameirrespectiveofthemeaningoftheword.Thesuffix‑sdoesnotchangethegrammaticalcategorybuttransformssomeofitsaspects.Forinstance,itcanhavethemeaningofpluralityifweassumethattheworldrecordisanoun.Thisboundmorphemecanservetodenotethedoeroftheaction(thirdperson,singular)ifthewordrecordsfunctionasaverbinasentence.Therefore,theidentificationofthegrammaticalattributesofthewordispivotalastothemorphologicalanalysisduetothepolysemyofEnglishwords.Someothercausesoftheuseof‑sasasignofpluralityareboxes,cats,anddogs.Forgrammaticalfeaturesrelatedtoverbforms,otherillustrationsoftheuseofthemorphemeunderanalysiswrite,swims,andclaims.Thenextwordtoconsiderisprearrangements,acomplexexampleconsistingofthemorphemespre‑(boundmorpheme),arrange(freemorpheme),‑ment(boundmorpheme),and‑s(boundmorpheme).Therootinthiswordisarranged,anditisafreemorpheme.Intermsofthepartofspeech,thiswordisaverb.Theprefixpre‑isaderivationalmorphemeasitaddsaparticularmeaning(‘before’)totheroot.Otherexemplificationsoftheuseofthisprefixareprejudgedandpremature.[7]Getyour100%originalpaperonanytopicdoneinaslittleas3hoursLearnMoreThesuffix‑mentisalsoaderivationalmorphemeasitaddsanewconnotationtotheword:‘astatethatresultsfromanaction.Inaddition,thismorphemealsotransformstheverbprearrangeintoadifferentpartofspeech,thenounprearrangement.Asforasimilarusageofthemorphemeinquestion,refreshmentorgovernmentcanbepointedout.[8]Finally,theboundmorpheme‑sisaninflectionalsuffixthatreferstothegrammaticalcategoryofplurality.Itispossibletocomeupwithotherinstancessuchasgovernmentsorrootstoillustratetheuseofthismorpheme.Onemorewordtoanalyzeisuseful,whichconsistsofthefreemorphemeuseandtwoboundmorphemes‑fuland‑ly.Intermsofidentifyingthepartofspeech,therootuserisaverb.Themorpheme‑fulisderivationalasittransformstheverbuseintotheadjectiveuseful.Thissuffixhasthedenotation‘markedby’;otherexamplesofthisfunctionarehelpful,wonderful,andplayful.Theboundmorpheme‑lyisalsoderivationalasitturnstheadjectiveusefulintotheadverbusefully.Suchadverbsasplayfullyorrapidlycanserveasagooddemonstrationofthisuseofthesuffixunderconsideration.Anothercomplexwordtoexamineisindirectness,whichcanbedividedintotheboundmorphemein‑,therootdirect,andtheboundmorpheme‑ness.Theprefixin‑isaderivationalmorphemethataddsanewconnotationofnegationtotheword(‘notdirect’).Anotherexampleofthisfunctionoftheprefixisinsubstantial.[9]Thederivationalsuffix‑nessaddsanewmeaning(‘quality’)tothewordandconvertstheadjectiveindirectintothenounindirectness.Toillustratethesamefunctionforthissuffix,itispossibletolookatsuchwordsaskindnessorhelpfulness.Deferralisawordconsistingoftwomorphemes:therootdefersandtheboundmorpheme‑al.Thesuffixisaderivationalmorphemewiththemeaning‘action’thatturnstheverbdeferintothenoundeferral.Otherinstancesoftheutilizationofthissuffixincludereferral,disposal,anddisapproval.Theworddancingalsoconsistsoftwomorphemes:therootdanceandtheboundmorpheme‑ing.However,dependingonthecontext,itispossibletoanalyzethesuffixinmorethanoneway.Itisnoteworthythatinbothcases,themorphemeisderivational.Thesuffix‑ingcantransformtheverbdanceintoeitheraparticipleoranounthat,dependingontheintendedmeaningoftheword,willperformdifferentrolesinasentence.Inordertoillustratethisuseof‑ing,itispossibletoemployreadingorthinking.Importantly,thestemmaytakeseveralaffixestoformameaningfulwordandcannotbeusedwithsomeofthemasafreepattern.Thewordinconceivablecanbeseenasanexampleofthispeculiarityofword-formation.Inconceivableiscomprisedofthreeunits:theboundmorphemein‑,therootconceive,andthesuffix‑able,aderivationalsuffixthattransformsverbsintoadjectives,addingthemeaningof‘ability.Thus,thenewwordcreatedbyadding‑abletoconceive,makingconceivable,means‘abletoconceive.’Somecasesofthisfunctionareloveable,solvable,andachievable.Asmentionedabove,theprefixin‑isaderivationalmorphemethathasthemeaningofnegation(‘notconceivable’).Otherwordsthatcanservetoillustratetheuseofthisprefixincludeinexpensiveandintractable.Thewordantiperspirantalsohasthreemorphemes:theboundmorphemeanti‑,therootperspire,andtheboundmorpheme‑ant.Thesuffixunderanalysisaddsameaningimplyingan‘agent’totheroot,creatinganewword.Inthiscase,thederivationalsuffix‑antchangestheverbperspireintothenounperspirant.Toillustratethisfunctionofthesuffix,otherexamplestoconsiderincludesuchwordsasclaimantordisinfectant.Thederivationalprefixanti‑means‘opposite’;thewordantisepticcanbeusedasanillustrationoftheapplicationofthismorpheme.Wewillwriteacustomessaysspecificallyforyou!Getyourfirstpaperwith15%OFFLearnMoreThewordhyperactivityconsistsoffourmorphologicalpieces:theboundmorphemehyper‑,theriotact,andthetwoboundmorphemes‑iveand‑its.Interestingly,alltheaffixesinthiswordarederivationalastheyaddmeaning(inthecaseofhyper‑)orchangethepartofspeechandaddanewmeaning(inthecasesof‑iveand‑it).Thesuffix‑ivetransformstheverbactintoanadjective,addingthemeaning‘condition’(anotherexampleofthisfunctionisthewordpassive).Thesuffix‑citychangestheadjectiveactivetothenounactivitywiththeconnotation‘state’(onemorecaseispassivity).Thederivationalprefixhyper‑isanillustrationofanintensifyingaffix(otherinstancesarehypertensionorhypersensitive).[10]Thewordovercookedcanbedividedintothreemorphologicalunits:theboundmorphemeover‑,therootcook,andtheboundmorpheme‑ed.Thederivationalsuffix‑edturnstheverbcookintotheadjectivecooked(thewordpreparedpresentsavividillustration).Thederivationalprefixover‑addsthemeaning‘excessive’tothewordcooked.Otherwordsderivedinasimilarwayareoverdoneandoverlooked.Thefinalwordtoanalyzeistaken,whichconsistsoftwoparts:theroottakeandtheboundmorpheme‑en.Thesuffix‑enisinflectionalasitisusedtochangesomegrammaticalaspectsoftheword.Inthiscase,thesuffixinquestionisusedtoformaparticiple.Thesamefunctioncanbetracedinsuchverbsastaking(taken),shake(shaken)andprove(proven).Inconclusion,itisnecessarytonotethatthemorphologicalanalysisofEnglishwordsshedslightonthefunctionsthatdifferentmorphemescanperform.Polysemy,afeatureoftheEnglishlanguageinwhichawordhasmultiplemeanings,isoftenanattributeofmanymorphemesthatmayformdifferentpartsofspeechoraddnewmeaningstoexistingfreemorphemes.Anotherdistinctivefeatureofthelanguageisthattherootisgenerallyafreemorpheme.Itisalsonecessarytorememberthatmorethanoneaffixcanbeaddedtoaroot,soitisimportanttobeattentivewhenidentifyingafreemorpheme.ReferenceListAronoff,M.andK.Fudeman,WhatIsMorphology?2nded.,Malden,Blackwell,2011.Baker,A.E.andK.Hengeveld,‘TheLanguageUser,’inA.E.BakerandK.Hengeveld,(ed.),Linguistics,Chichester,Wiley-Blackwell,2012,pp.29-56.Bauer,L.,‘ConcatenativeDerivation’,inR.LieberandP.Štekauer,(ed.),TheOxfordHandbookofDerivationalMorphology,Oxford,OxfordUniversityPress,2014,pp.118-136.Fromkin,V.,R.RodmanandN.Hyams,AnIntroductiontoLanguage,10thedn.,Belmont,WadsworthCengage,2014. Needa100%originalpaperwrittenfromscratchbyprofessionalspecificallyforyou? 308certifiedwritersonline LearnMore Haspelmath,M.andA.Sims,UnderstandingMorphology,London,Routledge,2013.Rainer,F.,‘PolysemyinDerivation’,inR.LieberandP.Štekauer,(ed.),TheOxfordHandbookofDerivationalMorphology,Oxford,OxfordUniversityPress,2014,pp.338-353.Schmid,H.J.,‘Morphology’,inN.Braber,L.CummingsandL.Morrish,(ed.),ExploringLanguageandLinguistics,Cambridge,CambridgeUniversityPress,2015,pp.77-110.Yule,G.,TheStudyofLanguage,6thedn.,Cambridge,CUP,2017.M.AronoffandK.Fudeman,WhatIsMorphology?2ndedn.,Malden,Blackwell,2011,p.2.M.HaspelmathandA.Sims,UnderstandingMorphology,London,Routledge,2013,p.21.HaspelmathandSims,p.21.G.Yule,TheStudyofLanguage,6thedn.,Cambridge,CUP,2017,p.69.H.J.Schmid,‘Morphology’,inN.Braber,L.CummingsandL.Morrish(ed.),ExploringLanguageandLinguistics,Cambridge,CambridgeUniversityPress,2015,p.99.A.E.BakerandK.Hengeveld,‘TheLanguageUser’,inA.E.BakerandK.Hengeveld(ed.),Linguistics,Chichester,Wiley-Blackwell,2012,p.40.V.Fromkin,R.RodmanandN.Hyams,AnIntroductiontoLanguage,10thedn.,Belmont,WadsworthCengage,2014,p.43.HaspelmathandSims,p.100.L.Bauer,‘ConcatenativeDerivation’,inR.LieberandP.Štekauer(ed.),TheOxfordHandbookofDerivationalMorphology,Oxford,OxfordUniversityPress,2014,p.118.F.Rainer,‘PolysemyinDerivation’,inR.LieberandP.Štekauer(ed.),TheOxfordHandbookofDerivationalMorphology,Oxford,OxfordUniversityPress,2014,p.350. 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