The Evidence for Diversity in Roman Britain

Scientific Evidence for Black Romans in Britain? ... The Romano-British Period in the West Midlands Roger White and Mike Hodder 2018. Introduction Afewyearsago,in2016,aBBCcreatedanimationonRomanBritaincausedsomecontroversythroughitsdepictionofatypicalRomano-Britishfamilyasshownbelow. Thedepictionofaraciallymixedfamilygrouphadsomecommentatorsupinarmsscreamingthatthepoliticalcorrectnessbrigadehadonceagainsteppedintogiveusanimagefarfromwhatmighthavebeentypical.AndyetevidencesuggeststhatthesceneabovewasaperfectlyplausibleoneforRomanBritainandinfactallowsustoopenupaveryinterestingdiscussionaboutthediversemakeupoftheRomanswhofoundthemselvesontheseshores.Whoweretheyarewheredidtheycomefrom?Andwhatevidencedowehave? Inthefollowingsectionswewillpresentanumberofdiscussions,somearisingfromtheBBCcontroversy,andwillpresenttheevidenceforthediversenatureoftheRomanswholivedinBritainduringthefirstfewcenturiesaftertheRomaninvasion. HowdiversewasRomanBritain? OnJuly28,2017ablogbyDrMatthewNichollsoftheDepartmentofClassics,UniversityofReadingdiscussedthediversityofRomanBritainandisquotedhereinfullasitgivesanexcellentoverviewofthewholetopic: "AheatedconversationaroseonsocialmediaonWednesdaysurroundingthequestionoftheracialdiversityofRomanBritain,ortheRomanempiremoregenerally. ThetweetfromAltRightcommentatorPaulJosephWatson,thatkickedoffthedebate. ThereisplentyofevidencethattheRomanempirewasrelativelydiverse,asmightbeexpectedfromanempirethatencouragedtradeandmobilityacrossaterritorythatextendedfromHadrian’sWalltonorthAfrica,theRhine,andtheEuphrates(andwhich,lesspositively,enslavedandmovedconqueredpopulationsaroundbyforce).RomeitselfwasameltingpotofpeoplefromallovertheMediterraneanandbeyond(satiricalpoetsmoanaboutit,andwehavetheevidenceoftombstones).OutsideItalytheRomanarmyinparticularactedasmediumforchangeandmovementinseveralways. Itslegions,recruitedfromRomancitizens,werepostedallovertheempire.Soldiersmighttakelocalcommon-lawwivesandmarrythemonretirement,creatingnewgenerationsofRomancitizensoutsideItalywhowouldthenbeeligibleforlegionaryservice. TheinternetdiscussionwasparticularlypromptedbytheappearanceofablackRomansoldierinthedetachmentbuildingHadrian’sWall,butinfactthereisanancientaccountofpreciselythis–theemperorSeptimiusSeverus(himselfinfactanAfrican,fromLibya)wasinspectinghistroopsontheWallwhenoneofthegarrison’swell-knownjokers,an‘Ethiopian’,offeredhimagarland. Severuswasstartledbytheapparentomen,associatingthesoldier’sblackcolourasaportentofhisownimminentdeath,butno-oneseemstohavebeenparticularlysurprisedatthepresenceofan‘Ethiopian’(thatis,ablackAfrican)atthenorthernedgeoftheRomanempire(Hist.Aug.Severus22).TherewereotherAfricansonthewall–athird-centuryADcohortofMaurifromnorthwestAfricaarealsoattestedinaninscriptionatBurgh-by-SandsnearCarlisle. “Hadrian’sWallhadgarrisonsofTungrianandBataviantroopsfromBelgiumandtheNetherlands,aswellasunitsfromasfarawayasSyria” Auxiliarymilitaryunits,leviedfromnon-citizens,weredeliberatelypostedtoareasoftheempirefarfromtheirtroops’homeprovince,soHadrian’sWallalsohadgarrisonsofTungrianandBataviantroopsfromBelgiumandtheNetherlands,aswellasunitsfromasfarawayasSyria. AuxiliaryunitslikethesepassedonRomanmilitarydiscipline,Latin,andRomanculturalhabitsandoftenrewardedtheirsoldierswithgrantsofcitizenshiponretirement,producingmorenewcitizenswithalongtraininginRomanways.AndRomanarmyunitsinfrontierprovincesbuiltroadsandharboursandcreatedinstantlargemarketsforfood,drink,andservices,stimulatingthegrowthoftownsoutsidethefortressgates.Inthelong-term,thisalsomonetisedtradingeconomiesthatdrewinmoreciviliansettlersfromaroundtheempire. Weknowaboutsomeofthesesettlersfromarchaeologicalevidenceandinscriptions.ColleaguesattheUniversityofReadinghaveworkedonboth.DrHellaEckardt’sanalysisofskeletalremainsfoundinYorksuggestthatthecitywashometoimmigrantsfromNorthAfrica(findoutmorehere),whileProfessorPeterKruschwitzhaswrittenonmovinginscriptionsthatdocumentthelivesanddeathsofimmigrantsintheRomanempire(seebelow). [A]remarkablemonument,discoveredinArbeia(SouthShields)attheeasternendofHadrian’sWall,documentsthelifeofaBritishwifeofaSyrianimmigrantfromPalmyra,includingtextinPalmyrene,oneofseveralpiecesofevidenceforaneareasternpeopleinnorthernBritain[seebelow]." QuintusLolliusUrbicus? AccordingtoProfMaryBeardinaGuardianarticle,amancalledQuintusLolliusUrbicus,aBerberfromwhatisnowAlgeriawhobecamegovernorofRomanBritainfromAD139-142,mayhavebeentheinspirationfortheBBCvideothattriggeredthestorm. ExplainingthatitcanbedifficulttobesureofethnicitybecauseAfricanstookonRomannames,shesaid:“EveninthecaseofSeptimiusSeverus,thefirstRomanemperorfromAfrica[Libya],wedon’tactuallyknowthecolourofhisskin,howfarhewas‘native’,howfarthedescendentofItaliansettler.ThesamegoesforQuintusLolliusUrbicus,oftenclaimedtobeBerber,whichhemaywellhavebeen,butitisn’tcertain.” BeyondthecolourofhisskinremainsthequestionofidentityandhowQuintusLolliusUrbicusviewedorthoughthimself.DescendentofanItaliansettler?NorthAfricanBerber?CitizenoftheRomanEmpire?Allarepossibilities. ScientificEvidenceforBlackRomansinBritain? SowhatcanwesayaboutthedepictionoftheblackRomansoldierintheBBCvideo?Well,scientificevidenceexistsforthepresenceofNorthAfricansinover45%ofthesitesinvestigatedaspartofastudypublishedin2012whichidentifiedoriginsusinganalysisoftoothenamel. TheinvestigationwassummedupinAnoteontheevidenceforAfricanmigrantsinBritainfromtheBronzeAgetothemedievalperiodfromtheblogofDrCaitlinGreenoftheICECambridgeUniversityonMonday,23May2016.ThediagramfromtheblogasshownbelowrevealedthefindingsclearlyfortheRomanperiod. Theanalysiswasbasedonthefactthatoxygenisotopes(different'types'ofoxygenmoleculeswhichdifferslightlyinatomicweight)foundinyourtoothenamel-andtakeninviadrinkingwater-willdifferaccordingtowhereyouwerebroughtup.IsotopesatalevelconsistentwithanorigininNorthAfricawereveryprevalentduringtheRomanera—themid-firsttoearlyfifthcenturiesAD—withevidencebeingfoundatWinchester(Lankhills),Gloucester,York(threesites:TrentholmeDrive,TheRailway&DriffieldTerrace),ScortonnearCatterick,andWasperton.Furthermore,nearly47%ofallRomansiteswheretheanalysiswasundertakenhaveproducedevidencesuggestiveofthepresenceofpeoplewhogrewupinNorthAfrica,asignificantlyhigherproportionthanisfoundforanyotherera. SyriansinRomanBritain OnSeptember6,2015PeterKruschwitz,ProfessorofAncientCulturalHistoryoftheUniversityofViennapostedanarticleonhisblogtitledWhathavetheSyrianseverdoneforus...? TheblogwasinpartinspiredbythenegativepressontheSyriansatthetimeofitswritinggiventheactionsofISISinSyriaatsitessuchasPalmyra,andtheheartbreakingimagesofthebodyofthethreeyearoldSyrianrefugeeboyAylanKurdi,washeduponthebeachinTurkey.WithcertainsectionsoftheBritishtabloidpressforcedtore-evaluatetheirthoughtsonimmigrationgiventheimageofAylanKurdi,ProfKruschwitzsoughttoinvestigatetheearlierimmigrationofSyriansintoBritainduringtheRomanperiod,highlightingthecolouranddiversitytheybroughttotheseshores: ThehistoricalpresenceofSyriansinBritainisonesuchstory,however–anditdatesbackalotfurtherthanonemightatfirstexpect.Infact,itdatesback–atleast!–toRomantimes,whenSyrians,aspartoftheRomanauxiliaryforces,helpedtoestablishandtobuildtheprovinceofBritannia. InthecorpusofRomaninscriptionsfromBritain,therearenumerousexamplesofindividualswhoself-identifyasSyriansbynationality.Thesinglemostremarkableinstanceisattestedonalavish(andundoubtedlyexpensive)memorialthatwasdiscoveredatArbeia(SouthShields),bytheEasternendofHadrian’swall:   Thepiece–atombstoneforawomancalledReginaofuncertaindate(possiblysecondcenturyA.D.?)–consistsofthreeessentialcomponents,onlytwoofwhichmayimmediatelyappeartotheuntrainedeye:asculpture,andtwoinscriptions(yes,two,notjustone). The‘main’(asin:‘bigger,framed’)inscriptioniswritteninLatinandreadsasfollows: D(is)M(anibus).Regina(m)liberta(m)etconiuge(m) Barat(h)esPalmyrenusnatione Catvallauna(m)an(norum)XXX. InEnglish: TotheSpiritsoftheDeparted.BarathesofPalmyra(sc.burieshere)Regina,afreedwomanandhiswife,aCatuvellaunianbyorigin,aged30.   Barathes,aSyrian,whoself-identifiesinthisinscriptionasanativeofPalmyra,wouldappeartobeaforeigner(peregrinus)notonlytoBritain,buttotheRomanEmpire–andonemaywellwonderwhatheandhiswifeReginaweredoinginRomanBritainnearHadrian’swall. AnotherinscriptionfromHadrian’swall,discoveredattheRomanfortofCoria(Corbridge)justover25milesawayfromtheaboveitemandsubstantiallylesswellexecuted,mentionsanothercitizenofPalmyra.Duetoitsfragmentation,thestonedoesnotexhibithisnameinfull–allthatsurvivesisthesecondhalfofit:[-–-]rathes(RIB1171): Itistempting(andperfectlyplausible)tosupplementthisas[Ba]rathes.ButisthisthesamemanastheBarathesoftheinscriptionabove?Afterall,BarathesisnotanaltogetheruncommonnameinPalmyrenenomenclature.ButhowmanyofthemwillhavebeenatHadrian’swallatthetime…? If–andthatisabigif–thetwoBarathesesareidentical(tobeclear:morelikelythannot,theywereNOTidentical!),thenthesecondstonerevealstheman’soccupation:accordingtotheCorbridgestonehewasavexil(l)a(rius)anddiedaged68(vixitan(n)osLXVIII). Themostobviousunderstandingofvexil(l)a(rius)is‘standard-bearer’or‘flag-bearer’,i.e.amilitaryposition.Assuggestedbefore,however,thereareverygoodreasonstoassumethatneitherBarathes(whetherornottheywereidentical)wereaRomancitizens,butperegriniinstead.Inthatcase,onemustwonderiftheBarathesofRIB1171wasamilitarymanatall,orwhethervexillariuswasatitleforeitheramerchantinflagsandothersigns(unattestedotherwise,butnottoberuledoutapriori)orwhetherheheldaceremonialfunctioninacollegiumfabrorum(‘guildofengineers’),forexample. ThediscrepancyinlavishnessbetweenthestoneforthewifeandforBaratheshimself(ifidentical!)couldthusbeexplainedbyadecreaseinwealth,onceBaratheshadreachedacertainageandcouldnolongerworkasacraftsman. Bethatasitmay(andonceagain,theidentificationofthetwo,asproposedbysome,istenuousatbest).ReturningtothestonefromSouthShields,onemustwonderaboutanotherdetail:Regina,thewife,isdescribedasanativeoftheBritannictribeoftheCatuvellauniaswellasafreedwoman.TheCatuvellauniwereaCeltictribethatinhabitedanareanorthofmodern-dayLondon,roughlycoveringmodern-dayHertfordshireandstretchingasfarnorthasCambridgeshire. Howdidsheendup(i)atHadrian’swalland(ii)inBarathes’possession,sothathecouldactasherpatron(thoughnotunderRomanbut,presumably,underPalmyrenelaw)? Thefirstquestionisimpossibletoanswer.Thesecondquestioncannotbeansweredwithanycertainty,buttherearetwomainoptions:eithershewascapturedandsoldintoslaveryasaresultofaRomanmilitarycampaign,or–equallypossible–shewassoldintoslaverybyherownfamily. ItisnotclearastowhetherBaratheswasthe‘first’ownerofReginaasaslave,orwhetherheacquiredherfromsomeoneelse.AsRegina(‘queen’)isaLatinnameunlikelytobehernativeCelticname(andhardlyaPalmyrenename,unlikeBarathes’),onemustassumethatshetookthisnameduringherenslavement. ThewayinwhichBaratheschosetohavehisformerslaveandthenwiferepresentedinthesculptureofhertombstonelivesuptothenotionof,ifnotaqueen,aneminentlydignified,upper-classlady.TheeditorsoftheRomanInscriptionsofBritaindescribetheartworkofthestoneasfollows: ‘[T]hedeceasedsitsfacingfrontinawickerchair.Shewearsalong-sleevedrobeoverhertunic,whichreachestoherfeet.Roundherneckisanecklaceofcablepattern,andonherwristssimilarbracelets.Onherlapsheholdsadistaffandspindle,whileatherleftsideisherwork-basketwithballsofwool.Withherrighthandsheholdsopenherunlockedjewellery-box.Herheadissurroundedbyalargenimbus(…)’. Reginamaynothavebeenaqueeninreallife,butBarathescertainlypresentsherasalmostsittingonathrone–presentedinthegarmentsandpostureofaladyfromPalmyra,dignified,wealthy,leadingadistinguished,civilisedlifeuptothetimeofher(relativelyyoung)demise. Thereisanotheraspecttothememorial,however,thatisquiteindicativeofbothBarathes’attitudetowardsidentityandhisrelationshipwithRegina.Asmentionedinitially,themonumentdoesnotonlyexhibitone(Latin)inscription,buttwo.UnderneaththeframedLatininscription,thereisasecondone,writteninBarathes’nativetongue,Palmyrene,whichreadsasfollows: רגיןאבתחריברעתאחבל Regina,freedwomanofBarathes:alas! TheLatininscriptionpaysheedtocircumstance–anenvironmentinwhichLatinhadbecomethelanguageoftherulersandinwhichthecouplehadlearnttosurvive(andapparentlytodoreasonablywell–atleasttoacertainpointinBarathes’life).Itoperateswithofficialtermssuchasliberta(‘freedwoman)andconiux(‘wife’)–thoughtheyareunlikelytobelabelsunderRomanlaw(asmentionedbefore). InlettersratherlessawkwardlywrittenthantheLatin(leadingsomescholarstobelievethatthiswascarvedbyanEasterncraftsmanratherthanalocalone),theinscriptiondoesnotmerelyrepeattheessentialinformationinthewidower’sownlanguage–itaddsthepersonalexpressionofgrief,‘alas!’toit,visibleonlytothosewhopayattentiontothe‘fineprint’atthebottom,understandableonlytothosewhoknowthescriptandthelanguage,meaningfulonlytoBaratheshimself.Itisthepersonalasideofsomeonewhohaslargelyacceptedtheleadingcultureforhimself,withoutbeingpreparedtobidfarewelltohisownidentity–thatofaforeigner,thousandsofmilesawayfromhisnativePalmyrainSyria. Barathes,theSyrianinRomanBritain,hasdonesomethingbeautiful.Heacquired,freed,andmarriedagirlfromBritain,whoselifehadtakenadisastrousturn–becomingaslave,eitherasaresultofRomancampaignsorasaresultofherfamily’spoverty(orgreed)inuncertaintimes.He,asthetombstonesuggests,gaveherdignity,safety,andmadeherhisqueen,notonlyinname. Timeshavechangedalot.Regina’sstoryisonethat,nowadays,happensonadailybasisinSyria,inPalmyra,inthewar-tornNearEast,undertheviciousregimeofISISfightersandotherparties. Whowillsavethosepeoplefromtheirpredicamentandrestoretheirwell-beinganddignity? WhowillbetheirBarathes? OtherBritishRomansfromacrosstheEmpire LinkedtotheUniversityofReading,somegreatresourcesondiversityhavebeencreatedbyRunnymede,theUK'sleadingindependentraceequalitythinktank.TheirRomansRevealedsite givesinformationonvariousindividualswithpossiblelinkstothecontinent. Forexample,checkouttheinformationonanindividualtheycallPiscariuswhotheythinkwasborninacolderclimate,possiblyoffthecoastofPoland-hisstoryisusefulfordiscussionsandactivitiesaboutmovementandsettlement.Anotherindividual,Savarianaisalsoahelpfulcharactertousefordiscussionsaboutsecondorthirdgenerationmigrationassomeofhergravegoods,herbraceletsforexample,suggestthatmembersofherfamilymayhavebeen‘incomers’.Finally,Julia'sgravegoodssuggestthatshemayhavehadNorthAfricanheritageandhavebeenquitewealthy.Herexamplecanbeusedtotalkabouthowdiverse,boththeRomanEmpiregenerallyandRomanBritaininparticular,was,butalso,inviewofherpossiblewealth,tochallengeviewsaboutwhatAfricanRomansmayhavebeenlike. Mobility,Migration,andDiasporasinRomanBritain HellaEckardtandGundulaMüldner-AdaptedfromTheOxfordHandbookofRomanBritain(2014) Inscriptionscanidentifyforeignersthroughindividualnames,statedplacesoforigin,andreferencetoregionallyspecificcultsorcalendars.Fromthissortofdatawecanbuilduppersonal,individualhistoriesandallowfortheexplorationofwiderpatternsintermsofage,gender,andstatus.However,theevidenceisunevenlydistributed(werelyoninscriptionssurvivingandbeinglegible)andtherearerelativelyfewinscriptionsknownfromBritainincomparisonwithotherprovinces.Theevidenceisalsobiasedtowardsurbanandmilitaryareas,asopposedtosmallsettlementsorfarmsforexample. Acrosstheempire,outofalmost600inscriptionsstudied,623exampleshavebeenfoundoftravellersorforeigners-anintricateweboftravelinalldirections:SpaniardsinItaly,Pannonians(anareaincentralEuropearoundmoderndayHungary)inDalmatia(Croatia),Gauls(moderndayFrance,GermanyandotherareasofcentralandwesternEurope)inAfrica(seeHandley2011:17). Thereasonsfortravelarediverse,includingwar/soldiery,pilgrimage,ecclesiasticalbusiness,exile,trade,andtheemigrationofindividualsandfamilies;thereisalsosomeevidencethatthedeadweremoved,sometimesoverconsiderabletimeperiodsanddistances(Handley2011:53–62). Ultimately,itisinanycasenottheidentificationofbiologicaloriginthatistrulyofinterest,butitsinterplaywithsocialidentity.Astoday,peoplemakechoicesaboutwhethertoclingtoanold,national,orethnicidentityortoadoptanewone—adecisionthatmaybedescribedasthe‘sportteamchoice’(Handley2011:preface). Diggingupmigrationhistory:TheIvoryBangleLady TheOurMigratoryHistorywebsitepresentstheoftenuntoldstoriesofthegenerationsofmigrantswhocametoandshapedtheBritishIsles.WhileitisprimarilydesignedtosupportteachersandstudentsstudyingmigrationtoBritain,itsaimistobeausefulresourceforanyoneinterestedinBritain’smigrationhistory. Onewaywecanlearnaboutearlymigrationhistoryisthroughtheworkofarchaeologists,whohavestudiedhumanremainstolearnmoreaboutthepeopleofRomanBritain.Forexample,thegraveofayoungwoman(seemainsourceabove)wasdiscoveredin1901inSycamoreTerraceYork;shewasburiedinastonesarcophaguswithveryrichgravegoods(objectsplacedintoaburialfortheafterlife,orasanofferingtothedead)inthelater4thcentury.Theobjectsplacedintohergraveincludedbraceletsmadefromlocaljetandmoreexoticonesmadeofivory.Ashortinscriptiononabonemount,thatonceprobablydecoratedabox,suggeststhatthishighstatusyoungwomanwasaChristianasitsays‘Hail,sister,mayyouliveinGod’.Recently,theskullandteethofherskeleton,whichhavebeenstoredinYorkshireMuseum,wereexaminedbyscientistsattheUniversityofReading. TheshapeofherskullsuggeststhatshehadNorthAfricanancestry;thisisnotverysurprisinginaplacelikeYork,whereinscriptionsandwrittensourcesmentionAfricans.PeoplefromAfricawhocametoBritainincludetheEmperorSeptimiusSeverus,whowasborninwhatisNowLibyaandruledfromAD193-211. Archaeologicalscientistscanalsoanalysethechemicalsignaturespreservedinhumanteeth.Theratiosofstableisotopessuchasoxygen,carbon,nitrogenandstrontiuminhumanteethcanprovideinformationaboutancientdietandorigin.Oxygenandstrontiumsignaturesvarydependingontheclimateandunderlyinggeologyoftheareawhereanindividualgrewup.Individualsfromhot,coastal,areaswillhaveadifferentsignaturetothosewhogrewupincoolerareasofcontinentalEurope.However,itisimportanttostressthatisotopeanalysisisbetteratexcludinglocalorigin(i.e.anindividual’ssignatureisverydifferentfromthelocalsignatures)thanpinpointingaspecificareaoforigin(i.e.manyareashavesimilarisotopesignatures). StudiesoftheremainsoftheIvoryBangleLadysuggestthatshewasbornandbroughtupinthesouthofBritain,orthecontinent,ratherthaninAfrica.Archaeologistscaninterpretthisfindinginanumberofways.Forexample,itispossiblethatoneparentoftheIvoryBangleLadywasfromNorthAfrica,butthatshegrewupinadifferentpartoftheEmpire.OtherskeletonsfromYorkandotherRomano-Britishtownsshowthatsomeincomers(asidentifiedbytheirisotopicsignatures)lookalmostlikelocalsintermsoftheirburialritesandgravegoods,whilesomearchaeologicallyveryexoticburialsareinfactthoseofpeoplebornlocally.Whycouldthisbe?Weneedtoconsiderthefactthatthedeaddonotburythemselves.Gravegoodsandburialritesmightbeshapedbyparentsorpartnerswhohadadifferentgeographicalorigintothedeceased.AfewhundredskeletonsfromtheRomanperiodhavenowbeenstudiedbyscientistsusingwhatisaveryexpensivetechnique,andtheresultsshowhighlevelsofmobilityandmigration–upto30%insometowns.However,thesamplestudyisbiasedasitexaminesmostlyunusualandexoticburials,soactualmigrationlevelswerelikelymuchlower.Adifferentpictureofmovementwouldprobablyemergeifcountrysideburialsforthesameperiodweresampled. CambridgeFacultystatementconcerningethnicdiversityinRomanBritain "RomanBritainhaslongbeenanimportantpartoftheteachingandresearchintheFacultyofClassics.Thequestionofethnicdiversityintheprovincehasbeengettingunusualamountsofattentionrecently.ProfessorMaryBeardhasbeenatthecentreofsomeofthisattention.IntheFacultywewelcomeandencouragepublicinterestin,andreasoneddebateabout,theancientworld,suchasProfessorBeardhasalwayssoughttoencourage.TheevidenceisinfactoverwhelmingthatRomanBritainwasindeedamulti-ethnicsociety.Thiswasnot,ofcourse,evenlyspreadthroughtheprovince,anditwouldhavebeeninfinitelymorenoticeable—itcanbeassumed—inanurbanormilitarycontextthaninaruralone.Thereare,however,stillsignificantgapsinourunderstanding.Newscientificevidence(includingbutnotlimitedtogeneticdata)offersexcitingwaysforward,butitneedstobeinterpretedcarefully." 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