Facebook - Wikipedia

2012–2013: IPO, lawsuits, and one-billionth user Facebook FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch AmericanonlinesocialmediaandsocialnetworkingserviceownedbyMetaPlatforms Thisarticleisaboutthesocialmediaservice.Foritsowner,formerlyknownasFacebook,Inc.,seeMetaPlatforms. NottobeconfusedwithFacebookorFactbook. FacebookScreenshot MarkZuckerberg'sprofile(viewedfromtheunloginpage)TypeofsiteSocialnetworkingservicePublisherAvailable in111languages[1]ListoflanguagesMultilingual Afrikaans,Albanian,Amharic,Arabic,Armenian,Assamese,Azerbaijani,Basque,Belarusian,Bengali,Bosnian,Breton,Bulgarian,Burmese,Catalan,Cebuano,Corsican,Croatian,Czech,Danish,Dutch,Dutch(België),English(UK),English(US),English(upsidedown),Esperanto,Estonian,Faroese,Filipino,Finnish,French(Canada),French(France),Frisian,Fula,Galician,Georgian,German,Greek,Guarani,Gujarati,HaitianCreole,Hausa,Hebrew,Hindi,Hungarian,Icelandic,Indonesian,Irish,Italian,Japanese,Japanese(Kansai),Javanese,Kannada,Kazakh,Khmer,Kinyarwanda,Korean,Kurdish(Kurmanji),Kyrgyz,Lao,Latvian,Lithuanian,Macedonian,Malagasy,Malay,Malayalam,Maltese,Marathi,Mongolian,Nepali,Norwegian(bokmal),Norwegian(nynorsk),Odia,Pashto,Persian,Polish,Portuguese(Brazil),Portuguese(Portugal),Punjabi,Romanian,Russian,Sardinian,Serbian,Shona,Silesian,SimplifiedChinese(China),Sinhala,Slovak,Slovenian,Somali,SoraniKurdish,Spanish,Spanish(Spain),Swahili,Swedish,Syriac,Tajik,Tamazight,Tamil,Tatar,Telugu,Tetun,Thai,TraditionalChinese(HongKong),TraditionalChinese(Taiwan),Turkish,Ukrainian,Urdu,Uzbek,Vietnamese,WelshandZazaFoundedFebruary 4,2004;17yearsago (2004-02-04)inCambridge,MassachusettsArea servedWorldwide,exceptblockingcountriesFounder(s)MarkZuckerbergEduardoSaverinCEOMarkZuckerbergParentMetaPlatforms(formerlyknownasFacebook,Inc)URL facebook.com m.facebook.com mbasic.facebook.com RegistrationRequired(todoanyactivity)Users2.85 billionmonthlyactiveusers(asof31 March 2021[update])[2]LaunchedFebruary 4,2004;17yearsago (2004-02-04)Current statusActiveWritten inC++,Hack(asHHVM),D[3][4][5][6] FacebookisanAmericanonlinesocialmediaandsocialnetworkingserviceownedbyMetaPlatforms.Foundedin2004byMarkZuckerbergwithfellowHarvardCollegestudentsandroommatesEduardoSaverin,AndrewMcCollum,DustinMoskovitz,andChrisHughes,itsnamecomesfromthefacebookdirectoriesoftengiventoAmericanuniversitystudents.MembershipwasinitiallylimitedtoHarvardstudents,graduallyexpandingtootherNorthAmericanuniversitiesand,since2006,anyoneover13yearsold.Asof2020,Facebookclaimed2.8 billionmonthlyactiveusers,[2]andrankedseventhinglobalinternetusage.[7]Itwasthemostdownloadedmobileappofthe2010s.[8] FacebookcanbeaccessedfromdeviceswithInternetconnectivity,suchaspersonalcomputers,tabletsandsmartphones.Afterregistering,userscancreateaprofilerevealinginformationaboutthemselves.Theycanposttext,photosandmultimediawhicharesharedwithanyotheruserswhohaveagreedtobetheir"friend"or,withdifferentprivacysettings,publicly.UserscanalsocommunicatedirectlywitheachotherwithFacebookMessenger,joincommon-interestgroups,andreceivenotificationsontheactivitiesoftheirFacebookfriendsandpagestheyfollow. Thesubjectofnumerouscontroversies,Facebookhasoftenbeencriticizedoverissuessuchasuserprivacy(aswiththeCambridgeAnalyticadatascandal),politicalmanipulation(aswiththe2016U.S.elections),masssurveillance,[9]psychologicaleffectssuchasaddictionandlowself-esteem,andcontentsuchasfakenews,conspiracytheories,copyrightinfringement,andhatespeech.[10]CommentatorshaveaccusedFacebookofwillinglyfacilitatingthespreadofsuchcontent,[11][12][13][14]aswellasexaggeratingitsnumberofuserstoappealtoadvertisers.[15] Contents 1History 1.12003–2006:Thefacebook,Thielinvestment,andnamechange 1.22006–2012:Publicaccess,Microsoftalliance,andrapidgrowth 1.32012–2013:IPO,lawsuits,andone-billionthuser 1.42013–2014:Sitedevelopments,A4AI,and10thanniversary 1.52015–2020:Improvement;fakenews 1.62020–present:FTClawsuit,corporatere-branding,shutdownoffacialrecognitiontechnology 1.6.1October4,2021globalserviceoutage 1.6.2November2,shutdownoffacialrecognition 2Website 2.1Technicalaspects 2.1.12012architecture 2.1.2Contentdeliverynetwork(CDN) 2.1.3Hack 2.2Userprofile/personaltimeline 2.3NewsFeed 2.4Likebutton 2.5Instantmessaging 2.6Privacypolicy 2.7FacebookBugBountyProgram 3Reception 3.1Userbase 3.2Demographics 3.3Censorship 4Criticismsandcontroversies 4.1Privacy 4.1.1Racialbias 4.1.2Shadowprofiles 4.1.3CambridgeAnalytica 4.1.4Breaches 4.1.5Phonedataandactivity 4.1.6Publicapologies 4.2Content 4.2.1InfoWars 4.3Politicalmanipulation 4.3.1General 4.3.2Russianinterference 4.3.3Anti-Rohingyapropaganda 4.3.4Anti-MuslimpropagandaandHindunationalisminIndia 4.4Companygovernance 4.5Litigation 5Impact 5.1Scope 5.2Economy 5.3Society 5.4Mentalandemotionalhealth 5.5Politics 5.5.1India 5.6Culture 5.7Internet.org 5.8Environment 6Seealso 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks History Furtherinformation:HistoryofFacebook 2003–2006:Thefacebook,Thielinvestment,andnamechange OriginallayoutandnameofThefacebookin2004,showingAlPacino'sfacesuperimposedwithbinarynumbersasFacebook'soriginallogo,designedbyco-founderAndrewMcCollum[16] Zuckerbergbuiltawebsitecalled"Facemash"in2003whileattendingHarvardUniversity.ThesitewascomparabletoHotorNotandused"photoscompiledfromtheonlinefacebooksofnineHouses,placingtwonexttoeachotheratatimeandaskinguserstochoosethe"hotter"person".[17]Facemashattracted450visitorsand22,000photo-viewsinitsfirstfourhours.[18]Thesitewassenttoseveralcampusgrouplistservs,butwasshutdownafewdayslaterbyHarvardadministration.Zuckerbergfacedexpulsionandwaschargedwithbreachingsecurity,violatingcopyrightsandviolatingindividualprivacy.Ultimately,thechargesweredropped.[17]Zuckerbergexpandedonthisprojectthatsemesterbycreatingasocialstudytoolaheadofanarthistoryfinalexam.Heuploadedartimages,eachaccompaniedbyacommentssection,toawebsitehesharedwithhisclassmates.[19] A"facebook"isastudentdirectoryfeaturingphotosandpersonalinformation.[18]In2003,Harvardhadonlyapaperversion[20]alongwithprivateonlinedirectories.[17][21]ZuckerbergtoldTheHarvardCrimson,"Everyone'sbeentalkingalotaboutauniversalfacebookwithinHarvard....Ithinkit'skindofsillythatitwouldtaketheUniversityacoupleofyearstogetaroundtoit.Icandoitbetterthantheycan,andIcandoitinaweek."[21]InJanuary2004,Zuckerbergcodedanewwebsite,knownas"TheFacebook",inspiredbyaCrimsoneditorialaboutFacemash,stating,"ItisclearthatthetechnologyneededtocreateacentralizedWebsiteisreadilyavailable...thebenefitsaremany."ZuckerbergmetwithHarvardstudentEduardoSaverin,andeachofthemagreedtoinvest$1,000inthesite.[22]OnFebruary4,2004,Zuckerberglaunched"TheFacebook",originallylocatedatthefacebook.com.[23] MarkZuckerberg,co-creatorofFacebook,inhisHarvarddormroom,2005 Sixdaysafterthesitelaunched,HarvardseniorsCameronWinklevoss,TylerWinklevoss,andDivyaNarendraaccusedZuckerbergofintentionallymisleadingthemintobelievingthathewouldhelpthembuildasocialnetworkcalledHarvardConnection.com.Theyclaimedthathewasinsteadusingtheirideastobuildacompetingproduct.[24]ThethreecomplainedtotheCrimsonandthenewspaperbegananinvestigation.TheylatersuedZuckerberg,settlingin2008[25]for1.2 millionshares(worth$300 millionatFacebook'sIPO).[26] MembershipwasinitiallyrestrictedtostudentsofHarvardCollege.Withinamonth,morethanhalftheundergraduateshadregistered.[27]DustinMoskovitz,AndrewMcCollum,andChrisHughesjoinedZuckerbergtohelpmanagethegrowthofthewebsite.[28]InMarch2004,FacebookexpandedtoColumbia,StanfordandYale.[29]ItthenbecameavailabletoallIvyLeaguecolleges,BostonUniversity,NYU,MIT,andsuccessivelymostuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesandCanada.[30][31] Inmid-2004,Napsterco-founderandentrepreneurSeanParker—aninformaladvisortoZuckerberg—becamecompanypresident.[32]InJune2004,thecompanymovedtoPaloAlto,California.[33]ItreceiveditsfirstinvestmentlaterthatmonthfromPayPalco-founderPeterThiel.[34]In2005,thecompanydropped"the"fromitsnameafterpurchasingthedomainnameFacebook.comforUS$200,000.[35]ThedomainhadbelongedtoAboutFaceCorporation. InMay2005,AccelPartnersinvested$12.7 millioninFacebook,andJimBreyer[36]added$1 millionofhisownmoney.Ahigh-schoolversionofthesitelaunchedinSeptember2005.[37]Eligibilityexpandedtoincludeemployeesofseveralcompanies,includingAppleInc.andMicrosoft.[38] 2006–2012:Publicaccess,Microsoftalliance,andrapidgrowth InMay2006,Facebookhireditsfirstintern,JulieZhuo.[39]Afteramonth,Zhuowashiredasafull-timeengineer.[39]OnSeptember26,2006,Facebookopenedtoeveryoneatleast13yearsoldwithavalidemailaddress.[40][41][42]Bylate2007,Facebookhad100,000pagesonwhichcompaniespromotedthemselves.[43]OrganizationpagesbeganrollingoutinMay2009.[44]OnOctober24,2007,Microsoftannouncedthatithadpurchaseda1.6%shareofFacebookfor$240 million,givingFacebookatotalimpliedvalueofaround$15 billion.Microsoft'spurchaseincludedrightstoplaceinternationaladvertisements.[45][46] InMay2007,atthefirstf8developersconference,FacebookannouncedthelaunchoftheFacebookDeveloperPlatform,providingaframeworkforsoftwaredeveloperstocreateapplicationsthatinteractwithcoreFacebookfeatures.Bythesecondannualf8developersconferenceonJuly23,2008,thenumberofapplicationsontheplatformhadgrownto33,000,andthenumberofregistereddevelopershadexceeded400,000.[47] Thewebsitewonawardssuchasplacementintothe"Top100ClassicWebsites"byPCMagazinein2007,[48]andwinningthe"People'sVoiceAward"fromtheWebbyAwardsin2008.[49] OnJuly20,2008,Facebookintroduced"FacebookBeta",asignificantredesignofitsuserinterfaceonselectednetworks.TheMini-FeedandWallwereconsolidated,profileswereseparatedintotabbedsections,andaneffortwasmadetocreateacleanerlook.[50]FacebookbeganmigratinguserstothenewversioninSeptember2008.[51] InOctober2008,FacebookannouncedthatitsinternationalheadquarterswouldlocateinDublin,Ireland.[52]InSeptember2009,Facebooksaidthatithadachievedpositivecashflowforthefirsttime.[53]AJanuary2009Compete.comstudyrankedFacebookthemostusedsocialnetworkingservicebyworldwidemonthlyactiveusers.[54]ChinablockedFacebookin2009followingtheÜrümqiriots.[55] In2010,FacebookwontheCrunchie"BestOverallStartupOrProduct"award[56]forthethirdyearinarow.[57] Thecompanyannounced500 millionusersinJuly2010.[58]Halfofthesite'smembershipusedFacebookdaily,foranaverageof34minutes,while150 millionusersaccessedthesitefrommobiledevices.Acompanyrepresentativecalledthemilestonea"quietrevolution."[59]InOctober2010groupsareintroduced.[60]InNovember2010,basedonSecondMarketInc.(anexchangeforprivatelyheldcompanies'shares),Facebook'svaluewas$41 billion.ThecompanyhadslightlysurpassedeBaytobecomethethirdlargestAmericanwebcompanyafterGoogleandAmazon.com.[61][62] OnNovember15,2010,Facebookannouncedithadacquiredthedomainnamefb.comfromtheAmericanFarmBureauFederationforanundisclosedamount.OnJanuary11,2011,theFarmBureaudisclosed$8.5 millionin"domainsalesincome",makingtheacquisitionofFB.comoneofthetenhighestdomainsalesinhistory.[63] InFebruary2011,FacebookannouncedplanstomoveitsheadquarterstotheformerSunMicrosystemscampusinMenloPark,California.[64][65]InMarch2011,itwasreportedthatFacebookwasremovingabout20,000profilesdailyforviolationssuchasspam,graphiccontentandunderageuse,aspartofitseffortstoboostcybersecurity.[66]StatisticsshowedthatFacebookreachedonetrillionpageviewsinthemonthofJune2011,makingitthemostvisitedwebsitetrackedbyDoubleClick.[67][68]AccordingtoaNielsenstudy,Facebookhadin2011becomethesecond-mostaccessedwebsiteintheU.S.behindGoogle.[69][70] 2012–2013:IPO,lawsuits,andone-billionthuser Furtherinformation:InitialpublicofferingofFacebook InMarch2012,FacebookannouncedAppCenter,astoresellingapplicationsthatoperateviathewebsite.ThestorewastobeavailableoniPhones,Androiddevices,andformobilewebusers.[71] BillboardontheThomsonReutersbuildingwelcomesFacebooktoNASDAQ,May2012 Facebook'sinitialpublicofferingcameonMay17,2012,atasharepriceofUS$38.Thecompanywasvaluedat$104 billion,thelargestvaluationtothatdate.[72][73][74]TheIPOraised$16 billion,thethird-largestinU.S.history,afterVisaInc.in2008andAT&TWirelessin2000.[75][76]Basedonits2012incomeof$5 billion,FacebookjoinedtheFortune500listforthefirsttimeinMay2013,ranked462.[77]ThesharessetafirstdayrecordfortradingvolumeofanIPO(460 millionshares).[78]TheIPOwascontroversialgiventheimmediatepricedeclinesthatfollowed,[79][80][81][82]andwasthesubjectoflawsuits,[83]whileSECandFINRAbothlaunchedinvestigations.[84] ZuckerbergannouncedatthestartofOctober2012thatFacebookhadonebillionmonthlyactiveusers,[85]including600 millionmobileusers,219 billionphotouploadsand140 billionfriendconnections.[86] 2013–2014:Sitedevelopments,A4AI,and10thanniversary OnJanuary15,2013,FacebookannouncedFacebookGraphSearch,whichprovidesuserswitha"preciseanswer",ratherthanalinktoananswerbyleveragingdatapresentonitssite.[87]Facebookemphasizedthatthefeaturewouldbe"privacy-aware",returningresultsonlyfromcontentalreadysharedwiththeuser.[88]OnApril3,2013,FacebookunveiledFacebookHome,auser-interfacelayerforAndroiddevicesofferinggreaterintegrationwiththesite.HTCannouncedHTCFirst,aphonewithHomepre-loaded.[89] OnApril15,2013,Facebookannouncedanallianceacross19stateswiththeNationalAssociationofAttorneysGeneral,toprovideteenagersandparentswithinformationontoolstomanagesocialnetworkingprofiles.[90]OnApril19Facebookmodifieditslogotoremovethefaintbluelineatthebottomofthe"F"icon.TheletterFmovedclosertotheedgeofthebox.[91] Followingacampaignby100advocacygroups,Facebookagreedtoupdateitspolicyonhatespeech.Thecampaignhighlightedcontentpromotingdomesticviolenceandsexualviolenceagainstwomenandled15advertiserstowithdraw,includingNissanUK,HouseofBurlesque,andNationwideUK.Thecompanyinitiallystated,"whileitmaybevulgarandoffensive,distastefulcontentonitsowndoesnotviolateourpolicies".[92]IttookactiononMay29.[93] OnJune12,Facebookannouncedthatitwasintroducingclickablehashtagstohelpusersfollowtrendingdiscussions,orsearchwhatothersaretalkingaboutonatopic.[94]SanMateoCounty,California,becamethetopwage-earningcountyinthecountryafterthefourthquarterof2012becauseofFacebook.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsreportedthattheaveragesalarywas107%higherthanthepreviousyear,at$168,000ayear,morethan50%higherthanthenext-highestcounty,NewYorkCounty(betterknownasManhattan),atroughly$110,000ayear.[95] FacebookjoinedAllianceforAffordableInternet(A4AI)inOctober,asitlaunched.TheA4AIisacoalitionofpublicandprivateorganizationsthatincludesGoogle,IntelandMicrosoft.LedbySirTimBerners-Lee,theA4AIseekstomakeInternetaccessmoreaffordabletoeaseaccessinthedevelopingworld.[96] Thecompanycelebratedits10thanniversaryduringtheweekofFebruary3,2014.[97]InJanuary2014,overonebillionusersconnectedviaamobiledevice.[98]AsofJune,mobileaccountedfor62%ofadvertisingrevenue,anincreaseof21%fromthepreviousyear.[99]BySeptemberFacebook'smarketcapitalizationhadexceeded$200 billion.[100][101][102] ZuckerbergparticipatedinaQ&AsessionatTsinghuaUniversityinBeijing,China,onOctober23,whereheattemptedtoconverseinMandarin.ZuckerberghostedvisitingChinesepoliticianLuWei,knownasthe"Internetczar"forhisinfluenceinChina'sonlinepolicy,onDecember8.[103][104][105] 2015–2020:Improvement;fakenews Asof2015[update],Facebook'salgorithmwasrevisedinanattempttofilteroutfalseormisleadingcontent,suchasfakenewsstoriesandhoaxes.Itreliedonuserswhoflagastoryaccordingly.Facebookmaintainedthatsatiricalcontentshouldnotbeintercepted.[106]Thealgorithmwasaccusedofmaintaininga"filterbubble",wherematerialtheuserdisagreeswith[107]andpostswithfewlikeswouldbedeprioritized.[108]InNovember,Facebookextendedpaternityleavefrom4weeksto4months.[109] OnApril12,2016,Zuckerbergoutlinedhis10-yearvision,whichrestedonthreemainpillars:artificialintelligence,increasedglobalconnectivity,andvirtualandaugmentedreality.[110]InJuly,aUS$1billionsuitwasfiledagainstthecompanyallegingthatitpermittedHamastouseittoperformassaultsthatcostthelivesoffourpeople.[111]FacebookreleaseditsblueprintsofSurround360cameraonGitHubunderanopen-sourcelicense.[112]InSeptember,itwonanEmmyforitsanimatedshort"Henry".[113]InOctober,Facebookannouncedafee-basedcommunicationstoolcalledWorkplacethataimsto"connecteveryone"atwork.Userscancreateprofiles,seeupdatesfromco-workersontheirnewsfeed,streamlivevideosandparticipateinsecuregroupchats.[114] Followingthe2016U.S.presidentialelection,FacebookannouncedthatitwouldcombatfakenewsbyusingfactcheckersfromsiteslikeFactCheck.organdAssociatedPress(AP),makingreportinghoaxeseasierthroughcrowdsourcing,anddisruptingfinancialincentivesforabusers.[115] OculusVRheadset[116] OnJanuary17,2017,FacebookCOOSherylSandbergplannedtoopenStationF,astartupincubatorcampusinParis,France.[117]Onasix-monthcycle,Facebookcommittedtoworkwithtento15data-drivenstartupsthere.[118]OnApril18,FacebookannouncedthebetalaunchofFacebookSpacesatitsannualF8developerconference.[119]FacebookSpacesisavirtualrealityversionofFacebookforOculusVRgoggles.Inavirtualandsharedspace,userscanaccessacuratedselectionof360-degreephotosandvideosusingtheiravatar,withthesupportofthecontroller.Userscanaccesstheirownphotosandvideos,alongwithmediasharedontheirnewsfeed.[120]InSeptember,FacebookannounceditwouldspenduptoUS$1 billiononoriginalshowsforitsFacebookWatchplatform.[121]OnOctober16,itacquiredtheanonymouscomplimentapptbh,announcingitsintentiontoleavetheappindependent.[122][123][124][125] InOctober2017,FacebookexpandeditsworkwithDefinersPublicAffairs,aPRfirmthathadoriginallybeenhiredtomonitorpresscoverageofthecompanytoaddressconcernsprimarilyregardingRussianmeddling,thenmishandlingofuserdatabyCambridgeAnalytica,hatespeechonFacebook,andcallsforregulation.[126]CompanyspokesmanTimMillerstatedthatagoalfortechfirmsshouldbeto"havepositivecontentpushedoutaboutyourcompanyandnegativecontentthat'sbeingpushedoutaboutyourcompetitor".DefinersclaimedthatGeorgeSoroswastheforcebehindwhatappearedtobeabroadanti-Facebookmovement,andcreatedothernegativemedia,alongwithAmericaRising,thatwaspickedupbylargermediaorganisationslikeBreitbart.[126][127]Facebookcuttieswiththeagencyinlate2018,followingpublicoutcryovertheirassociation.[128] InMay2018atF8,thecompanyannounceditwouldofferitsowndatingservice.SharesincompetitorMatchGroupfellby22%.[129]FacebookDatingincludesprivacyfeaturesandfriendsareunabletoviewtheirfriends'datingprofile.[130]InJuly,Facebookwascharged£500,000byUKwatchdogsforfailingtorespondtodataerasurerequests.[131]OnJuly18,FacebookestablishedasubsidiarynamedLianshuScience&TechnologyinHangzhouCity,China,with$30 millionofcapital.AllitssharesareheldbyFacebookHong.[132]Approvaloftheregistrationofthesubsidiarywasthenwithdrawn,duetoadisagreementbetweenofficialsinZhejiangprovinceandtheCyberspaceAdministrationofChina.[133]OnJuly26,Facebookbecamethefirstcompanytoloseover$100 billionworthofmarketcapitalizationinoneday,droppingfromnearly$630 billionto$510 billionafterdisappointingsalesreports.[134][135]OnJuly31,Facebooksaidthatthecompanyhaddeleted17accountsrelatedtothe2018U.S.midtermelections.OnSeptember19,Facebookannouncedthat,fornewsdistributionoutsidetheUnitedStates,itwouldworkwithU.S.fundeddemocracypromotionorganizations,InternationalRepublicanInstituteandtheNationalDemocraticInstitute,whicharelooselyaffiliatedwiththeRepublicanandDemocraticparties.[136]ThroughtheDigitalForensicResearchLabFacebookpartnerswiththeAtlanticCouncil,aNATO-affiliatedthinktank.[136]InNovember,FacebooklaunchedsmartdisplaysbrandedPortalandPortalPlus(Portal+).TheysupportAmazon'sAlexa(intelligentpersonalassistantservice).ThedevicesincludevideochatfunctionwithFacebookMessenger.[137][138] InAugust2018,alawsuitwasfiledinOakland,CaliforniaclaimingthatFacebookcreatedfakeaccountsinordertoinflateitsuserdataandappealtoadvertisersintheprocess.[15] AerialviewofFacebookcampusinMenloPark,California InJanuary2019,the10-yearchallengewasstarted[139]askinguserstopostaphotographofthemselvesfrom10yearsago(2009)andamorerecentphoto.[140] Criticizedforitsroleinvaccinehesitancy,FacebookannouncedinMarch2019thatitwouldprovideuserswith"authoritativeinformation"onthetopicofvaccines.[141] AstudyinthejournalVaccine[142]ofadvertisementspostedinthethreemonthspriortothatfoundthat54%oftheanti-vaccineadvertisementsonFacebookwereplacedbyjusttwoorganisationsfundedbywell-knownanti-vaccinationactivists.[143]TheChildren'sHealthDefense/WorldMercuryProjectchairedbyRobertF.KennedyJr.andStopMandatoryVaccination,runbycampaignerLarryCook,posted54%oftheadvertisements.Theadsoftenlinkedtocommercialproducts,suchasnaturalremediesandbooks. OnMarch14,theHuffingtonPostreportedthatFacebook'sPRagencyhadpaidsomeonetotweakFacebookCOOSherylSandberg'sWikipediapage,aswellasaddingapagefortheglobalheadofPR,CarynMarooney.[144] InMarch2019,theperpetratoroftheChristchurchmosqueshootingsinNewZealandusedFacebooktostreamlivefootageoftheattackasitunfolded.Facebooktook29minutestodetectthelivestreamedvideo,whichwaseightminuteslongerthanittookpolicetoarrestthegunman.About1.3mcopiesofthevideowereblockedfromFacebookbut300,000copieswerepublishedandshared.Facebookhaspromisedchangestoitsplatform;spokesmanSimonDilnertoldRadioNewZealandthatitcouldhavedoneabetterjob.Severalcompanies,includingtheANZandASBbanks,havestoppedadvertisingonFacebookafterthecompanywaswidelycondemnedbythepublic.[145]Followingtheattack,Facebookbeganblockingwhitenationalist,whitesupremacist,andwhiteseparatistcontent,sayingthattheycouldnotbemeaningfullyseparated.Previously,Facebookhadonlyblockedovertlysupremacistcontent.Theolderpolicyhadbeencondemnedbycivilrightsgroups,whodescribedthesemovementsasfunctionallyindistinct.[146][147]Furtherbansweremadeinmid-April2019,banningseveralBritishfar-rightorganizationsandassociatedindividualsfromFacebook,andalsobanningpraiseorsupportforthem.[148][149] NTJ'smemberMoulaviZahranHashim,aradicalIslamistimambelievedtobethemastermindbehindthe2019SriLankaEasterbombings,preachedonapro-ISILFacebookaccount,knownas"Al-Ghuraba"media.[150][151] FacebookCEOMarkZuckerbergandFacebookexecutiveswithPresidentDonaldTrumpinSeptember2019 OnMay2,2019,atF8,thecompanyannounceditsnewvisionwiththetagline"thefutureisprivate".[152]Aredesignofthewebsiteandmobileappwasintroduced,dubbedas"FB5".[153]Theeventalsofeaturedplansforimprovinggroups,[154]adatingplatform,[155]end-to-endencryptiononitsplatforms,[156]andallowingusersonMessengertocommunicatedirectlywithWhatsAppandInstagramusers.[157][158] OnJuly31,2019,FacebookannouncedapartnershipwithUniversityofCalifornia,SanFranciscotobuildanon-invasive,wearabledevicethatletspeopletypebysimplyimaginingthemselvestalking.[159] OnAugust13,2019,itwasrevealedthatFacebookhadenlistedhundredsofcontractorstocreateandobtaintranscriptsoftheaudiomessagesofusers.[160][161][162]ThiswasespeciallycommonofFacebookMessenger,wherethecontractorsfrequentlylistenedtoandtranscribedvoicemessagesofusers.[162]AfterthiswasfirstreportedonbyBloombergNews,Facebookreleasedastatementconfirmingthereporttobetrue,[161]butalsostatedthatthemonitoringprogramwasnowsuspended.[161] OnSeptember5,2019,FacebooklaunchedFacebookDatingintheUnitedStates.ThisnewapplicationallowsuserstointegratetheirInstagrampostsintheirdatingprofile.[163] FacebookNews,whichfeaturesselectedstoriesfromnewsorganizations,waslaunchedonOctober25.[164]Facebook'sdecisiontoincludefar-rightwebsiteBreitbartNewsasa"trustedsource"wasnegativelyreceived.[165][166] OnNovember17,2019,thebankingdatafor29,000Facebookemployeeswasstolenfromapayrollworker'scar.Thedatawasstoredonunencryptedharddrivesandincludedbankaccountnumbers,employeenames,thelastfourdigitsoftheirsocialsecuritynumbers,salaries,bonuses,andequitydetails.Thecompanydidn'trealizetheharddrivesweremissinguntilNovember20.FacebookconfirmedthatthedrivescontainedemployeeinformationonNovember29.Employeesweren'tnotifiedofthebreak-inuntilDecember13,2019.[167] OnMarch10,2020,FacebookappointedtwonewdirectorsTraceyTravisandNancyKillefertotheirboardofmembers.[168] InJune2020,severalmajorcompaniesincludingAdidas,Aviva,Coca-Cola,Ford,HP,InterContinentalHotelsGroup,Mars,Starbucks,Target,andUnilever,announcedtheywouldpauseadvertsonFacebookforJulyinsupportoftheStopHateForProfitcampaignwhichclaimedthecompanywasnotdoingenoughtoremovehatefulcontent.[169]TheBBCnotedthatthiswasunlikelytoaffectthecompanyasmostofFacebook'sadvertisingrevenuecomesfromsmall-tomedium-sizedbusinesses.[170] OnAugust14,2020,FacebookstartedintegratingthedirectmessagingserviceofInstagramwithitsownMessengerforbothiOSandAndroiddevices.Aftertheupdate,anupdatescreenissaidtopopuponInstagram'smobileappwiththefollowingmessage,"There'saNewWaytoMessageonInstagram"withalistofadditionalfeatures.Aspartoftheupdate,theregularDMicononthetoprightcornerofInstagramwillbereplacedbytheFacebookMessengerlogo.[171] OnSeptember15,2020,Facebooklaunchedaclimatescienceinformationcentretopromoteauthoritativevoicesonclimatechangeandprovideaccessof"factualandup-to-date"informationonclimatescience.Itfeaturedfacts,figuresanddatafromorganizations,includingtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),MetOffice,UNEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP),NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)andWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO),withrelevantnewsposts.[172] Afterthe2020U.S.presidentialelection,Facebooktemporarilyincreasedtheweightofecosystemqualityinitsnewsfeedalgorithm.[173] 2020–present:FTClawsuit,corporatere-branding,shutdownoffacialrecognitiontechnology Seealso:FacebookFilesandFrancesHaugen FacebookwassuedbytheFederalTradeCommissionaswellasacoalitionofseveralstatesforillegalmonopolizationandantitrust.TheFTCandstatessoughtthecourtstoforceFacebooktosellitssubsidiariesWhatsAppandInstagram.[174][175]ThesuitsweredismissedbyafederaljudgeonJune28,2021,whostatedthattherewasnotenoughevidencebroughtinthesuittodetermineFacebooktobeamonopolyatthispoint,thoughallowedtheFTCtoamenditscasetoincludeadditionalevidence.[176]InitsamendedfilingsinAugust2021,theFTCassertedthatFacebookhadbeenamonopolyintheareaofpersonalsocialnetworkssince2011,distinguishingFacebook'sactivitiesfromsocialmediaserviceslikeTikTokthatbroadcastcontentwithoutnecessarilylimitingthatmessagetointendedrecipients.[177] InresponsetotheproposedbillintheAustralianParliamentforaNewsMediaBargainingCode,onFebruary17,2021,FacebookblockedAustralianusersfromsharingorviewingnewscontentonitsplatform,aswellaspagesofsomegovernment,community,union,charity,political,andemergencyservices.[178]TheAustraliangovernmentstronglycriticisedthemove,sayingitdemonstratedthe"immensemarketpowerofthesedigitalsocialgiants".[179] OnFebruary22,FacebooksaiditreachedanagreementwiththeAustraliangovernmentthatwouldseenewsreturningtoAustralianusersinthecomingdays.Aspartofthisagreement,FacebookandGooglecanavoidtheNewsMediaBargainingCodeadoptedonFebruary25ifthey"reachacommercialbargainwithanewsbusinessoutsidetheCode".[180][181][182] FacebookhasbeenaccusedofremovingandshadowbanningcontentthatspokeeitherinfavorofprotestingIndianfarmersoragainstNarendraModi'sgovernment.[183][184][185]India-basedemployeesofFacebookareatriskofarrest.[186] OnFebruary27,2021,FacebookannouncedFacebookBARSappforrappers.[187] OnJune29,2021,FacebookannouncedBulletin,aplatformforindependentwriters.[188][189]UnlikecompetitorssuchasSubstack,Facebookwouldnottakeacutofsubscriptionfeesofwritersusingthatplatformuponitslaunch,likeMalcolmGladwellandMitchAlbom.AccordingtoTheWashingtonPosttechnologywriterWillOremus,themovewascriticizedbythosewhovieweditasantacticintendedbyFacebooktoforcethosecompetitorsoutofbusiness.[190] InOctober2021,ownerFacebook,Inc.changeditscompanynametoMetaPlatforms,Inc.,orsimply"Meta",asitshiftsitsfocustobuildingthe"metaverse".ThischangedoesnotaffectthenameoftheFacebooksocialnetworkingserviceitself,insteadbeingsimilartothecreationofAlphabetasGoogle'sparentcompanyin2015.[191] InNovember2021,Facebookstateditwouldstoptargetingadsbasedondatarelatedtohealth,race,ethnicity,politicalbeliefs,religionandsexualorientation.ThechangewilloccurinJanuaryandwillaffectallappsownedbyMetaPlatforms.[192] October4,2021globalserviceoutage Mainarticle:2021Facebookoutage OnOctober4,2021,Facebookhaditsworstoutagesince2008.Theoutagewasglobalinscope,andtookdownallFacebookproperties,includingInstagramandWhatsApp,fromapproximately15:39UTCto22:05UTC,andaffectedroughlythreebillionusers.[193][194][195]SecurityexpertsidentifiedtheproblemasaBGPwithdrawalofalloftheIProutestotheirDomainName(DNS)serverswhichwereallself-hostedatthetime.[196][197]TheoutagealsoaffectedallinternalcommunicationssystemsusedbyFacebookemployees,whichdisruptedrestorationefforts.[197] November2,shutdownoffacialrecognition OnNovember2,2021,Facebookannounceditwouldshutdownitsfacialrecognitiontechnologyanddeletethedataonoverabillionusers.[198]However,Metaannouncedithasplanstoimplementthetechnologyaswellasotherbiometricsystemsinitsfutureproducts,suchastheplannedmetaverse.[199] TheshutdownofthetechnologywillreportedlyalsostopFacebook'sautomatedalttextsystem,usedtotranscribemediaontheplatformforvisuallyimpaireduses.[199] Website Furtherinformation:ListofFacebookfeaturesandFacebookPlatform ProfileshownonThefacebookin2005 PreviousFacebooklogoinusefromAugust23,2005,untilJuly1,2015 Technicalaspects Thissection'sfactualaccuracymaybecompromisedduetoout-of-dateinformation.Thereasongivenis:FacebooknolongerusesHipHopforPHP.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(August2020) Thewebsite'sprimarycolorisblueasZuckerbergisred–greencolorblind,arealizationthatoccurredafteratestundertakenaround2007.[200][201]FacebookisbuiltinPHP,compiledwithHipHopforPHP,a"sourcecodetransformer"builtbyFacebookengineersthatturnsPHPintoC++.[202]ThedeploymentofHipHopreportedlyreducedaverageCPUconsumptiononFacebookserversby50%.[203] 2012architecture Facebookisdevelopedasonemonolithicapplication.Accordingtoaninterviewin2012withFacebookbuildengineerChuckRossi,Facebookcompilesintoa1.5 GBbinaryblobwhichisthendistributedtotheserversusingacustomBitTorrent-basedreleasesystem.Rossistatedthatittakesabout15minutestobuildand15minutestoreleasetotheservers.Thebuildandreleaseprocesshaszerodowntime.ChangestoFacebookarerolledoutdaily.[203] FacebookusedacombinationplatformbasedonHBasetostoredataacrossdistributedmachines.Usingatailingarchitecture,eventsarestoredinlogfiles,andthelogsaretailed.Thesystemrollstheseeventsupandwritesthemtostorage.Theuserinterfacethenpullsthedataoutanddisplaysittousers.FacebookhandlesrequestsasAJAXbehavior.TheserequestsarewrittentoalogfileusingScribe(developedbyFacebook).[204] DataisreadfromtheselogfilesusingPtail,aninternallybuilttooltoaggregatedatafrommultipleScribestores.Ittailsthelogfilesandpullsdataout.Ptaildataareseparatedintothreestreamsandsenttoclustersindifferentdatacenters(Pluginimpression,Newsfeedimpressions,Actions(plugin+newsfeed)).Pumaisusedtomanageperiodsofhighdataflow(Input/OutputorIO).Dataisprocessedinbatchestolessenthenumberoftimesneededtoreadandwriteunderhighdemandperiods(Ahotarticlegeneratesmanyimpressionsandnewsfeedimpressionsthatcausehugedataskews).Batchesaretakenevery1.5seconds,limitedbymemoryusedwhencreatingahashtable.[204] DataisthenoutputinPHPformat.ThebackendiswritteninJava.ThriftisusedasthemessagingformatsoPHPprogramscanqueryJavaservices.Cachingsolutionsdisplaypagesmorequickly.ThedataisthensenttoMapReduceserverswhereitisqueriedviaHive.ThisservesasabackupasthedatacanberecoveredfromHive.[204] Contentdeliverynetwork(CDN) Furtherinformation:ContentDeliveryNetwork FacebookusesaCDNor'edgenetwork'underthedomainfbcdn.netforservingstaticdata.[205][206]Untilthemid2010s,FacebookalsoreliedonakamaiastheCDNserviceprovider.[207][208][209] Hack OnMarch20,2014,Facebookannouncedanewopen-sourceprogramminglanguagecalledHack.Beforepublicrelease,alargeportionofFacebookwasalreadyrunningand"battletested"usingthenewlanguage.[210] Userprofile/personaltimeline Facebooklogin/signupscreen EachregistereduseronFacebookhasapersonalprofilethatshowstheirpostsandcontent.[211]TheformatofindividualuserpageswasrevampedinSeptember2011andbecameknownas"Timeline",achronologicalfeedofauser'sstories,[212][213]includingstatusupdates,photos,interactionswithappsandevents.[214]Thelayoutletusersadda"coverphoto".[214]Usersweregivenmoreprivacysettings.[214]In2007,FacebooklaunchedFacebookPagesforbrandsandcelebritiestointeractwiththeirfanbase.[215][216]100,000PageslaunchedinNovember.[217]InJune2009,Facebookintroduceda"Usernames"feature,allowinguserstochooseauniquenicknameusedintheURLfortheirpersonalprofile,foreasiersharing.[218][219] InFebruary2014,Facebookexpandedthegendersetting,addingacustominputfieldthatallowsuserstochoosefromawiderangeofgenderidentities.Userscanalsosetwhichsetofgender-specificpronounshouldbeusedinreferencetothemthroughoutthesite.[220][221][222]InMay2014,Facebookintroducedafeaturetoallowuserstoaskforinformationnotdisclosedbyotherusersontheirprofiles.Ifauserdoesnotprovidekeyinformation,suchaslocation,hometown,orrelationshipstatus,otheruserscanuseanew"ask"buttontosendamessageaskingaboutthatitemtotheuserinasingleclick.[223][224] NewsFeed Furtherinformation:NewsFeed NewsFeedappearsoneveryuser'shomepageandhighlightsinformationincludingprofilechanges,upcomingeventsandfriends'birthdays.[225]Thisenabledspammersandotheruserstomanipulatethesefeaturesbycreatingillegitimateeventsorpostingfakebirthdaystoattractattentiontotheirprofileorcause.[226]Initially,theNewsFeedcauseddissatisfactionamongFacebookusers;somecomplaineditwastooclutteredandfullofundesiredinformation,otherswereconcernedthatitmadeittooeasyforotherstotrackindividualactivities(suchasrelationshipstatuschanges,events,andconversationswithotherusers).[227]Zuckerbergapologizedforthesite'sfailuretoincludeappropriateprivacyfeatures.Usersthengainedcontroloverwhattypesofinformationaresharedautomaticallywithfriends.Usersarenowabletopreventuser-setcategoriesoffriendsfromseeingupdatesaboutcertaintypesofactivities,includingprofilechanges,Wallpostsandnewlyaddedfriends.[228] OnFebruary23,2010,Facebookwasgrantedapatent[229]oncertainaspectsofitsNewsFeed.ThepatentcoversNewsFeedsinwhichlinksareprovidedsothatoneusercanparticipateintheactivityofanotheruser.[230]Thesortinganddisplayofstoriesinauser'sNewsFeedisgovernedbytheEdgeRankalgorithm.[231] ThePhotosapplicationallowsuserstouploadalbumsandphotos.[232]Eachalbumcancontain200 photos.[233]Privacysettingsapplytoindividualalbums.Userscan"tag",orlabel,friendsinaphoto.Thefriendreceivesanotificationaboutthetagwithalinktothephoto.[234]ThisphototaggingfeaturewasdevelopedbyAaronSittig,nowaDesignStrategyLeadatFacebook,andformerFacebookengineerScottMarlettebackin2006andwasonlygrantedapatentin2011.[235][236] OnJune7,2012,FacebooklauncheditsAppCentertohelpusersfindgamesandotherapplications.[237] OnMay13,2015,Facebookinassociationwithmajornewsportalslaunched"InstantArticles"toprovidenewsontheFacebooknewsfeedwithoutleavingthesite.[238][239] InJanuary2017,FacebooklaunchedFacebookStoriesforiOSandAndroidinIreland.Thefeature,followingtheformatofSnapchatandInstagramstories,allowsuserstouploadphotosandvideosthatappearabovefriends'andfollowers'NewsFeedsanddisappearafter24hours.[240] OnOctober11,2017,Facebookintroducedthe3DPostsfeaturetoallowforuploadinginteractive3Dassets.[241]OnJanuary11,2018,FacebookannouncedthatitwouldchangeNewsFeedtoprioritizefriends/familycontentandde-emphasizecontentfrommediacompanies.[242] InFebruary2020,Facebookannounceditwouldspend$1 billiontolicensenewsmaterialfrompublishersforthenextthreeyears;apledgecomingasthecompanyfallsunderscrutinyfromgovernmentsacrosstheglobeoverpayingfornewscontentappearingontheplatform.Thepledgewouldbeinadditiontothe$600 millionpaidsince2018throughdealswithnewscompaniessuchasTheGuardianandFinancialTimes.[243][244][245] InMarchandApril2021,inresponsetoAppleannouncingchangestoitsiOSdevice'sIdentifierforAdvertiserspolicy,whichincludedrequiringappdeveloperstodirectlyrequesttouserstheabilitytotrackonanopt-inbasis,Facebookpurchasedfull-pagenewspaperadvertisementsattemptingtoconvinceuserstoallowtracking,highlightingtheeffectstargetedadshaveonsmallbusinesses.[246]Facebook'seffortswereultimatelyunsuccessful,asApplereleasediOS14.5inlateApril2021,containingthefeatureforusersinwhathasbeendeemed"AppTrackingTransparency".Moreover,statisticsfromVerizonCommunicationssubsidiaryFlurryAnalyticsshow96%ofalliOSusersintheUnitedStatesarenotpermittingtrackingatall,andonly12%ofworldwideiOSusersareallowingtracking,whichsomenewsoutletsdeem"Facebook'snightmare",amongsimilarterms.[247][248][249][250]Despitethenews,Facebookhasstatedthatthenewpolicyandsoftwareupdatewouldbe"manageable".[251] Likebutton Furtherinformation:Facebooklikebutton HumanbillboardadvertisingFacebookCanberraintheCitypageattheNationalMulticulturalFestivalThe"like"button,stylizedasa"thumbsup"icon,wasfirstenabledonFebruary9,2009,[252]andenablesuserstoeasilyinteractwithstatusupdates,comments,photosandvideos,linkssharedbyfriends,andadvertisements.Onceclickedbyauser,thedesignatedcontentismorelikelytoappearinfriends'NewsFeeds.[253][254]Thebuttondisplaysthenumberofotheruserswhohavelikedthecontent.[255]ThelikebuttonwasextendedtocommentsinJune2010.[256]InFebruary2016,FacebookexpandedLikeinto"Reactions",choosingamongfivepre-definedemotions,including"Love","Haha","Wow","Sad",or"Angry".[257][258][259][260]InlateApril2020,duringtheCOVID-19pandemic,anew"Care"reactionwasadded.[261] Instantmessaging Mainarticle:FacebookMessenger FacebookMessengerisaninstantmessagingserviceandsoftwareapplication.ItbeganasFacebookChatin2008,[262]wasrevampedin2010[263]andeventuallybecameastandalonemobileappinAugust2011,whileremainingpartoftheuserpageonbrowsers.[264] Complementingregularconversations,Messengerletsusersmakeone-to-one[265]andgroup[266]voice[267]andvideocalls.[268]ItsAndroidapphasintegratedsupportforSMS[269]and"ChatHeads",whichareroundprofilephotoiconsappearingon-screenregardlessofwhatappisopen,[270]whilebothappssupportmultipleaccounts,[271]conversationswithoptionalend-to-endencryption[272]and"InstantGames".[273]Somefeatures,includingsendingmoney[274]andrequestingtransportation,[275]arelimitedtotheUnitedStates.[274]In2017,Facebookadded"MessengerDay",afeaturethatletsuserssharephotosandvideosinastory-formatwithalltheirfriendswiththecontentdisappearingafter24hours;[276]Reactions,whichletsuserstapandholdamessagetoaddareactionthroughanemoji;[277]andMentions,whichletsusersingroupconversationstype@togiveaparticularuseranotification.[277] BusinessesanduserscaninteractthroughMessengerwithfeaturessuchastrackingpurchasesandreceivingnotifications,andinteractingwithcustomerservicerepresentatives.Third-partydeveloperscanintegrateappsintoMessenger,lettingusersenteranappwhileinsideMessengerandoptionallysharedetailsfromtheappintoachat.[278]DeveloperscanbuildchatbotsintoMessenger,forusessuchasnewspublishersbuildingbotstodistributenews.[279]TheMvirtualassistant(U.S.)scanschatsforkeywordsandsuggestsrelevantactions,suchasitspaymentssystemforusersmentioningmoney.[280][281]GroupchatbotsappearinMessengeras"ChatExtensions".A"Discovery"taballowsfindingbots,andenablingspecial,brandedQRcodesthat,whenscanned,taketheusertoaspecificbot.[282] Privacypolicy Seealso:§ PrivacyFacebook'sdatapolicyoutlinesitspoliciesforcollecting,storing,andsharinguser'sdata.[283]Facebookenablesuserstocontrolaccesstoindividualpostsandtheirprofile[284]throughprivacysettings.[285]Theuser'snameandprofilepicture(ifapplicable)arepublic. Facebook'srevenuedependsontargetedadvertising,whichinvolvesanalyzinguserdatatodecidewhichadstoshoweachuser.Facebookbuysdatafromthirdparties,gatheredfrombothonlineandofflinesources,tosupplementitsowndataonusers.Facebookmaintainsthatitdoesnotsharedatausedfortargetedadvertisingwiththeadvertisersthemselves.[286]Thecompanystates: "Weprovideadvertiserswithreportsaboutthekindsofpeopleseeingtheiradsandhowtheiradsareperforming,butwedon'tshareinformationthatpersonallyidentifiesyou(informationsuchasyournameoremailaddressthatbyitselfcanbeusedtocontactyouoridentifieswhoyouare)unlessyougiveuspermission.Forexample,weprovidegeneraldemographicandinterestinformationtoadvertisers(forexample,thatanadwasseenbyawomanbetweentheagesof25and34wholivesinMadridandlikessoftwareengineering)tohelpthembetterunderstandtheiraudience.WealsoconfirmwhichFacebookadsledyoutomakeapurchaseortakeanactionwithanadvertiser."[283] Facebook'sclaimsitusesthefollowingpolicyforsharinguserdatawiththirdparties: Apps,websites,andthird-partyintegrationsonorusingourProducts. Whenyouchoosetousethird-partyapps,websites,orotherservicesthatuse,orareintegratedwith,ourProducts,theycanreceiveinformationaboutwhatyoupostorshare.Forexample,whenyouplayagamewithyourFacebookfriendsoruseaFacebookCommentorSharebuttononawebsite,thegamedeveloperorwebsitecanreceiveinformationaboutyouractivitiesinthegameorreceiveacommentorlinkthatyousharefromthewebsiteonFacebook.Also,whenyoudownloadorusesuchthird-partyservices,theycanaccessyourpublicprofileonFacebook,andanyinformationthatyousharewiththem.AppsandwebsitesyouusemayreceiveyourlistofFacebookfriendsifyouchoosetoshareitwiththem.ButappsandwebsitesyouusewillnotbeabletoreceiveanyotherinformationaboutyourFacebookfriendsfromyou,orinformationaboutanyofyourInstagramfollowers(althoughyourfriendsandfollowersmay,ofcourse,choosetosharethisinformationthemselves).Informationcollectedbythesethird-partyservicesissubjecttotheirowntermsandpolicies,notthisone. DevicesandoperatingsystemsprovidingnativeversionsofFacebookandInstagram(i.e.wherewehavenotdevelopedourownfirst-partyapps)willhaveaccesstoallinformationyouchoosetosharewiththem,includinginformationyourfriendssharewithyou,sotheycanprovideourcorefunctionalitytoyou. Note:Weareintheprocessofrestrictingdevelopers'dataaccessevenfurthertohelppreventabuse.Forexample,wewillremovedevelopers'accesstoyourFacebookandInstagramdataifyouhaven'tusedtheirappin3months,andwearechangingLogin,sothatinthenextversion,wewillreducethedatathatanappcanrequestwithoutappreviewtoincludeonlyname,Instagramusernameandbio,profilephotoandemailaddress.Requestinganyotherdatawillrequireourapproval.[283] Facebookwillalsosharedatawithlawenforcement.[283] Facebook'spolicieshavechangedrepeatedlysincetheservice'sdebut,amidaseriesofcontroversiescoveringeverythingfromhowwellitsecuresuserdata,towhatextentitallowsuserstocontrolaccess,tothekindsofaccessgiventothirdparties,includingbusinesses,politicalcampaignsandgovernments.Thesefacilitiesvaryaccordingtocountry,assomenationsrequirethecompanytomakedataavailable(andlimitaccesstoservices),whiletheEuropeanUnion'sGDPRregulationmandatesadditionalprivacyprotections.[287] FacebookBugBountyProgram AFacebook"WhiteHat"debitcard,giventoresearcherswhoreportsecuritybugs. OnJuly29,2011,FacebookannounceditsBugBountyProgramthatpaidsecurityresearchersaminimumof$500forreportingsecurityholes.Thecompanypromisednottopursue"whitehat"hackerswhoidentifiedsuchproblems.[288][289]Thisledresearchersinmanycountriestoparticipate,particularlyinIndiaandRussia.[290] Reception Userbase Facebook'srapidgrowthbeganassoonasitbecameavailableandcontinuedthrough2018,beforebeginningtodecline. Facebookpassed100 millionregisteredusersin2008,[291]and500 millioninJuly2010.[58]Accordingtothecompany'sdataattheJuly2010announcement,halfofthesite'smembershipusedFacebookdaily,foranaverageof34minutes,while150 millionusersaccessedthesitebymobile.[59] InOctober2012,Facebook'smonthlyactiveuserspassedonebillion,[85][292]with600 millionmobileusers,219 billionphotouploads,and140 billionfriendconnections.[86]The2 billionusermarkwascrossedinJune2017.[293][294] InNovember2015,afterskepticismabouttheaccuracyofits"monthlyactiveusers"measurement,Facebookchangeditsdefinitiontoalogged-inmemberwhovisitstheFacebooksitethroughthewebbrowserormobileapp,orusestheFacebookMessengerapp,inthe30-dayperiodpriortothemeasurement.Thisexcludedtheuseofthird-partyserviceswithFacebookintegration,whichwaspreviouslycounted.[295] From2017to2019,thepercentageoftheU.S.populationovertheageof12whouseFacebookhasdeclined,from67%to61%(adeclineofsome15 millionU.S.users),withahigherdrop-offamongyoungerAmericans(adecreaseinthepercentageofU.S.12-to34-year-oldswhoareusersfrom58%in2015to29%in2019).[296][297]ThedeclinecoincidedwithanincreaseinthepopularityofInstagram,whichisalsoownedbyMeta.[296][297] Historically,commentatorshaveofferedpredictionsofFacebook'sdeclineorend,basedoncausessuchasadeclininguserbase;[298]thelegaldifficultiesofbeingaclosedplatform,inabilitytogeneraterevenue,inabilitytoofferuserprivacy,inabilitytoadapttomobileplatforms,orFacebookendingitselftopresentanextgenerationreplacement;[299]orFacebook'sroleinRussianinterferenceinthe2016UnitedStateselections.[300] Facebookpopularity.Activeusers(inmillions)ofFacebookincreasedfromjustamillionin2004to2.8 billionin2020.[287][301] PopulationpyramidofFacebookusersbyageAsof2010[update][302] Demographics ThehighestnumberofFacebookusersasofOctober2018arefromIndiaandtheUnitedStates,followedbyIndonesia,BrazilandMexico.[303]Region-wise,thehighestnumberofusersarefromAsia-Pacific(947 million)followedbyEurope(381 million)andUS-Canada(242 million).Therestoftheworldhas750 millionusers.[304] Overthe2008-2018period,thepercentageofusersunder34declinedtolessthanhalfofthetotal.[287] Censorship Furtherinformation:CensorshipofFacebookandCensorshipbyFacebook Inmanycountriesthesocialnetworkingsitesandmobileappshavebeenblockedtemporarilyorpermanently,includingChina,[305]Iran,[306]Vietnam,[307]Pakistan,[308]Syria,[309]andNorthKorea.InMay2018,thegovernmentofPapuaNewGuineaannouncedthatitwouldbanFacebookforamonthwhileitconsideredtheimpactofthewebsiteonthecountry,thoughnobanhassinceoccurred.[310]In2019,Facebookannouncedthatinfluencersarenolongerabletopromoteanyvape,tobaccoproducts,orweaponsonitsplatforms.[311] Criticismsandcontroversies Furtherinformation:CriticismofFacebook "I'mheretodaybecauseIbelieveFacebook'sproductsharmchildren,stokedivision,andweakenourdemocracy.Thecompany'sleadershipknowshowtomakeFacebookandInstagramsafer,butwon'tmakethenecessarychangesbecausetheyhaveputtheirastronomicalprofitsbeforepeople." —FrancesHaugen,condemninglackoftransparencyaroundFacebookataUScongressionalhearing(2021).[312] "Idon'tbelieveprivatecompaniesshouldmakeallofthedecisionsontheirown.That'swhywehaveadvocatedforupdatedinternetregulationsforseveralyearsnow.IhavetestifiedinCongressmultipletimesandaskedthemtoupdatetheseregulations.I'vewrittenop-edsoutliningtheareasofregulationwethinkaremostimportantrelatedtoelections,harmfulcontent,privacy,andcompetition." —MarkZuckerberg,respondingtoFrancesHaugen'srevelations(2021).[313] Facebook'simportanceandscalehasledtocriticismsinmanydomains.IssuesincludeInternetprivacy,excessiveretentionofuserinformation,[314]itsfacialrecognitionsoftware,DeepFace[315][316]itsaddictivequality[317]anditsroleintheworkplace,includingemployeraccesstoemployeeaccounts.[318] Facebookhasbeencriticizedforelectricityusage,[319]taxavoidance,[320]real-nameuserrequirementpolicies,[321]censorship[322][323]anditsinvolvementintheUnitedStatesPRISMsurveillanceprogram.[324] AccordingtoTheExpressTribune,Facebook"avoidedbillionsofdollarsintaxusingoffshorecompanies".[325] Facebookisallegedtohaveharmfulpsychologicaleffectsonitsusers,includingfeelingsofjealousy[326][327]andstress,[328][329]alackofattention[330]andsocialmediaaddiction.[331][332] EuropeanantitrustregulatorMargretheVestagerstatedthatFacebook'stermsofservicerelatingtoprivatedatawere"unbalanced".[333] Facebookhasbeencriticizedforallowinguserstopublishillegaloroffensivematerial.Specificsincludecopyrightandintellectualpropertyinfringement,[334]hatespeech,[335][336]incitementofrape[337]andterrorism,[338][339]fakenews,[340][341][342]andcrimes,murders,andlivestreamingviolentincidents.[343][344][345] SriLankablockedbothFacebookandWhatsAppinMay2019afteranti-Muslimriots,theworstinthecountrysincetheEasterSundaybombinginthesameyearasatemporarymeasuretomaintainpeaceinSriLanka.[346][347] Facebookremoved3 billionfakeaccountsonlyduringthelastquarterof2018andthefirstquarterof2019;[348]incomparison,thesocialnetworkreports2.39 billionmonthlyactiveusers.[348] InlateJuly2019,thecompanyannounceditwasunderantitrustinvestigationbytheFederalTradeCommission.[349] Privacy Furtherinformation:PrivacyconcernsofFacebook Seealso:Privacyconcernswithsocialnetworkingservices§ Facebook Facebookhasfacedasteadystreamofcontroversiesoverhowithandlesuserprivacy,repeatedlyadjustingitsprivacysettingsandpolicies.[350] In2010,theUSNationalSecurityAgencybegantakingpubliclypostedprofileinformationfromFacebook,amongothersocialmediaservices.[351] OnNovember29,2011,FacebooksettledFederalTradeCommissionchargesthatitdeceivedconsumersbyfailingtokeepprivacypromises.[352]InAugust2013High-TechBridgepublishedastudyshowingthatlinksincludedinFacebookmessagingservicemessageswerebeingaccessedbyFacebook.[353]InJanuary2014twousersfiledalawsuitagainstFacebookallegingthattheirprivacyhadbeenviolatedbythispractice.[354] OnJune7,2018,Facebookannouncedthatabughadresultedinabout14 millionFacebookusershavingtheirdefaultsharingsettingforallnewpostssetto"public".[355] OnApril4,2019,halfabillionrecordsofFacebookuserswerefoundexposedonAmazoncloudservers,containinginformationaboutusers'friends,likes,groups,andchecked-inlocations,aswellasnames,passwordsandemailaddresses.[356] Thephonenumbersofatleast200millionFacebookuserswerefoundtobeexposedonanopenonlinedatabaseinSeptember2019.Theyincluded133 millionUSusers,18 millionfromtheUK,and50 millionfromusersinVietnam.Afterremovingduplicates,the419millionrecordshavebeenreducedto219 million.ThedatabasewentofflineafterTechCrunchcontactedthewebhost.ItisthoughttherecordswereamassedusingatoolthatFacebookdisabledinApril2018aftertheCambridgeAnalyticacontroversy.AFacebookspokeswomansaidinastatement:"Thedatasetisoldandappearstohaveinformationobtainedbeforewemadechangeslastyear...ThereisnoevidencethatFacebookaccountswerecompromised."[357] Facebook'sprivacyproblemsresultedincompanieslikeViberMediaandMozilladiscontinuingadvertisingonFacebook'splatforms.[358][359] Racialbias Facebookwasaccusedofcommitting'systemic'racialbiasbyEEOCbasedonthecomplaintsofthreerejectedcandidatesandacurrentemployeeofthecompany.ThethreerejectedemployeesalongwiththeOperationalManageratFacebookasofMarch2021accusedthefirmofdiscriminatingagainstBlackpeople.TheEEOChasinitiatedaninvestigationintothecase.[360] Shadowprofiles A"shadowprofile"referstothedataFacebookcollectsaboutindividualswithouttheirexplicitpermission.Forexample,the"like"buttonthatappearsonthird-partywebsitesallowsthecompanytocollectinformationaboutanindividual'sinternetbrowsinghabits,eveniftheindividualisnotaFacebookuser.[361][362]Datacanalsobecollectedbyotherusers.Forexample,aFacebookusercanlinktheiremailaccounttotheirFacebooktofindfriendsonthesite,allowingthecompanytocollecttheemailaddressesofusersandnon-usersalike.[363]Overtime,countlessdatapointsaboutanindividualarecollected;anysingledatapointperhapscannotidentifyanindividual,buttogetherallowsthecompanytoformaunique"profile." Thispracticehasbeencriticizedbythosewhobelievepeopleshouldbeabletoopt-outofinvoluntarydatacollection.Additionally,whileFacebookusershavetheabilitytodownloadandinspectthedatatheyprovidetothesite,datafromtheuser's"shadowprofile"isnotincluded,andnon-usersofFacebookdonothaveaccesstothistoolregardless.ThecompanyhasalsobeenunclearwhetherornotitispossibleforapersontorevokeFacebook'saccesstotheir"shadowprofile."[361] CambridgeAnalytica Furtherinformation:Facebook–CambridgeAnalyticadatascandal FacebookcustomerGlobalScienceResearchsoldinformationonover87 millionFacebookuserstoCambridgeAnalytica,apoliticaldataanalysisfirmledbyAlexanderNix.[364]Whileapproximately270,000peopleusedtheapp,Facebook'sAPIpermitteddatacollectionfromtheirfriendswithouttheirknowledge.[365]AtfirstFacebookdownplayedthesignificanceofthebreach,andsuggestedthatCambridgeAnalyticanolongerhadaccess.FacebookthenissuedastatementexpressingalarmandsuspendedCambridgeAnalytica.ReviewofdocumentsandinterviewswithformerFacebookemployeessuggestedthatCambridgeAnalyticastillpossessedthedata.[366]ThiswasaviolationofFacebook'sconsentdecreewiththeFederalTradeCommission.Thisviolationpotentiallycarriedapenaltyof$40,000peroccurrence,totalingtrillionsofdollars.[367] AccordingtoTheGuardian,bothFacebookandCambridgeAnalyticathreatenedtosuethenewspaperifitpublishedthestory.Afterpublication,Facebookclaimedthatithadbeen"liedto".OnMarch23,2018,TheEnglishHighCourtgrantedanapplicationbytheInformationCommissioner'sOfficeforawarranttosearchCambridgeAnalytica'sLondonoffices,endingastandoffbetweenFacebookandtheInformationCommissioneroverresponsibility.[368] OnMarch25,FacebookpublishedastatementbyZuckerberginmajorUKandUSnewspapersapologizingovera"breachoftrust".[369] YoumayhaveheardaboutaquizappbuiltbyauniversityresearcherthatleakedFacebookdataofmillionsofpeoplein2014.Thiswasabreachoftrust,andI'msorrywedidn'tdomoreatthetime.We'renowtakingstepstomakesurethisdoesn'thappenagain. We'vealreadystoppedappslikethisfromgettingsomuchinformation.Nowwe'relimitingthedataappsgetwhenyousigninusingFacebook. We'realsoinvestigatingeverysingleappthathadaccesstolargeamountsofdatabeforewefixedthis.Weexpectthereareothers.Andwhenwefindthem,wewillbanthemandtelleveryoneaffected. Finally,we'llremindyouwhichappsyou'vegivenaccesstoyourinformation–soyoucanshutofftheonesyoudon'twantanymore. Thankyouforbelievinginthiscommunity.Ipromisetodobetterforyou. OnMarch26,theFederalTradeCommissionopenedaninvestigationintothematter.[370]ThecontroversyledFacebooktoenditspartnershipswithdatabrokerswhoaidadvertisersintargetingusers.[350] OnApril24,2019,Facebooksaiditcouldfaceafinebetween$3 billionto$5 billionastheresultofaninvestigationbytheFederalTradeCommission.TheagencyhasbeeninvestigatingFacebookforpossibleprivacyviolations,buthasnotannouncedanyfindingsyet.[371] Facebookalsoimplementedadditionalprivacycontrolsandsettings[372]inparttocomplywiththeEuropeanUnion'sGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR),whichtookeffectinMay.[373]FacebookalsoendeditsactiveoppositiontotheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct.[374] Some,suchasMeghanMcCainhavedrawnanequivalencebetweentheuseofdatabyCambridgeAnalyticaandtheBarackObama's2012campaign,which,accordingtoInvestor'sBusinessDaily,"encouragedsupporterstodownloadanObama2012Facebookappthat,whenactivated,letthecampaigncollectFacebookdatabothonusersandtheirfriends."[375][376][377]CarolDavidsen,theObamaforAmerica(OFA)formerdirectorofintegrationandmediaanalytics,wrotethat"Facebookwassurprisedwewereabletosuckoutthewholesocialgraph,buttheydidn'tstopusoncetheyrealisedthatwaswhatweweredoing."[376][377]PolitiFacthasratedMcCain'sstatements"Half-True",onthebasisthat"inObama'scase,directusersknewtheywerehandingovertheirdatatoapoliticalcampaign"whereaswithCambridgeAnalytica,usersthoughttheywereonlytakingapersonalityquizforacademicpurposes,andwhiletheObamacampaignonlyusedthedata"tohavetheirsupporterscontacttheirmostpersuadablefriends",CambridgeAnalytica"targetedusers,friendsandlookalikesdirectlywithdigitalads."[378] Breaches OnSeptember28,2018,Facebookexperiencedamajorbreachinitssecurity,exposingthedataof50 millionusers.ThedatabreachstartedinJuly2017andwasdiscoveredonSeptember16.[379]Facebooknotifiedusersaffectedbytheexploitandloggedthemoutoftheiraccounts.[380][381] InMarch2019,FacebookconfirmedapasswordcompromiseofmillionsofFacebookliteapplicationusers,howeverinAprilthecompanyfurtherstatedthatitwasnotjustlimitedtoFacebookbuthadalsoaffectedmillionsofInstagramusers.Thereasoncitedwasthestorageofpasswordasplaintextinsteadofencryptionwhichcouldbereadbyitsemployees.[382] OnDecember19,2019,securityresearcherBobDiachenkodiscoveredadatabasecontainingmorethan267 millionFacebookuserIDs,phonenumbers,andnamesthatwereleftexposedonthewebforanyonetoaccesswithoutapasswordoranyotherauthentication.[383] InFebruary2020,FacebookencounteredamajorsecuritybreachinwhichitsofficialTwitteraccountwashackedbyaSaudiArabia-basedgroupcalled"OurMine".Thegrouphasahistoryofactivelyexposinghigh-profilesocialmediaprofiles'vulnerabilities.[384] InApril2021,TheGuardianreportedapproximatelyhalfabillionusers'datahadbeenstolenincludingbirthdatesandphonenumbers.Facebookallegeditwas"olddata"fromaproblemfixedinAugust2019despitethedata'shavingbeenreleasedayearandahalflateronlyin2021;itdeclinedtospeakwithjournalists,hadapparentlynotnotifiedregulators,calledtheproblem"unfixable",andsaiditwouldnotbeadvisingusers.[385] Phonedataandactivity FacebookacquiredOnavo'svirtualprivatenetworktoharvestusagedataonitscompetitors. AfteracquiringOnavoin2013,FacebookuseditsOnavoProtectvirtualprivatenetwork(VPN)apptocollectinformationonusers'webtrafficandappusage.ThisallowedFacebooktomonitoritscompetitors'performance,andmotivatedFacebooktoacquireWhatsAppin2014.[386][387][388]MediaoutletsclassifiedOnavoProtectasspyware.[389][390][391]InAugust2018,FacebookremovedtheappinresponsetopressurefromApple,whoassertedthatitviolatedtheirguidelines.[392][393]TheAustralianCompetitionandConsumerCommissionsuedFacebookonDecember16,2020,for"false,misleadingordeceptiveconduct"inresponsetothecompany'suseofpersonaldataobtainedfromOnavoforbusinesspurposesincontrasttoOnavo'sprivacy-orientedmarketing.[394][395] In2016,FacebookResearchlaunchedProjectAtlas,offeringsomeusersbetweentheagesof13and35upto$20permonthinexchangefortheirpersonaldata,includingtheirappusage,webbrowsinghistory,websearchhistory,locationhistory,personalmessages,photos,videos,emailsandAmazonorderhistory.[396][397]InJanuary2019,TechCrunchreportedontheproject.ThisledAppletotemporarilyrevokeFacebook'sEnterpriseDeveloperProgramcertificatesforoneday,preventingFacebookResearchfromoperatingoniOSdevicesanddisablingFacebook'sinternaliOSapps.[397][398][399] ArsTechnicareportedinApril2018thattheFacebookAndroidapphadbeenharvestinguserdata,includingphonecallsandtextmessages,since2015.[400][401][402]InMay2018,severalAndroidusersfiledaclassactionlawsuitagainstFacebookforinvadingtheirprivacy.[403][404] InJanuary2020,FacebooklaunchedtheOff-FacebookActivitypage,whichallowsuserstoseeinformationcollectedbyFacebookabouttheirnon-Facebookactivities.[405]TheWashingtonPostcolumnistGeoffreyA.Fowlerfoundthatthisincludedwhatotherappsheusedonhisphone,evenwhiletheFacebookappwasclosed,whatotherwebsiteshevisitedonhisphone,andwhatin-storepurchaseshemadefromaffiliatedbusinesses,evenwhilehisphonewascompletelyoff.[406] InNovember2021,areportwaspublishedbyFairplay,GlobalActionPlanandResetAustraliadetailingaccusationsthatFacebookwascontinuingtomanagetheiradtargetingsystemwithdatacollectedfromteenusers.[407]TheaccusationsfollowannouncementsbyFacebookinJuly2021thattheywouldceaseadtargetingtowardschildren.[408][409] Publicapologies Thecompanyfirstapologizedforitsprivacyabusesin2009.[410] Facebookapologieshaveappearedinnewspapers,television,blogpostsandonFacebook.[411]OnMarch25,2018,leadingUSandUKnewspaperspublishedfull-pageadswithapersonalapologyfromZuckerberg.ZuckerbergissuedaverbalapologyonCNN.[412]InMay2010,heapologizedfordiscrepanciesinprivacysettings.[411] Previously,Facebookhaditsprivacysettingsspreadoutover20pages,andhasnowputallofitsprivacysettingsononepage,whichmakesitmoredifficultforthird-partyappstoaccesstheuser'spersonalinformation.[350]Inadditiontopubliclyapologizing,Facebookhassaidthatitwillbereviewingandauditingthousandsofappsthatdisplay"suspiciousactivities"inanefforttoensurethatthisbreachofprivacydoesnothappenagain.[413]Ina2010reportregardingprivacy,aresearchprojectstatedthatnotalotofinformationisavailableregardingtheconsequencesofwhatpeoplediscloseonlinesooftenwhatisavailablearejustreportsmadeavailablethroughpopularmedia.[414]In2017,aformerFacebookexecutivewentontherecordtodiscusshowsocialmediaplatformshavecontributedtotheunravelingofthe"fabricofsociety".[415] Content Furtherinformation:CriticismofFacebook§ ContentSeealso:Facebookcontentoversightboard Facebookreliesonitsuserstogeneratethecontentthatbondsitsuserstotheservice.Thecompanyhascomeundercriticismbothforallowingobjectionablecontent,includingconspiracytheoriesandfringediscourse,[416]andforprohibitingothercontentthatitdeemsinappropriate. Ithasbeencriticisedasavectorfor'fakenews',andhasbeenaccusedofbearingresponsibilityfortheconspiracytheorythattheUnitedStatescreatedISIS,[417]falseanti-RohingyapostsbeingusedbyMyanmar'smilitarytofuelgenocideandethniccleansing,[418][419]enablingclimatechangedenial[420][421]andSandyHookElementarySchoolshootingconspiracytheorists,[422]andanti-refugeeattacksinGermany.[423][424][425]ThegovernmentofthePhilippineshasalsousedFacebookasatooltoattackitscritics.[426] In2017,FacebookpartneredwithfactcheckersfromthePoynterInstitute'sInternationalFact-CheckingNetworktoidentifyandmarkfalsecontent,thoughmostadsfrompoliticalcandidatesareexemptfromthisprogram.[427][428]CriticsoftheprogramaccuseFacebookofnotdoingenoughtoremovefalseinformationfromitswebsite.[429] ProfessorIlyaSominreportedthathehadbeenthesubjectofdeaththreatsonFacebookinApril2018fromCesarSayoc,whothreatenedtokillSominandhisfamilyand"feedthebodiestoFloridaalligators".Somin'sFacebookfriendsreportedthecommentstoFacebook,whichdidnothingexceptdispatchautomatedmessages.[430]SayocwaslaterarrestedfortheOctober2018UnitedStatesmailbombingattemptsdirectedatDemocraticpoliticians. Facebookhasrepeatedlyamendeditscontentpolicies.InJuly2018,itstatedthatitwould"downrank"articlesthatitsfact-checkersdeterminedtobefalse,andremovemisinformationthatincitedviolence.[431]Facebookstatedthatcontentthatreceives"false"ratingsfromitsfact-checkerscanbedemonetizedandsufferdramaticallyreduceddistribution.SpecificpostsandvideosthatviolatecommunitystandardscanberemovedonFacebook.[432] InMay2019,Facebookbannedanumberof"dangerous"commentatorsfromitsplatform,includingAlexJones,LouisFarrakhan,MiloYiannopoulos,PaulJosephWatson,PaulNehlen,DavidDuke,andLauraLoomer,forallegedlyengagingin"violenceandhate".[433][434] InMay2020,Facebookagreedtoapreliminarysettlementof$52 milliontocompensateU.S.-basedFacebookcontentmoderatorsfortheirpsychologicaltraumasufferedonthejob.[435][436]Otherlegalactionsaroundtheworld,includinginIreland,awaitsettlement.[437] InSeptember2020,theGovernmentofThailandusedtheComputerCrimeActforthefirsttime,totakeactionagainstFacebookandTwitterforignoringrequeststotakedowncontentandfornotcomplyingtothecourtorders.[438] InOctober2020,PakistaniPrimeMinisterImranKhanurgedMarkZuckerberg,throughaletterpostedongovernment'sTwitteraccount,tobanIslamophobiccontentonFacebook,warningthatitencouragedextremismandviolence.[439] InOctober2020,thecompanyannouncedthatitwouldbanHolocaustdenial.[440] InfoWars FacebookwascriticizedforallowingInfoWarstopublishfalsehoodsandconspiracytheories.[432][441][442][443][444]FacebookdefendeditsactionsinregardstoInfoWars,saying"wejustdon'tthinkbanningPagesforsharingconspiracytheoriesorfalsenewsistherightwaytogo."[442]Facebookprovidedonlysixcasesinwhichitfact-checkedcontentontheInfoWarspageovertheperiodSeptember2017toJuly2018.[432]In2018InfoWarsfalselyclaimedthatthesurvivorsoftheParklandshootingwere"actors".FacebookpledgedtoremoveInfoWarscontentmakingtheclaim,althoughInfoWarsvideospushingthefalseclaimswereleftup,eventhoughFacebookhadbeencontactedaboutthevideos.[432]Facebookstatedthatthevideosneverexplicitlycalledthemactors.[432]FacebookalsoallowedInfoWarsvideosthatsharedthePizzagateconspiracytheorytosurvive,despitespecificassertionsthatitwouldpurgePizzagatecontent.[432]InlateJuly2018FacebooksuspendedthepersonalprofileofInfoWarsheadAlexJonesfor30days.[445]InearlyAugust2018,FacebookbannedthefourmostactiveInfoWars-relatedpagesforhatespeech.[446] Politicalmanipulation Seealso:State-sponsoredInternetpropaganda GraffitiinBerlinofFacebookfounderMarkZuckerberg.ThecaptionisareferencetoGeorgeOrwell'snovelNineteenEighty-Four. Asadominantsocial-webservicewithmassiveoutreach,Facebookhavebeenusedbyidentifiedorunindentifiedpoliticaloperativestoaffectpublicopinion.Someoftheseactivitieshavebeendoneinviolationoftheplatformpolicies,creating"coordinatedinauthenticbehavior",supportorattacks.Theseactivitiescanbescriptedorpaid.Varioussuchabusivecampaignhavebeenrevealedinrecentyears,bestknownbeingthe2016RussianinterferenceintheUSA'spresidentialelection.In2021,formerFacebookanalystwithintheSpamandFakeEngagementteams,SophieZhang,reportedmorethan25politicalsubversionoperationsandcriticizedthegeneralslowreactiontime,oversightless,laissez-faireattitudebyFacebook.[447][448][449] General In2018,Facebookstatedthatduring2018theyhadidentified"coordinatedinauthenticbehavior"in"manyPages,Groupsandaccountscreatedtostiruppoliticaldebate,includingintheUS,theMiddleEast,RussiaandtheUK."[450] CampaignsoperatedbytheBritishintelligenceagencyunit,calledJointThreatResearchIntelligenceGroup,havebroadlyfallenintotwocategories;cyberattacksandpropagandaefforts.Thepropagandaeffortsutilize"massmessaging"andthe"pushing[of]stories"viasocialmediasiteslikeFacebook.[451][452]Israel'sJewishInternetDefenseForce,China's50CentPartyandTurkey'sAKTrollsalsofocustheirattentiononsocialmediaplatformslikeFacebook.[453][454][455][456] InJuly2018,SamanthaBradshaw,co-authorofthereportfromtheOxfordInternetInstitute(OII)atOxfordUniversity,saidthat"Thenumberofcountrieswhereformallyorganisedsocialmediamanipulationoccurshasgreatlyincreased,from28to48countriesglobally.Themajorityofgrowthcomesfrompoliticalpartieswhospreaddisinformationandjunknewsaroundelectionperiods."[457] InOctober2018,TheDailyTelegraphreportedthatFacebook"bannedhundredsofpagesandaccountsthatitsayswerefraudulentlyfloodingitssitewithpartisanpoliticalcontent–althoughtheycamefromtheUnitedStatesinsteadofbeingassociatedwithRussia."[458] InDecember2018,TheWashingtonPostreportedthat"FacebookhassuspendedtheaccountofJonathonMorgan,thechiefexecutiveofatopsocialmediaresearchfirm"NewKnowledge,"afterreportsthatheandothersengagedinanoperationtospreaddisinformation"onFacebookandTwitterduringthe2017UnitedStatesSenatespecialelectioninAlabama.[459][460] InJanuary2019,Facebooksaidithasremoved783Iran-linkedaccounts,pagesandgroupsforengaginginwhatitcalled"coordinatedinauthenticbehaviour".[461] InMay2019,TelAviv-basedprivateintelligenceagencyArchimedesGroupwasbannedfromFacebookfor"coordinatedinauthenticbehavior"afterFacebookfoundfakeusersincountriesinsub-SaharanAfrica,LatinAmericaandSoutheastAsia.[462]FacebookinvestigationsrevealedthatArchimedeshadspentsome$1.1 milliononfakeads,paidforinBrazilianreais,IsraelishekelsandUSdollars.[463]FacebookgaveexamplesofArchimedesGrouppoliticalinterferenceinNigeria,Senegal,Togo,Angola,NigerandTunisia.[464]TheAtlanticCouncil'sDigitalForensicResearchLabsaidinareportthat"ThetacticsemployedbyArchimedesGroup,aprivatecompany,closelyresemblethetypesofinformationwarfaretacticsoftenusedbygovernments,andtheKremlininparticular."[465][466] OnMay23,2019,FacebookreleaseditsCommunityStandardsEnforcementReporthighlightingthatithasidentifiedseveralfakeaccountsthroughartificialintelligenceandhumanmonitoring.Inaperiodofsixmonths,October2018-March2019,thesocialmediawebsiteremovedatotalof3.39 billionfakeaccounts.Thenumberoffakeaccountswasreportedtobemorethan2.4 billionrealpeopleontheplatform.[467] InJuly2019,Facebookadvanceditsmeasurestocounterdeceptivepoliticalpropagandaandotherabuseofitsservices.Thecompanyremovedmorethan1,800accountsandpagesthatwerebeingoperatedfromRussia,Thailand,UkraineandHonduras.[468] OnOctober30,2019,FacebookdeletedseveralaccountsoftheemployeesworkingattheIsraeliNSOGroup,statingthattheaccountswere"deletedfornotfollowingourterms".ThedeletionscameafterWhatsAppsuedtheIsraelisurveillancefirmfortargeting1,400deviceswithspyware.[469] In2020,FacebookhelpedfoundAmericanEdge,ananti-regulationlobbyingfirmtofightanti-trustprobes.[470] TheThailandgovernmentisforcingFacebooktotakedownaFacebookgroupcalledRoyalistMarketplacewith1millionmembersfollowingpotentiallyillegalpostsshared.TheauthorityalsothreatenedtheFacebookrepresentativeoffacingcriminalproceeding.Inresponse,FacebookisplanningtotakelegalactionagainsttheThaigovernmentforsuppressionoffreedomofexpressionandviolationofhumanrights.[471] InFebruary2021,FacebookremovedthemainpageoftheMyanmarmilitary,aftertwoprotesterswereshotandkilledduringtheanti-coupprotests.Facebooksaidthatthepagebreacheditsguidelinesthatprohibittheincitementofviolence.[472]OnFebruary25,FacebookannouncedtobanallaccountsoftheMyanmarmilitary,alongwiththe"Tatmadaw-linkedcommercialentities".Citingthe"exceptionallyseverehumanrightsabusesandtheclearriskoffuturemilitary-initiatedviolenceinMyanmar",thetechgiantalsoimplementedthemoveonitssubsidiary,Instagram.[473] InMarch2021,TheWallStreetJournal'seditorialboardcriticizedFacebook'sdecisiontofact-checkitsop-edtitled"We'llHaveHerdimmunitybyApril"writtenbysurgeonMartyMakary,callingit"counter-opinionmasqueradingasfactchecking."[474] Facebookguidelinesallowuserstocallforthedeathofpublicfigures,theyalsoallowpraiseofmasskillersand'violentnon-stateactors'insomesituations.[475][476] In2021,formerFacebookanalystwithintheSpamandFakeEngagementteams,SophieZhang,reportedonmorethan25politicalsubversionoperationssheuncoveredwhileinFacebook,andthegenerallaissez-fairebytheprivateenterprise.[447][448][449] Russianinterference Seealso:InternetResearchAgencyandRussianinterferenceinthe2016UnitedStateselections In2018,SpecialCounselRobertMuellerindicted13RussiannationalsandthreeRussianorganizationsfor"engaginginoperationstointerferewithU.S.politicalandelectoralprocesses,includingthe2016presidentialelection."[477][478][479] MuellercontactedFacebooksubsequentlytothecompany'sdisclosurethatithadsoldmorethan$100,000worthofadstoacompany(InternetResearchAgency,ownedbyRussianbillionaireandbusinessmanYevgeniyPrigozhin)withlinkstotheRussianintelligencecommunitybeforethe2016UnitedStatespresidentialelection.[480][481]InSeptember2017,Facebook'schiefsecurityofficerAlexStamoswrotethecompany"foundapproximately$100,000inadspendingfromJune2015toMay2017–associatedwithroughly3,000ads–thatwasconnectedtoabout470inauthenticaccountsandPagesinviolationofourpolicies.OuranalysissuggeststheseaccountsandPageswereaffiliatedwithoneanotherandlikelyoperatedoutofRussia."[482]ClintonandTrumpcampaignsspent$81 milliononFacebookads.[483] ThecompanypledgedfullcooperationinMueller'sinvestigation,andprovidedallinformationabouttheRussianadvertisements.[484]MembersoftheHouseandSenateIntelligenceCommitteeshaveclaimedthatFacebookhadwithheldinformationthatcouldilluminatetheRussianpropagandacampaign.[485]RussianoperativeshaveusedFacebookpolarizetheAmericanpublicdiscourses,organizingbothBlackLivesMatterrallies[486][487]andanti-immigrantralliesonU.S.soil,[488]aswellasanti-Clintonrallies[489]andralliesbothforandagainstDonaldTrump.[490][491]FacebookadshavealsobeenusedtoexploitdivisionsoverblackpoliticalactivismandMuslimsbysimultaneouslysendingcontrarymessagestodifferentusersbasedontheirpoliticalanddemographiccharacteristicsinordertosowdiscord.[492][493][494]ZuckerberghasstatedthatheregretshavingdismissedconcernsoverRussianinterferenceinthe2016U.S.presidentialelection.[495] Russian-AmericanbillionaireYuriMilner,whobefriendedZuckerberg[496]between2009and2011hadKremlinbackingforhisinvestmentsinFacebookandTwitter.[497] InJanuary2019,Facebookremoved289Pagesand75coordinatedaccountslinkedtotheRussianstate-ownednewsagencySputnikwhichhadmisrepresentedthemselvesasindependentnewsorgeneralinterestPages.[498][499]Facebooklateridentifiedandremovedanadditional1,907accountslinkedtoRussiafoundtobeengagingin"coordinatedinauthenticbehaviour".[500]In2018,aUKDepartmentforDigital,Culture,MediaandSport(DCMS)selectcommitteereporthadcriticisedFacebookforitsreluctancetoinvestigateabuseofitsplatformbytheRussiangovernment,andfordownplayingtheextentoftheproblem,referringtothecompanyas'digitalgangsters'.[501][502][503]"Democracyisatriskfromthemaliciousandrelentlesstargetingofcitizenswithdisinformationandpersonalised'darkadverts'fromunidentifiablesources,deliveredthroughthemajorsocialmediaplatformsweuseeveryday,"DamianCollins,DCMSCommitteeChair[503]InFebruary2019,GlennGreenwaldwrotethatacybersecuritycompanyNewKnowledge,whichisbehindoneoftheSenatereportsonRussiansocialmediaelectioninterference,"wascaughtjustsixweeksagoengaginginamassivescamtocreatefictitiousRussiantrollaccountsonFacebookandTwitterinordertoclaimthattheKremlinwasworkingtodefeatDemocraticSenatenomineeDougJonesinAlabama.TheNewYorkTimes,whenexposingthescam,quotedaNewKnowledgereportthatboastedofitsfabrications..."[504][505] Anti-Rohingyapropaganda Seealso:PersecutionofMuslimsinMyanmar In2018,Facebooktookdown536Facebookpages,17Facebookgroups,175Facebookaccounts,and16InstagramaccountslinkedtotheMyanmarmilitary.Collectivelythesewerefollowedbyover10 millionpeople.[506]TheNewYorkTimesreportedthat:[507] aftermonthsofreportsaboutanti-RohingyapropagandaonFacebook,thecompanyacknowledgedthatithadbeentooslowtoactinMyanmar.Bythen,morethan700,000Rohingyahadfledthecountryinayear,inwhatUnitedNationsofficialscalled"atextbookexampleofethniccleansing." Anti-MuslimpropagandaandHindunationalisminIndia A2019booktitledTheRealFaceofFacebookinIndia,co-authoredbythejournalistsParanjoyGuhaThakurtaandCyrilSam,allegedthatFacebookhelpedenableandbenefitedfromtheriseofNarendraModi'sHindunationalistBharatiyaJanataParty(BJP)inIndia.[508] AnkhiDas,Facebook'spolicydirectorforIndiaandSouthandCentralAsia,apologizedpubliclyinAugust2020forsharingaFacebookpostthatcalledMuslimsinIndiaa"degeneratecommunity".Shesaidshesharedthepost"toreflectmydeepbeliefincelebratingfeminismandcivicparticipation".[509]SheisreportedtohavepreventedactionbyFacebookagainstanti-Muslimcontent[510][511]andsupportedtheBJPininternalFacebookmessages.[512][513] In2020,Facebookexecutivesoverrodetheiremployees'recommendationsthattheBJPpoliticianT.RajaSinghshouldbebannedfromthesiteforhatespeechandrhetoricthatcouldleadtoviolence.SinghhadsaidonFacebookthatRohingyaMuslimimmigrantsshouldbeshotandhadthreatenedtodestroymosques.CurrentandformerFacebookemployeestoldTheWallStreetJournalthatthedecisionwaspartofapatternoffavoritismbyFacebooktowardtheBJPasitseeksmorebusinessinIndia.[511]FacebookalsotooknoactionafterBJPpoliticiansmadepostsaccusingMuslimsofintentionallyspreadingCOVID-19,anemployeesaid.[514] OnAugust31,2020,theDelhiAssemblybeganinvestigatingwhetherFacebookboreblameforthe2020religiousriotsinthecity,claimingithadfoundFacebook"primafacieguiltyofaroleintheviolence".[515][516]OnSeptember12,2020,aDelhiAssemblycommitteesaidinastatementthatithadaskedFacebookIndiaheadAjitMohantoappearbeforeitonSeptember15,leadingtoFacebookobjectingandmovingtheSupremeCourtofIndiaagainstthedecision.[517][518]OnSeptember15,FacebookskippedtheDelhiAssemblypanelhearing.[519]OnSeptember20,theDelhiAssemblypanelissuedanewnoticeaskingFacebooktoappearbeforeitonSeptember23.[520]OnSeptember22,FacebookIndiavice-presidentandmanagingdirectorAjitMohanmovedtheSupremeCourtagainstthesummonsoftheDelhiAssemblyCommittee.[521]OnSeptember23,theSupremeCourtgrantedhimreliefandorderedastaytothesummons,withtheCentralgovernmentlaterbackingthedecision.[522][523][524]AformerFacebookemployeetoldaDelhiAssemblypanelonNovember13thattheviolencecouldhavebeen'easilyaverted'ifthesocialmediagianthadactedina'proactiveandpromptmanner'.[525]OnDecember3,theDelhiAssemblymovedtheSupremeCourtforinterventioninthecase.[526]OnFebruary4,2021,theDelhiAssemblypanelissuedafreshnoticetoFacebookIndiatotestifyontheriots,avoidingspecificnoticetoMohan,byaskingasenior,responsibleofficerfromthecompanytoappearbeforethepanel.[527]TheUniongovernmentsubmittedintheSupremeCourtthatFacebookcouldnotbemadeaccountablebeforeanystateassemblyandthecommitteeformedwasunconstitutional.[528][529]OnFebruary24,MohanchallengedsummonsissuedbytheDelhiassemblyforfailingtoappearbeforeitasawitnessinconnectionwiththe2020riotsintheSupremeCourt,sayingthatthe'righttosilence'isavirtueinpresent'noisytimes'andthelegislaturehadnoauthoritytoexaminehiminalawandordercase.TheSupremeCourtreserveditsjudgmentforthecase.[530]OnJuly8,theSupremeCourtrefusedtoquashthesummonsandaskedFacebookaskedtoappearbeforetheDelhiassemblypanel.[531] Companygovernance EarlyFacebookinvestorandformerZuckerbergmentorRogerMcNameedescribedFacebookashaving"themostcentralizeddecision-makingstructureIhaveeverencounteredinalargecompany."[532]NathanSchneider,aprofessorofmediastudiesattheUniversityofColoradoBoulderarguedfortransformingFacebookintoaplatformcooperativeownedandgovernedbytheusers.[533] Facebookco-founderChrisHughesstatesthatCEOMarkZuckerberghastoomuchpower,thatthecompanyisnowamonopoly,andthat,asaresult,itshouldbesplitintomultiplesmallercompanies.HughescalledforthebreakupofFacebookinanop-edonTheNewYorkTimes.Hughessayshe'sconcernedthatZuckerberghassurroundedhimselfwithateamthatdoesn'tchallengehimandthatasaresult,it'stheU.S.government'sjobtoholdhimaccountableandcurbhis"uncheckedpower."[534]Hughesalsosaidthat"Mark'spowerisunprecedentedandun-American."[535]SeveralU.S.politiciansagreewithHughes.[536]EUCommissionerforCompetitionMargretheVestagerhasstatedthatsplittingFacebookshouldonlybedoneas"aremedyoftheverylastresort",andthatsplittingFacebookwouldnotsolveFacebook'sunderlyingproblems.[537] Litigation Thecompanyhasbeensubjecttorepeatedlitigation.[538][539][540][541]ItsmostprominentcaseaddressedallegationsthatZuckerbergbrokeanoralcontractwithCameronWinklevoss,TylerWinklevoss,andDivyaNarendratobuildthethen-named"HarvardConnection"socialnetworkin2004.[542][543][544] OnMarch6,2018,BlackBerrysuedFacebookanditsInstagramandWhatsAppsubdivisionforrippingoffkeyfeaturesofitsmessagingapp.[545] InOctober2018,aTexanwomansuedFacebook,claimingshehadbeenrecruitedintothesextradeattheageof15byamanwho"friended"heronthesocialmedianetwork.Facebookrespondedthatitworksbothinternallyandexternallytobansextraffickers.[546][547] In2019,BritishsolicitorsrepresentingabulliedSyrianschoolboy,suedFacebookoverfalseclaims.TheyclaimedthatFacebookprotectedprominentfiguresfromscrutinyinsteadofremovingcontentthatviolatesitsrulesandthatthespecialtreatmentwasfinanciallydriven.[548][549] TheFederalTradeCommissionandacoalitionofNewYorkstateand47otherstateandregionalgovernmentsfiledseparatesuitsagainstFacebookonDecember9,2020,seekingantitrustactionbasedonitsacquisitionsofInstagramandWhatsUpamongothercompanies,callingthesepracticesasanticompetitive.Thesuitsalsoassertthatinacquiringtheseproducts,theyweakenedtheirprivacymeasuresfortheirusers.Thesuits,besidesotherfines,seektounwindtheacquisitionsfromFacebook.[550][551] Impact Facebookonthead:tech2010 Scope AcommentatorinTheWashingtonPostnotedthatFacebookconstitutesa"massivedepositoryofinformationthatdocumentsbothourreactionstoeventsandourevolvingcustomswithascopeandimmediacyofwhichearlierhistorianscouldonlydream".[552]Especiallyforanthropologists,socialresearchers,andsocialhistorians—andsubjecttoproperpreservationandcuration—thewebsite"willpreserveimagesofourlivesthatarevastlycrisperandmorenuancedthananyancestryrecordinexistence".[552] Economy EconomistshavenotedthatFacebookoffersmanynon-rivalrousservicesthatbenefitasmanyusersasareinterestedwithoutforcinguserstocompetewitheachother.Bycontrast,mostgoodsareavailabletoalimitednumberofusers.E.g.,ifoneuserbuysaphone,nootherusercanbuythatphone.Threeareasaddthemosteconomicimpact:platformcompetition,themarketplaceanduserbehaviordata.[553] FacebookbegantoreduceitscarbonimpactafterGreenpeaceattackeditforitslong-termrelianceoncoalandresultingcarbonfootprint.[554]In2021Facebookannouncedthattheirglobaloperationsaresupportedby100percentrenewableenergyandtheyhavereachednetzeroemissions,agoalsetin2018.[555][556] Facebookprovidesadevelopmentplatformformanysocialgaming,communication,feedback,review,andotherapplicationsrelatedtoonlineactivities.Thisplatformspawnedmanybusinessesandaddedthousandsofjobstotheglobaleconomy.ZyngaInc.,aleaderinsocialgaming,isanexampleofsuchabusiness.AneconometricanalysisfoundthatFacebook'sappdevelopmentplatformaddedmorethan182,000jobsintheU.S.economyin2011.Thetotaleconomicvalueoftheaddedemploymentwasabout$12 billion.[557] Society Seealso:Socialnetworkingservice§ Socialimpact,SocialimpactoftheInternet§ Socialnetworkingandentertainment,andSocialcapital Facebookwasoneofthefirstlarge-scalesocialnetworks.InTheFacebookEffect,DavidKirkpatrickstatedthatFacebook'sstructuremakesitdifficulttoreplace,becauseofits"networkeffects".[neutralityisdisputed]Asof2016,itisestimatedthat44percentoftheUSpopulationgetsnewsthroughFacebook.[558] Mentalandemotionalhealth Seealso:Socialmediaandsuicide Studieshaveassociatedsocialnetworkswithpositive[559]andnegativeimpacts[560][561][562][563][564]onemotionalhealth. StudieshaveassociatedFacebookwithfeelingsofenvy,oftentriggeredbyvacationandholidayphotos.Othertriggersincludepostsbyfriendsaboutfamilyhappinessandimagesofphysicalbeauty—suchfeelingsleavepeopledissatisfiedwiththeirownlives.AjointstudybytwoGermanuniversitiesdiscoveredthatoneoutofthreepeopleweremoredissatisfiedwiththeirlivesaftervisitingFacebook,[565][566]andanotherstudybyUtahValleyUniversityfoundthatcollegestudentsfeltworseaboutthemselvesfollowinganincreaseintimeonFacebook.[566][567][568]ProfessorLarryD.RosenstatedthatteenagersonFacebookexhibitmorenarcissistictendencies,whileyoungadultsshowsignsofantisocialbehavior,maniaandaggressiveness. Positiveeffectsincludesignsof"virtualempathy"towardsonlinefriendsandhelpingintrovertedpersonslearnsocialskills.[569]A2020experimentalstudyintheAmericanEconomicReviewfoundthatdeactivatingFacebookledtoincreasedsubjectivewell-being.[570]InablogpostinDecember2017,thecompanyhighlightedresearchthathasshown"passivelyconsuming"theNewsFeed,asinreadingbutnotinteracting,leftuserswithnegativefeelingsafterwards,whereasinteractingwithmessagespointedtoimprovementsinwell-being.[571] Politics Forbroadercoverageofthistopic,seeSocialmediainpolitics. Furtherinformation:SocialmediaandpoliticalcommunicationintheUnitedStatesandSocialmediainthe2016U.S.Presidentialcampaign Seealso:WhatsApp§ Hoaxesandfakenews InFebruary2008,aFacebookgroupcalled"OneMillionVoicesAgainstFARC"organizedaneventinwhichhundredsofthousandsofColombiansmarchedinprotestagainsttheRevolutionaryArmedForcesofColombia(FARC).[572]InAugust2010,oneofNorthKorea'sofficialgovernmentwebsitesandthecountry'sofficialnewsagency,Uriminzokkiri,joinedFacebook.[573] Amanduringthe2011Egyptianprotestscarryingacardsaying"Facebook,#jan25,TheEgyptianSocialNetwork" DuringtheArabSpringmanyjournalistsclaimedthatFacebookplayedamajorroleinthe2011Egyptianrevolution.[574][575]OnJanuary14,theFacebookpageof"WeareallKhaledSaid"wasstartedbyWaelGhoniemtoinvitetheEgyptianpeopleto"peacefuldemonstrations"onJanuary25.AccordingtoMashable,[unreliablesource?]inTunisiaandEgypt,FacebookbecametheprimarytoolforconnectingprotestersandledtheEgyptiangovernmenttobanFacebook,TwitterandotherwebsitesonJanuary26[576]thenbanallmobileandInternetconnectionsforallofEgyptonJanuary28.After18days,theuprisingforcedPresidentHosniMubaraktoresign. InaBahrainiuprisingthatstartedonFebruary14,2011,FacebookwasutilizedbytheBahrainiregimeandregimeloyaliststoidentify,captureandprosecutecitizensinvolvedintheprotests.A20-year-oldwomannamedAyatAlQurmeziwasidentifiedasaprotesterusingFacebookandimprisoned.[577] In2011,FacebookfiledpaperworkwiththeFederalElectionCommissiontoformapoliticalactioncommitteeunderthenameFBPAC.[578]InanemailtoTheHill,aspokesmanforFacebooksaid"FacebookPoliticalActionCommitteewillgiveouremployeesawaytomaketheirvoiceheardinthepoliticalprocessbysupportingcandidateswhoshareourgoalsofpromotingthevalueofinnovationtooureconomywhilegivingpeoplethepowertoshareandmaketheworldmoreopenandconnected."[579] DuringtheSyriancivilwar,theYPG,alibertarianarmyforRojavarecruitedwesternersthroughFacebookinitsfightagainstISIL.[580]Dozensjoineditsranks.TheFacebookpage'sname"TheLionsofRojava"comesfromaKurdishsayingwhichtranslatesas"Alionisalion,whetherit'safemaleoramale",reflectingtheorganization'sfeministideology.[581] Inrecentyears,Facebook'sNewsFeedalgorithmshavebeenidentifiedasacauseofpoliticalpolarization,forwhichithasbeencriticized.[582][583]Ithaslikewisebeenaccusedofamplifyingthereachof'fakenews'andextremeviewpoints,aswhenitmayhaveenabledconditionswhichledtothe2015Rohingyarefugeecrisis.[584][585] FacebookfirstplayedaroleintheAmericanpoliticalprocessinJanuary2008,shortlybeforetheNewHampshireprimary.FacebookteamedupwithABCandSaintAnselmCollegetoallowuserstogivelivefeedbackaboutthe"backtoback"January5RepublicanandDemocraticdebates.[586][587][588]Facebookuserstookpartindebategroupsonspecifictopics,voterregistrationandmessagequestions.[589] OveramillionpeopleinstalledtheFacebookapplication"USPoliticsonFacebook"inordertotakepartwhichmeasuredresponsestospecificcommentsmadebythedebatingcandidates.[590]ApollbyCBSNews,UWIREandTheChronicleofHigherEducationclaimedtoillustratehowthe"Facebookeffect"hadaffectedyouthfulvoters,increasingvotingrates,supportofpoliticalcandidates,andgeneralinvolvement.[591] Thenewsocialmedia,suchasFacebookandTwitter,connectedhundredsofmillionsofpeople.By2008,politiciansandinterestgroupswereexperimentingwithsystematicuseofsocialmediatospreadtheirmessage.[592][593]Bythe2016election,politicaladvertisingtospecificgroupshadbecomenormalized.Facebookofferedthemostsophisticatedtargetingandanalyticsplatform.[594]ProPublicanotedthattheirsystemenabledadvertiserstodirecttheirpitchestoalmost2,300peoplewhoexpressedinterestinthetopicsof"Jewhater,""HowtoburnJews,"or,"Historyof'whyJewsruintheworld".[595] Facebookhasusedseveralinitiativestoencourageitsuserstoregistertovoteandvote.Anexperimentin2012involvedshowingFacebookuserspicturesoftheirfriendswhoreportedthattheyhadvoted;userswhowereshownthepictureswereabout2%morelikelytoreportthattheyhadalsovotedcomparedtothecontrolgroup,whichwasnotencouragedtovote.[596]In2020,FacebookannouncedthegoalofhelpingfourmillionvotersregisterintheUS,sayingthatithadregistered2.5 millionbySeptember.[597] TheCambridgeAnalyticadatascandalofferedanotherexampleoftheperceivedattempttoinfluenceelections.[598][599]TheGuardianclaimedthatFacebookknewaboutthesecuritybreachfortwoyears,butdidnothingtostopituntilitbecamepublic.[600] FacebookbannedpoliticaladstopreventthemanipulationofvotersintheUS'sNovember'selection.However,industryexpertssuggestedthatthereareseveralotherwaysformisinformationtoreachvotersonsocialmediaplatformsandblockingpoliticaladswillnotserveasaprovensolutiontotheproblem.[601] India Aheadofthe2019generalelectionsinIndia,Facebookhasremoved103pages,groupsandaccountsonFacebookandInstagramplatformsoriginatingfromPakistan.FacebooksaiditsinvestigationfoundaPakistanimilitarylink,alongwithamixofrealaccountsofISPRemployees,andanetworkoffakeaccountscreatedbythemthathavebeenoperatingmilitaryfanpages,generalinterestpagesbutwerepostingcontentaboutIndianpoliticswhiletryingtoconcealtheiridentity.[602]Owingtothesamereasons,Facebookalsoremoved687pagesandaccountsofCongressbecauseofcoordinatedinauthenticbehaviorontheplatform.[603] Culture FacebookparadefloatinSanFranciscoPride2014 FacebookandZuckerberghavebeenthesubjectofmusic,books,filmandtelevision.The2010filmTheSocialNetwork,directedbyDavidFincherandwrittenbyAaronSorkin,starsJesseEisenbergasZuckerbergandwentontowinthreeAcademyAwardsandfourGoldenGlobes. In2008,CollinsEnglishDictionarydeclared"Facebook"asitsnewWordoftheYear.[604]InDecember2009,theNewOxfordAmericanDictionarydeclareditswordoftheyeartobetheverb"unfriend",definedas"Toremovesomeoneasa'friend'onasocialnetworkingsitesuchasFacebook".[605] Internet.org Mainarticle:Internet.org InAugust2013,FacebookfoundedInternet.orgincollaborationwithsixothertechnologycompaniestoplanandhelpbuildaffordableInternetaccessforunderdevelopedanddevelopingcountries.[606]Theservice,calledFreeBasics,includesvariouslow-bandwidthapplicationssuchasAccuWeather,BabyCenter,BBCNews,ESPN,andBing.[607][608]TherewassevereoppositiontoInternet.orginIndia,wheretheservicestartedinpartnershipwithRelianceCommunicationsin2015wasbannedayearlaterbytheTelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia(TRAI).In2018,Zuckerbergclaimedthat"Internet.orgeffortshavehelpedalmost100millionpeoplegetaccesstotheinternetwhomaynothavehaditotherwise."[607] Environment 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