Holography - Wikipedia

Holography · Holography is a technique that enables a wavefront to be recorded and later re-constructed. · A hologram is made by superimposing a second wavefront ... Holography FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Recordingtoreproduceathree-dimensionallightfield Forotheruses,seeHolography(disambiguation). "Hologram"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeHologram(disambiguation). Twophotographsofasinglehologramtakenfromdifferentviewpoints Holographyisatechniquethatenablesawavefronttoberecordedandlaterre-constructed.Holographyisbestknownasamethodofgeneratingthree-dimensionalimages,butitalsohasawiderangeofotherapplications.Inprinciple,itispossibletomakeahologramforanytypeofwave. Ahologramismadebysuperimposingasecondwavefront(normallycalledthereferencebeam)onthewavefrontofinterest,therebygeneratinganinterferencepatternwhichisrecordedonaphysicalmedium.Whenonlythesecondwavefrontilluminatestheinterferencepattern,itisdiffractedtorecreatetheoriginalwavefront.Hologramscanalsobecomputer-generatedbymodellingthetwowavefrontsandaddingthemtogetherdigitally.Theresultingdigitalimageisthenprintedontoasuitablemaskorfilmandilluminatedbyasuitablesourcetoreconstructthewavefrontofinterest. Contents 1Overviewandhistory 2Howitworks 2.1Laser 2.2Apparatus 2.3Process 2.4Comparisonwithphotography 3Physicsofholography 3.1Planewavefronts 3.2Pointsources 3.3Complexobjects 4Applications 4.1Art 4.2Datastorage 4.3Dynamicholography 4.4Hobbyistuse 4.5Holographicinterferometry 4.6Interferometricmicroscopy 4.7Sensorsorbiosensors 4.8Security 4.9Otherapplications 4.9.1Highsecurityregistrationplates 5Non-opticalholography 6Falseholograms 7Infiction 8Seealso 9References 10Bibliography 11Furtherreading 12Externallinks Overviewandhistory[edit] TheHungarian-BritishphysicistDennisGabor(inHungarian:GáborDénes)[1][2]wasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1971"forhisinventionanddevelopmentoftheholographicmethod".[3] Hiswork,doneinthelate1940s,wasbuiltonpioneeringworkinthefieldofX-raymicroscopybyotherscientistsincludingMieczysławWolfkein1920andWilliamLawrenceBraggin1939.[4]ThisdiscoverywasanunexpectedresultofresearchintoimprovingelectronmicroscopesattheBritishThomson-HoustonCompany(BTH)inRugby,England,andthecompanyfiledapatentinDecember1947(patentGB685286).Thetechniqueasoriginallyinventedisstillusedinelectronmicroscopy,whereitisknownaselectronholography,butopticalholographydidnotreallyadvanceuntilthedevelopmentofthelaserin1960.ThewordholographycomesfromtheGreekwordsὅλος(holos;"whole")andγραφή(graphē;"writing"or"drawing"). Ahologramisarecordingofaninterferencepatternwhichcanreproducea3Dlightfieldusingdiffraction.Thereproducedlightfieldcangenerateanimagewhichstillhasthedepth,parallax,andotherpropertiesoftheoriginalscene.[5]Ahologramisaphotographicrecordingofalightfield,ratherthananimageformedbyalens.Theholographicmedium,forexampletheobjectproducedbyaholographicprocess(whichmaybereferredtoasahologram)isusuallyunintelligiblewhenviewedunderdiffuseambientlight.Itisanencodingofthelightfieldasaninterferencepatternofvariationsintheopacity,density,orsurfaceprofileofthephotographicmedium.Whensuitablylit,theinterferencepatterndiffractsthelightintoanaccuratereproductionoftheoriginallightfield,andtheobjectsthatwereinitexhibitvisualdepthcuessuchasparallaxandperspectivethatchangerealisticallywiththedifferentanglesofviewing.Thatis,theviewoftheimagefromdifferentanglesrepresentsthesubjectviewedfromsimilarangles.Inthissense,hologramsdonothavejusttheillusionofdepthbutaretrulythree-dimensionalimages. Horizontalsymmetrictext,byDieterJung Thedevelopmentofthelaserenabledthefirstpracticalopticalhologramsthatrecorded3Dobjectstobemadein1962byYuriDenisyukintheSovietUnion[6]andbyEmmettLeithandJurisUpatnieksattheUniversityofMichigan,USA.[7]Earlyhologramsusedsilverhalidephotographicemulsionsastherecordingmedium.Theywerenotveryefficientastheproducedgratingabsorbedmuchoftheincidentlight.Variousmethodsofconvertingthevariationintransmissiontoavariationinrefractiveindex(knownas"bleaching")weredevelopedwhichenabledmuchmoreefficienthologramstobeproduced.[8][9][10] Opticalholographyneedsalaserlighttorecordthelightfield.Initsearlydays,holographyrequiredhigh-powerandexpensivelasers,butcurrently,mass-producedlow-costlaserdiodes,suchasthosefoundonDVDrecordersandusedinothercommonapplications,canbeusedtomakehologramsandhavemadeholographymuchmoreaccessibletolow-budgetresearchers,artistsanddedicatedhobbyists.Amicroscopiclevelofdetailthroughouttherecordedscenecanbereproduced.The3Dimagecan,however,beviewedwithnon-laserlight.Incommonpractice,however,majorimagequalitycompromisesaremadetoremovetheneedforlaserilluminationtoviewthehologram,andinsomecases,tomakeit.Holographicportraitureoftenresortstoanon-holographicintermediateimagingprocedure,toavoidthedangeroushigh-poweredpulsedlaserswhichwouldbeneededtooptically"freeze"movingsubjectsasperfectlyastheextremelymotion-intolerantholographicrecordingprocessrequires.Hologramscannowalsobeentirelycomputer-generatedtoshowobjectsorscenesthatneverexisted.Mosthologramsproducedareofstaticobjectsbutsystemsfordisplayingchangingscenesonaholographicvolumetricdisplayarenowbeingdeveloped.[11][12][13] Holographyisdistinctfromlenticularandotherearlierautostereoscopic3Ddisplaytechnologies,whichcanproducesuperficiallysimilarresultsbutarebasedonconventionallensimaging.Imagesrequiringtheaidofspecialglassesorotherintermediateoptics,stageillusionssuchasPepper'sGhostandotherunusual,baffling,orseeminglymagicalimagesareoftenincorrectlycalledholograms. Itisalsodistinctfromspecularholographywhichisatechniqueformakingthree-dimensionalimagesbycontrollingthemotionofspecularitiesonatwo-dimensionalsurface.[14]Itworksbyreflectivelyorrefractivelymanipulatingbundlesoflightrays,notbyusinginterferenceanddiffraction. Holographyisalsousedwithmanyothertypesofwaves. Howitworks[edit] Recordingahologram Reconstructingahologram Thisisaphotographofasmallpartofanunbleachedtransmissionhologramviewedthroughamicroscope.Thehologramrecordedanimagesofatoyvanandcar.ItisnomorepossibletodiscernthesubjectofthehologramfromthispatternthanitistoidentifywhatmusichasbeenrecordedbylookingataCDsurface.Theholographicinformationisrecordedbythespecklepattern. Holographyisatechniquethatenablesalightfield(whichisgenerallytheresultofalightsourcescatteredoffobjects)toberecordedandlaterreconstructedwhentheoriginallightfieldisnolongerpresent,duetotheabsenceoftheoriginalobjects.[15]: Section1 Holographycanbethoughtofassomewhatsimilartosoundrecording,wherebyasoundfieldcreatedbyvibratingmatterlikemusicalinstrumentsorvocalcords,isencodedinsuchawaythatitcanbereproducedlater,withoutthepresenceoftheoriginalvibratingmatter.[16]However,itisevenmoresimilartoAmbisonicsoundrecordinginwhichanylisteningangleofasoundfieldcanbereproducedinthereproduction. Laser[edit] Inlaserholography,thehologramisrecordedusingasourceoflaserlight,whichisverypureinitscolorandorderlyinitscomposition.Varioussetupsmaybeused,andseveraltypesofhologramscanbemade,butallinvolvetheinteractionoflightcomingfromdifferentdirectionsandproducingamicroscopicinterferencepatternwhichaplate,film,orothermediumphotographicallyrecords. Inonecommonarrangement,thelaserbeamissplitintotwo,oneknownastheobjectbeamandtheotherasthereferencebeam.Theobjectbeamisexpandedbypassingitthroughalensandusedtoilluminatethesubject.Therecordingmediumislocatedwherethislight,afterbeingreflectedorscatteredbythesubject,willstrikeit.Theedgesofthemediumwillultimatelyserveasawindowthroughwhichthesubjectisseen,soitslocationischosenwiththatinmind.Thereferencebeamisexpandedandmadetoshinedirectlyonthemedium,whereitinteractswiththelightcomingfromthesubjecttocreatethedesiredinterferencepattern. Likeconventionalphotography,holographyrequiresanappropriateexposuretimetocorrectlyaffecttherecordingmedium.Unlikeconventionalphotography,duringtheexposurethelightsource,theopticalelements,therecordingmedium,andthesubjectmustallremainmotionlessrelativetoeachother,towithinaboutaquarterofthewavelengthofthelight,ortheinterferencepatternwillbeblurredandthehologramspoiled.Withlivingsubjectsandsomeunstablematerials,thatisonlypossibleifaveryintenseandextremelybriefpulseoflaserlightisused,ahazardousprocedurewhichisrarelydoneoutsideofscientificandindustriallaboratorysettings.Exposureslastingseveralsecondstoseveralminutes,usingamuchlower-poweredcontinuouslyoperatinglaser,aretypical. Apparatus[edit] Ahologramcanbemadebyshiningpartofthelightbeamdirectlyintotherecordingmedium,andtheotherpartontotheobjectinsuchawaythatsomeofthescatteredlightfallsontotherecordingmedium.Amoreflexiblearrangementforrecordingahologramrequiresthelaserbeamtobeaimedthroughaseriesofelementsthatchangeitindifferentways.Thefirstelementisabeamsplitterthatdividesthebeamintotwoidenticalbeams,eachaimedindifferentdirections: Onebeam(knownasthe'illumination'or'objectbeam')isspreadusinglensesanddirectedontothesceneusingmirrors.Someofthelightscattered(reflected)fromthescenethenfallsontotherecordingmedium. Thesecondbeam(knownasthe'referencebeam')isalsospreadthroughtheuseoflenses,butisdirectedsothatitdoesnotcomeincontactwiththescene,andinsteadtravelsdirectlyontotherecordingmedium. Severaldifferentmaterialscanbeusedastherecordingmedium.Oneofthemostcommonisafilmverysimilartophotographicfilm(silverhalidephotographicemulsion),butwithamuchhigherconcentrationoflight-reactivegrains,makingitcapableofthemuchhigherresolutionthathologramsrequire.Alayerofthisrecordingmedium(e.g.,silverhalide)isattachedtoatransparentsubstrate,whichiscommonlyglass,butmayalsobeplastic. Process[edit] Whenthetwolaserbeamsreachtherecordingmedium,theirlightwavesintersectandinterferewitheachother.Itisthisinterferencepatternthatisimprintedontherecordingmedium.Thepatternitselfisseeminglyrandom,asitrepresentsthewayinwhichthescene'slightinterferedwiththeoriginallightsource–butnottheoriginallightsourceitself.Theinterferencepatterncanbeconsideredanencodedversionofthescene,requiringaparticularkey–theoriginallightsource–inordertoviewitscontents. Thismissingkeyisprovidedlaterbyshiningalaser,identicaltotheoneusedtorecordthehologram,ontothedevelopedfilm.Whenthisbeamilluminatesthehologram,itisdiffractedbythehologram'ssurfacepattern.Thisproducesalightfieldidenticaltotheoneoriginallyproducedbythesceneandscatteredontothehologram. Comparisonwithphotography[edit] Holographymaybebetterunderstoodviaanexaminationofitsdifferencesfromordinaryphotography: Ahologramrepresentsarecordingofinformationregardingthelightthatcamefromtheoriginalsceneasscatteredinarangeofdirectionsratherthanfromonlyonedirection,asinaphotograph.Thisallowsthescenetobeviewedfromarangeofdifferentangles,asifitwerestillpresent. Aphotographcanberecordedusingnormallightsources(sunlightorelectriclighting)whereasalaserisrequiredtorecordahologram. Alensisrequiredinphotographytorecordtheimage,whereasinholography,thelightfromtheobjectisscattereddirectlyontotherecordingmedium. Aholographicrecordingrequiresasecondlightbeam(thereferencebeam)tobedirectedontotherecordingmedium. Aphotographcanbeviewedinawiderangeoflightingconditions,whereashologramscanonlybeviewedwithveryspecificformsofillumination. Whenaphotographiscutinhalf,eachpieceshowshalfofthescene.Whenahologramiscutinhalf,thewholescenecanstillbeseenineachpiece.Thisisbecause,whereaseachpointinaphotographonlyrepresentslightscatteredfromasinglepointinthescene,eachpointonaholographicrecordingincludesinformationaboutlightscatteredfromeverypointinthescene.Itcanbethoughtofasviewingastreetoutsideahousethrougha120 cm× 120 cm(4 ft× 4 ft)window,thenthrougha60 cm× 120 cm(2 ft× 4 ft)window.Onecanseeallofthesamethingsthroughthesmallerwindow(bymovingtheheadtochangetheviewingangle),buttheviewercanseemoreatoncethroughthe120 cm(4 ft)window. Aphotographisatwo-dimensionalrepresentationthatcanonlyreproducearudimentarythree-dimensionaleffect,whereasthereproducedviewingrangeofahologramaddsmanymoredepthperceptioncuesthatwerepresentintheoriginalscene.Thesecuesarerecognizedbythehumanbrainandtranslatedintothesameperceptionofathree-dimensionalimageaswhentheoriginalscenemighthavebeenviewed. Aphotographclearlymapsoutthelightfieldoftheoriginalscene.Thedevelopedhologram'ssurfaceconsistsofaveryfine,seeminglyrandompattern,whichappearstobearnorelationshiptothesceneitrecorded. Physicsofholography[edit] Mainarticle:Physicsofopticalholography Forabetterunderstandingoftheprocess,itisnecessarytounderstandinterferenceanddiffraction.Interferenceoccurswhenoneormorewavefrontsaresuperimposed.Diffractionoccurswhenawavefrontencountersanobject.Theprocessofproducingaholographicreconstructionisexplainedbelowpurelyintermsofinterferenceanddiffraction.Itissomewhatsimplifiedbutisaccurateenoughtogiveanunderstandingofhowtheholographicprocessworks. Forthoseunfamiliarwiththeseconcepts,itisworthwhiletoreadthosearticlesbeforereadingfurtherinthisarticle. Planewavefronts[edit] Adiffractiongratingisastructurewitharepeatingpattern.Asimpleexampleisametalplatewithslitscutatregularintervals.Alightwavethatisincidentonagratingissplitintoseveralwaves;thedirectionofthesediffractedwavesisdeterminedbythegratingspacingandthewavelengthofthelight. Asimplehologramcanbemadebysuperimposingtwoplanewavesfromthesamelightsourceonaholographicrecordingmedium.Thetwowavesinterfere,givingastraight-linefringepatternwhoseintensityvariessinusoidallyacrossthemedium.Thespacingofthefringepatternisdeterminedbytheanglebetweenthetwowaves,andbythewavelengthofthelight. Therecordedlightpatternisadiffractiongrating.Whenitisilluminatedbyonlyoneofthewavesusedtocreateit,itcanbeshownthatoneofthediffractedwavesemergesatthesameangleatwhichthesecondwavewasoriginallyincident,sothatthesecondwavehasbeen'reconstructed'.Thus,therecordedlightpatternisaholographicrecordingasdefinedabove. Pointsources[edit] Sinusoidalzoneplate Iftherecordingmediumisilluminatedwithapointsourceandanormallyincidentplanewave,theresultingpatternisasinusoidalzoneplate,whichactsasanegativeFresnellenswhosefocallengthisequaltotheseparationofthepointsourceandtherecordingplane. Whenaplanewave-frontilluminatesanegativelens,itisexpandedintoawavethatappearstodivergefromthefocalpointofthelens.Thus,whentherecordedpatternisilluminatedwiththeoriginalplanewave,someofthelightisdiffractedintoadivergingbeamequivalenttotheoriginalsphericalwave;aholographicrecordingofthepointsourcehasbeencreated. Whentheplanewaveisincidentatanon-normalangleatthetimeofrecording,thepatternformedismorecomplex,butstillactsasanegativelensifitisilluminatedattheoriginalangle. Complexobjects[edit] Torecordahologramofacomplexobject,alaserbeamisfirstsplitintotwobeamsoflight.Onebeamilluminatestheobject,whichthenscatterslightontotherecordingmedium.Accordingtodiffractiontheory,eachpointintheobjectactsasapointsourceoflightsotherecordingmediumcanbeconsideredtobeilluminatedbyasetofpointsourceslocatedatvaryingdistancesfromthemedium. Thesecond(reference)beamilluminatestherecordingmediumdirectly.Eachpointsourcewaveinterfereswiththereferencebeam,givingrisetoitsownsinusoidalzoneplateintherecordingmedium.Theresultingpatternisthesumofallthese'zoneplates',whichcombinetoproducearandom(speckle)patternasinthephotographabove. Whenthehologramisilluminatedbytheoriginalreferencebeam,eachoftheindividualzoneplatesreconstructstheobjectwavethatproducedit,andtheseindividualwavefrontsarecombinedtoreconstructthewholeoftheobjectbeam.Theviewerperceivesawavefrontthatisidenticalwiththewavefrontscatteredfromtheobjectontotherecordingmedium,sothatitappearsthattheobjectisstillinplaceevenifithasbeenremoved. Applications[edit] Art[edit] Earlyon,artistssawthepotentialofholographyasamediumandgainedaccesstosciencelaboratoriestocreatetheirwork.Holographicartisoftentheresultofcollaborationsbetweenscientistsandartists,althoughsomeholographerswouldregardthemselvesasbothanartistandascientist. SalvadorDalíclaimedtohavebeenthefirsttoemployholographyartistically.Hewascertainlythefirstandbest-knownsurrealisttodoso,butthe1972NewYorkexhibitofDalíhologramshadbeenprecededbytheholographicartexhibitionthatwasheldattheCranbrookAcademyofArtinMichiganin1968andbytheoneattheFinchCollegegalleryinNewYorkin1970,whichattractednationalmediaattention.[17]InGreatBritain,MargaretBenyonbeganusingholographyasanartisticmediuminthelate1960sandhadasoloexhibitionattheUniversityofNottinghamartgalleryin1969.[18]Thiswasfollowedin1970byasoloshowattheLissonGalleryinLondon,whichwasbilledasthe"firstLondonexpoofhologramsandstereoscopicpaintings".[19] Duringthe1970s,anumberofartstudiosandschoolswereestablished,eachwiththeirparticularapproachtoholography.Notably,therewastheSanFranciscoSchoolofHolographyestablishedbyLloydCross,TheMuseumofHolographyinNewYorkfoundedbyRosemary(Posy)H.Jackson,theRoyalCollegeofArtinLondonandtheLakeForestCollegeSymposiumsorganisedbyTungJeong.[20]Noneofthesestudiosstillexist;however,thereistheCenterfortheHolographicArtsinNewYork[21]andtheHOLOcenterinSeoul,whichoffersartistsaplacetocreateandexhibitwork. Duringthe1980s,manyartistswhoworkedwithholographyhelpedthediffusionofthisso-called"newmedium"intheartworld,suchasHarrietCasdin-SilveroftheUnitedStates,DieterJungofGermany,andMoysésBaumsteinofBrazil,eachonesearchingforaproper"language"tousewiththethree-dimensionalwork,avoidingthesimpleholographicreproductionofasculptureorobject.Forinstance,inBrazil,manyconcretepoets(AugustodeCampos,DécioPignatari,JulioPlazaandJoséWagnerGarcia,associatedwithMoysésBaumstein)foundinholographyawaytoexpressthemselvesandtorenewConcretePoetry. Asmallbutactivegroupofartistsstillintegrateholographicelementsintotheirwork.[22]Someareassociatedwithnovelholographictechniques;forexample,artistMattBrand[23]employedcomputationalmirrordesigntoeliminateimagedistortionfromspecularholography. TheMITMuseum[24]andJonathanRoss[25]bothhaveextensivecollectionsofholographyandon-linecataloguesofartholograms. Datastorage[edit] Mainarticle:Holographicmemory Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(March2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Holographicdatastorageisatechniquethatcanstoreinformationathighdensityinsidecrystalsorphotopolymers.Theabilitytostorelargeamountsofinformationinsomekindofmediumisofgreatimportance,asmanyelectronicproductsincorporatestoragedevices.AscurrentstoragetechniquessuchasBlu-rayDiscreachthelimitofpossibledatadensity(duetothediffraction-limitedsizeofthewritingbeams),holographicstoragehasthepotentialtobecomethenextgenerationofpopularstoragemedia.Theadvantageofthistypeofdatastorageisthatthevolumeoftherecordingmediaisusedinsteadofjustthesurface. CurrentlyavailableSLMscanproduceabout1000differentimagesasecondat1024×1024-bitresolution.Withtherighttypeofmedium(probablypolymersratherthansomethinglikeLiNbO3),thiswouldresultinaboutone-gigabit-per-secondwritingspeed.[citationneeded]Readspeedscansurpassthis,andexperts[who?]believeone-terabit-per-secondreadoutispossible. In2005,companiessuchasOptwareandMaxellproduceda120mmdiscthatusesaholographiclayertostoredatatoapotential3.9TB,aformatcalledHolographicVersatileDisc.AsofSeptember2014,nocommercialproducthasbeenreleased. Anothercompany,InPhaseTechnologies,wasdevelopingacompetingformat,butwentbankruptin2011andallitsassetsweresoldtoAkoniaHolographics,LLC. Whilemanyholographicdatastoragemodelshaveused"page-based"storage,whereeachrecordedhologramholdsalargeamountofdata,morerecentresearchintousingsubmicrometre-sized"microholograms"hasresultedinseveralpotential3Dopticaldatastoragesolutions.Whilethisapproachtodatastoragecannotattainthehighdataratesofpage-basedstorage,thetolerances,technologicalhurdles,andcostofproducingacommercialproductaresignificantlylower. Dynamicholography[edit] Instaticholography,recording,developingandreconstructingoccursequentially,andapermanenthologramisproduced. Therealsoexistholographicmaterialsthatdonotneedthedevelopingprocessandcanrecordaholograminaveryshorttime.Thisallowsonetouseholographytoperformsomesimpleoperationsinanall-opticalway.Examplesofapplicationsofsuchreal-timehologramsincludephase-conjugatemirrors("time-reversal"oflight),opticalcachememories,imageprocessing(patternrecognitionoftime-varyingimages),andopticalcomputing. Theamountofprocessedinformationcanbeveryhigh(terabits/s),sincetheoperationisperformedinparallelonawholeimage.Thiscompensatesforthefactthattherecordingtime,whichisintheorderofamicrosecond,isstillverylongcomparedtotheprocessingtimeofanelectroniccomputer.Theopticalprocessingperformedbyadynamichologramisalsomuchlessflexiblethanelectronicprocessing.Ononeside,onehastoperformtheoperationalwaysonthewholeimage,andontheotherside,theoperationahologramcanperformisbasicallyeitheramultiplicationoraphaseconjugation.Inoptics,additionandFouriertransformarealreadyeasilyperformedinlinearmaterials,thelattersimplybyalens.Thisenablessomeapplications,suchasadevicethatcomparesimagesinanopticalway.[26] Thesearchfornovelnonlinearopticalmaterialsfordynamicholographyisanactiveareaofresearch.Themostcommonmaterialsarephotorefractivecrystals,butinsemiconductorsorsemiconductorheterostructures(suchasquantumwells),atomicvaporsandgases,plasmasandevenliquids,itwaspossibletogenerateholograms. Aparticularlypromisingapplicationisopticalphaseconjugation.Itallowstheremovalofthewavefrontdistortionsalightbeamreceiveswhenpassingthroughanaberratingmedium,bysendingitbackthroughthesameaberratingmediumwithaconjugatedphase.Thisisuseful,forexample,infree-spaceopticalcommunicationstocompensateforatmosphericturbulence(thephenomenonthatgivesrisetothetwinklingofstarlight). Hobbyistuse[edit] PeaceWithinReach,aDenisyukDCGhologrambyamateurDaveBattin Sincethebeginningofholography,amateurexperimentershaveexploreditsuses. In1971,LloydCrossopenedtheSanFranciscoSchoolofHolographyandtaughtamateurshowtomakehologramsusingonlyasmall(typically5 mW)helium-neonlaserandinexpensivehome-madeequipment.Holographyhadbeensupposedtorequireaveryexpensivemetalopticaltableset-uptolockalltheinvolvedelementsdowninplaceanddampanyvibrationsthatcouldblurtheinterferencefringesandruinthehologram.Cross'shome-brewalternativewasasandboxmadeofacinderblockretainingwallonaplywoodbase,supportedonstacksofoldtirestoisolateitfromgroundvibrations,andfilledwithsandthathadbeenwashedtoremovedust.Thelaserwassecurelymountedatopthecinderblockwall.Themirrorsandsimplelensesneededfordirecting,splittingandexpandingthelaserbeamwereaffixedtoshortlengthsofPVCpipe,whichwerestuckintothesandatthedesiredlocations.Thesubjectandthephotographicplateholderweresimilarlysupportedwithinthesandbox.Theholographerturnedofftheroomlight,blockedthelaserbeamnearitssourceusingasmallrelay-controlledshutter,loadedaplateintotheholderinthedark,lefttheroom,waitedafewminutestoleteverythingsettle,thenmadetheexposurebyremotelyoperatingthelasershutter. Manyoftheseholographerswouldgoontoproduceartholograms.In1983,FredUnterseher,aco-founderoftheSanFranciscoSchoolofHolographyandawell-knownholographicartist,publishedtheHolographyHandbook,aneasy-to-readguidetomakinghologramsathome.Thisbroughtinanewwaveofholographersandprovidedsimplemethodsforusingthethen-availableAGFAsilverhaliderecordingmaterials. In2000,FrankDeFreitaspublishedtheShoeboxHolographyBookandintroducedtheuseofinexpensivelaserpointerstocountlesshobbyists.Formanyyears,ithadbeenassumedthatcertaincharacteristicsofsemiconductorlaserdiodesmadethemvirtuallyuselessforcreatingholograms,butwhentheywereeventuallyputtothetestofpracticalexperiment,itwasfoundthatnotonlywasthisuntrue,butthatsomeactuallyprovidedacoherencelengthmuchgreaterthanthatoftraditionalhelium-neongaslasers.Thiswasaveryimportantdevelopmentforamateurs,asthepriceofredlaserdiodeshaddroppedfromhundredsofdollarsintheearly1980stoabout$5aftertheyenteredthemassmarketasacomponentofDVDplayersinthelate1990s.Now,therearethousandsofamateurholographersworldwide. Bylate2000,holographykitswithinexpensivelaserpointerdiodesenteredthemainstreamconsumermarket.Thesekitsenabledstudents,teachers,andhobbyiststomakeseveralkindsofhologramswithoutspecializedequipment,andbecamepopulargiftitemsby2005.[27]Theintroductionofholographykitswithself-developingplatesin2003madeitpossibleforhobbyiststocreatehologramswithoutthebotherofwetchemicalprocessing.[28] In2006,alargenumberofsurplusholography-qualitygreenlasers(CoherentC315)becameavailableandputdichromatedgelatin(DCG)holographywithinthereachoftheamateurholographer.TheholographycommunitywassurprisedattheamazingsensitivityofDCGtogreenlight.Ithadbeenassumedthatthissensitivitywouldbeuselesslyslightornon-existent.JeffBlythrespondedwiththeG307formulationofDCGtoincreasethespeedandsensitivitytothesenewlasers.[29] KodakandAgfa,theformermajorsuppliersofholography-qualitysilverhalideplatesandfilms,arenolongerinthemarket.Whileothermanufacturershavehelpedfillthevoid,manyamateursarenowmakingtheirownmaterials.Thefavoriteformulationsaredichromatedgelatin,Methylene-Blue-sensitiseddichromatedgelatin,anddiffusionmethodsilverhalidepreparations.JeffBlythhaspublishedveryaccuratemethodsformakingtheseinasmalllaborgarage.[30] Asmallgroupofamateursareevenconstructingtheirownpulsedlaserstomakehologramsoflivingsubjectsandotherunsteadyormovingobjects.[31] Holographicinterferometry[edit] Mainarticle:holographicinterferometry Holographicinterferometry(HI)isatechniquethatenablesstaticanddynamicdisplacementsofobjectswithopticallyroughsurfacestobemeasuredtoopticalinterferometricprecision(i.e.tofractionsofawavelengthoflight).[32][33]Itcanalsobeusedtodetectoptical-path-lengthvariationsintransparentmedia,whichenables,forexample,fluidflowtobevisualizedandanalyzed.Itcanalsobeusedtogeneratecontoursrepresentingtheformofthesurfaceortheisodoseregionsinradiationdosimetry.[34] Ithasbeenwidelyusedtomeasurestress,strain,andvibrationinengineeringstructures. Interferometricmicroscopy[edit] Mainarticle:Interferometricmicroscopy Thehologramkeepstheinformationontheamplitudeandphaseofthefield.Severalhologramsmaykeepinformationaboutthesamedistributionoflight,emittedtovariousdirections.Thenumericalanalysisofsuchhologramsallowsonetoemulatelargenumericalaperture,which,inturn,enablesenhancementoftheresolutionofopticalmicroscopy.Thecorrespondingtechniqueiscalledinterferometricmicroscopy.Recentachievementsofinterferometricmicroscopyallowonetoapproachthequarter-wavelengthlimitofresolution.[35] Sensorsorbiosensors[edit] Mainarticle:Holographicsensor Thehologramismadewithamodifiedmaterialthatinteractswithcertainmoleculesgeneratingachangeinthefringeperiodicityorrefractiveindex,therefore,thecoloroftheholographicreflection.[36][37] Security[edit] Mainarticle:Securityhologram IdentigramasasecurityelementinaGermanidentitycard Hologramsarecommonlyusedforsecurity,astheyarereplicatedfromamasterhologramthatrequiresexpensive,specializedandtechnologicallyadvancedequipment,andarethusdifficulttoforge.Theyareusedwidelyinmanycurrencies,suchastheBrazilian20,50,and100-reaisnotes;British5,10,and20-poundnotes;SouthKorean5000,10,000,and50,000-wonnotes;Japanese5000and10,000yennotes,Indian50,100,500,and2000rupeenotes;andallthecurrently-circulatingbanknotesoftheCanadiandollar,Croatiankuna,Danishkrone,andEuro.Theycanalsobefoundincreditandbankcardsaswellaspassports,IDcards,books,foodpackaging,DVDs,andsportsequipment.Suchhologramscomeinavarietyofforms,fromadhesivestripsthatarelaminatedonpackagingforfast-movingconsumergoodstoholographictagsonelectronicproducts.Theyoftencontaintextualorpictorialelementstoprotectidentitiesandseparategenuinearticlesfromcounterfeits. Otherapplications[edit] Holographicscannersareinuseinpostoffices,largershippingfirms,andautomatedconveyorsystemstodeterminethethree-dimensionalsizeofapackage.Theyareoftenusedintandemwithcheckweigherstoallowautomatedpre-packingofgivenvolumes,suchasatruckorpalletforbulkshipmentofgoods. Hologramsproducedinelastomerscanbeusedasstress-strainreportersduetoitselasticityandcompressibility,thepressureandforceappliedarecorrelatedtothereflectedwavelength,thereforeitscolor.[38]Holographytechniquecanalsobeeffectivelyusedforradiationdosimetry.[39][40] Highsecurityregistrationplates[edit] High-securityhologramscanbeusedonlicenseplatesforvehiclessuchascarsandmotorcycles.AsofApril2019,holographiclicenseplatesarerequiredonvehiclesinpartsofIndiatoaidinidentificationandsecurity,especiallyincasesofcartheft.Suchnumberplatesholdelectronicdataofvehicles,andhaveauniqueIDnumberandastickertoindicateauthenticity.[41] Non-opticalholography[edit] Inprinciple,itispossibletomakeahologramforanywave. Electronholographyistheapplicationofholographytechniquestoelectronwavesratherthanlightwaves.ElectronholographywasinventedbyDennisGabortoimprovetheresolutionandavoidtheaberrationsofthetransmissionelectronmicroscope.Todayitiscommonlyusedtostudyelectricandmagneticfieldsinthinfilms,asmagneticandelectricfieldscanshiftthephaseoftheinterferingwavepassingthroughthesample.[42]Theprincipleofelectronholographycanalsobeappliedtointerferencelithography.[43] Acousticholographyisamethodusedtoestimatethesoundfieldnearasourcebymeasuringacousticparametersawayfromthesourceviaanarrayofpressureand/orparticlevelocitytransducers.Measuringtechniquesincludedwithinacousticholographyarebecomingincreasinglypopularinvariousfields,mostnotablythoseoftransportation,vehicleandaircraftdesign,andNVH.Thegeneralideaofacousticholographyhasledtodifferentversionssuchasnear-fieldacousticholography(NAH)andstatisticallyoptimalnear-fieldacousticholography(SONAH).Foraudiorendition,thewavefieldsynthesisisthemostrelatedprocedure. Atomicholographyhasevolvedoutofthedevelopmentofthebasicelementsofatomoptics.WiththeFresneldiffractionlensandatomicmirrorsatomicholographyfollowsanaturalstepinthedevelopmentofthephysics(andapplications)ofatomicbeams.Recentdevelopmentsincludingatomicmirrorsandespeciallyridgedmirrorshaveprovidedthetoolsnecessaryforthecreationofatomicholograms,[44]althoughsuchhologramshavenotyetbeencommercialized. Neutronbeamholographyhasbeenusedtoseetheinsideofsolidobjects.[45] Hologramswithx-raysaregeneratedbyusingsynchrotronsorx-rayfree-electronlasersasradiationsourcesandpixelateddetectorssuchasCCDsasrecordingmedium.[46]Thereconstructionisthenretrievedviacomputation.Duetotheshorterwavelengthofx-rayscomparedtovisiblelight,thisapproachallowsimagingobjectswithhigherspatialresolution.[47]Asfree-electronlaserscanprovideultrashortandx-raypulsesintherangeoffemtosecondswhichareintenseandcoherent,x-rayholographyhasbeenusedtocaptureultrafastdynamicprocesses.[48][49][50] Falseholograms[edit] Effectsproducedbylenticularprinting,thePepper'sghostillusion(ormodernvariantssuchastheMusionEyeliner),tomographyandvolumetricdisplaysareoftenconfusedwithholograms.[51][52]Suchillusionshavebeencalled"fauxlography".[53][54] Pepper'sghostwitha2Dvideo.Thevideoimagedisplayedonthefloorisreflectedinanangledsheetofglass. ThePepper'sghosttechnique,beingtheeasiesttoimplementofthesemethods,ismostprevalentin3Ddisplaysthatclaimtobe(orarereferredtoas)"holographic".Whiletheoriginalillusion,usedintheater,involvedactualphysicalobjectsandpersons,locatedoffstage,modernvariantsreplacethesourceobjectwithadigitalscreen,whichdisplaysimagerygeneratedwith3Dcomputergraphicstoprovidethenecessarydepthcues.Thereflection,whichseemstofloatmid-air,isstillflat,however,thuslessrealisticthanifanactual3Dobjectwasbeingreflected. ExamplesofthisdigitalversionofPepper'sghostillusionincludetheGorillazperformancesinthe2005MTVEuropeMusicAwardsandthe48thGrammyAwards;andTupacShakur'svirtualperformanceatCoachellaValleyMusicandArtsFestivalin2012,rappingalongsideSnoopDoggduringhissetwithDr.Dre.[55] Anevensimplerillusioncanbecreatedbyrear-projectingrealisticimagesintosemi-transparentscreens.Therearprojectionisnecessarybecauseotherwisethesemi-transparencyofthescreenwouldallowthebackgroundtobeilluminatedbytheprojection,whichwouldbreaktheillusion. CryptonFutureMedia,amusicsoftwarecompanythatproducedHatsuneMiku,[56]oneofmanyVocaloidsingingsynthesizerapplications,hasproducedconcertsthathaveMiku,alongwithotherCryptonVocaloids,performingonstageas"holographic"characters.Theseconcertsuserearprojectionontoasemi-transparentDILADscreen[57][58]toachieveits"holographic"effect.[59][60] In2011,inBeijing,apparelcompanyBurberryproducedthe"BurberryProrsumAutumn/Winter2011HologramRunwayShow",whichincludedlifesize2-Dprojectionsofmodels.Thecompany'sownvideo[61]showsseveralcenteredandoff-centershotsofthemain2-dimensionalprojectionscreen,thelatterrevealingtheflatnessofthevirtualmodels.Theclaimthatholographywasusedwasreportedasfactinthetrademedia.[62] InMadrid,on10April2015,apublicvisualpresentationcalled"HologramasporlaLibertad"(HologramsforLiberty),featuringaghostlyvirtualcrowdofdemonstrators,wasusedtoprotestanewSpanishlawthatprohibitscitizensfromdemonstratinginpublicplaces.Althoughwidelycalleda"hologramprotest"innewsreports,[63]noactualholographywasinvolved–itwasyetanothertechnologicallyupdatedvariantofthePepper'sGhostillusion. Infiction[edit] Mainarticle:Holographyinfiction Holographyhasbeenwidelyreferredtoinmovies,novels,andTV,usuallyinsciencefiction,startinginthelate1970s.[64]Sciencefictionwritersabsorbedtheurbanlegendssurroundingholographythathadbeenspreadbyoverly-enthusiasticscientistsandentrepreneurstryingtomarkettheidea.[64]Thishadtheeffectofgivingthepublicoverlyhighexpectationsofthecapabilityofholography,duetotheunrealisticdepictionsofitinmostfiction,wheretheyarefullythree-dimensionalcomputerprojectionsthataresometimestactilethroughtheuseofforcefields.[64]ExamplesofthistypeofdepictionincludethehologramofPrincessLeiainStarWars,ArnoldRimmerfromRedDwarf,whowaslaterconvertedto"hardlight"tomakehimsolid,andtheHolodeckandEmergencyMedicalHologramfromStarTrek.[64] Holographyservedasaninspirationformanyvideogameswiththesciencefictionelements.Inmanytitles,fictionalholographictechnologyhasbeenusedtoreflectreallifemisrepresentationsofpotentialmilitaryuseofholograms,suchasthe"miragetanks"inCommand&Conquer:RedAlert2thatcandisguisethemselvesastrees.[65]PlayercharactersareabletouseholographicdecoysingamessuchasHalo:ReachandCrysis2toconfuseanddistracttheenemy.[65]StarcraftghostagentNovahasaccessto"holodecoy"asoneofherthreeprimaryabilitiesinHeroesoftheStorm.[66] Fictionaldepictionsofhologramshave,however,inspiredtechnologicaladvancesinotherfields,suchasaugmentedreality,thatpromisetofulfillthefictionaldepictionsofhologramsbyothermeans.[67] InEncanto,Bruno'svisionisholographic. Seealso[edit] 3Dfileformats Computer-generatedholography Holographicdisplay Augmentedreality AustralianHolographics Autostereoscopy Digitalholography Digitalholographicmicroscopy Digitalplanarholography Fogdisplay Holographicprinciple Holonomicbraintheory HogelProcessingUnit Integralimaging Listofemergingtechnologies Phase-coherentholography Plasmon–possibleapplications(fullcolorholography) Tomography Volumetricdisplay Volumetricprinting References[edit] ^Gabor,Dennis(1948)."Anewmicroscopicprinciple".Nature.161(4098):777–8.Bibcode:1948Natur.161..777G.doi:10.1038/161777a0.PMID 18860291.S2CID 4121017. ^Gabor,Dennis(1949)."Microscopybyreconstructedwavefronts".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety.197(1051):454–487.Bibcode:1949RSPSA.197..454G.doi:10.1098/rspa.1949.0075.S2CID 123187722. ^"TheNobelPrizeinPhysics1971".Nobelprize.org.Retrieved21April2012. ^Hariharan,P.(1996).OpticalHolography.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 9780521433488. ^"WhatisHolography?|holocenter".Retrieved2September2019. ^Denisyuk,YuriN.(1962)."Onthereflectionofopticalpropertiesofanobjectinawavefieldoflightscatteredbyit".DokladyAkademiiNaukSSSR.144(6):1275–1278. ^Leith,E.N.;Upatnieks,J.(1962)."Reconstructedwavefrontsandcommunicationtheory".J.Opt.Soc.Am.52(10):1123–1130.Bibcode:1962JOSA...52.1123L.doi:10.1364/JOSA.52.001123. ^Upatniek,J;Leaonard,C(1969)."Diffractionefficiencyofbleachedphotographicallyrecordedintereferencepatterns".AppliedOptics.8(1):85–89.Bibcode:1969ApOpt...8...85U.doi:10.1364/ao.8.000085.PMID 20072177. ^Graube,A(1974)."Advancesinbleachingmethodsforphotographicallyrecordedholograms".AppliedOptics.13(12):2942–6.Bibcode:1974ApOpt..13.2942G.doi:10.1364/ao.13.002942.PMID 20134813. ^Phillips,N.J.;Porter,D.(1976)."Anadvanceintheprocessingofholograms".JournalofPhysicsE:ScientificInstruments.9(8):631.Bibcode:1976JPhE....9..631P.doi:10.1088/0022-3735/9/8/011. ^"MITunveilsholographicTVsystem".Retrieved14September2011. ^SeeZebraimaging. ^Blanche,P.-A.;Bablumian,A.;Voorakaranam,R.;Christenson,C.;Lin,W.;Gu,T.;Flores,D.;Wang,P.;et al.(2010)."Holographicthree-dimensionaltelepresenceusinglarge-areaphotorefractivepolymer".Nature.468(7320):80–83.Bibcode:2010Natur.468...80B.doi:10.1038/nature09521.PMID 21048763.S2CID 205222841. ^"specularholography:how".Zintaglio.com.Retrieved21April2012. ^Hariharan,P(2002).BasicsofHolography.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 9780511755569. ^Richards,KeithL.(2018).Designengineer'ssourcebook.BocaRaton.ISBN 978-1-315-35052-3.OCLC 990152205. ^"TheHistoryandDevelopmentofHolography".Holophile.com.Retrieved21April2012. ^Coyle,Rebecca(1990)."Holography–Artinthespaceoftechnology".InHayward,Philip(ed.).Culture,Technology&CreativityintheLateTwentiethCentury.London,England:JohnLibbeyandCompany.pp. 65–88.ISBN 978-0-86196-266-2. ^"MargaretBenyonHolography".LissonGallery.Retrieved4February2016. ^Integraf."Dr.TungJ.JeongBiography".Integraf.com.Retrieved21April2012. ^"holocenter".holocenter.Retrieved21April2012. ^"TheUniversalHologram".CherryOpticalHolography. ^Holographicmetalworkhttp://www.zintaglio.com ^"MITMuseum:Collections–Holography".Web.mit.edu.Retrieved21April2012. ^"TheJonathanRossHologramCollection".Jrholocollection.com.Retrieved21April2012. ^R.Ryfetal.High-frame-ratejointFourier-transformcorrelatorbasedonSn2P2S6crystal,OpticsLetters26,1666–1668(2001) ^StephenCass:HolidayGifts2005Giftsandgadgetsfortechnophilesofallages:Do-ItYourself-3-D.InIEEESpectrum,November2005 ^Chiaverina,Chris:Litiholoholography–Soeasyevenacavemancouldhavedoneit(apparatusreview)Archived8February2012attheWaybackMachine.InThePhysicsTeacher,vol.48,November2010,pp.551–552. ^"AHolographyFAQ".HoloWiki.15February2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6November2010.Retrieved21April2012. ^"Manymethodsarehere".Holowiki.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7March2012.Retrieved21April2012. ^"JeffBlyth'sFilmFormulations".Cabd0.tripod.com.Retrieved21April2012. ^Powell,RL;Stetson,KA(1965)."InterferometricVibrationAnalysisbyWavefrontReconstruction".J.Opt.Soc.Am.55(12):1593–8.Bibcode:1965JOSA...55.1593P.doi:10.1364/josa.55.001593. ^Jones,Robert;Wykes,Catherine(1989).HolographicandSpeckleInterferometry.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 0-521-34417-4. ^Beigzadeh,A.M.;Vaziri,M.R.Rashidian;Ziaie,F.(2017)."Modellingofaholographicinterferometrybasedcalorimeterforradiationdosimetry".NuclearInstrumentsandMethodsinPhysicsResearchA.864:40–49.Bibcode:2017NIMPA.864...40B.doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.05.019. ^Y.Kuznetsova;A.Neumann,S.R.Brueck(2007)."Imaginginterferometricmicroscopy–approachingthelinearsystemslimitsofopticalresolution".OpticsExpress.15(11):6651–6663.Bibcode:2007OExpr..15.6651K.doi:10.1364/OE.15.006651.PMID 19546975. ^Yetisen,AK;Butt,H;daCruzVasconcellos,F;Montelongo,Y;Davidson,CAB;Blyth,J;Carmody,JB;Vignolini,S;Steiner,U;Baumberg,JJ;Wilkinson,TD;Lowe,CR(2013)."Light-DirectedWritingofChemicallyTunableNarrow-BandHolographicSensors".AdvancedOpticalMaterials.2(3):250–254.doi:10.1002/adom.201300375.S2CID 96257175. ^MartíNez-Hurtado,J.L.;Davidson,C.A.B.;Blyth,J.;Lowe,C.R.(2010)."HolographicDetectionofHydrocarbonGasesandOtherVolatileOrganicCompounds".Langmuir.26(19):15694–15699.doi:10.1021/la102693m.PMID 20836549. ^'Elastichologram'pages113–117,Proc.oftheIGC2010,ISBN 978-0-9566139-1-2here:http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/225960 ^Beigzadeh,A.M.(2017)."Modellingofaholographicinterferometrybasedcalorimeterforradiationdosimetry".NuclearInstrumentsandMethodsinPhysicsResearchSectionA:Accelerators,Spectrometers,DetectorsandAssociatedEquipment.864:40–49.Bibcode:2017NIMPA.864...40B.doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.05.019. ^Beigzadeh,A.M.(2018)."Double-exposureholographicinterferometryforradiationdosimetry:Anewdevelopedmodel".RadiationMeasurements.119:132–139.Bibcode:2018RadM..119..132B.doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.10.010.S2CID 105842469. ^"Whyhasthegovernmentmadehighsecurityregistrationplatesmandatory".TheEconomicTimes.ETOnline.Retrieved18July2021. ^R.E.Dunin-Borkowskietal.,Micros.Res.andTech.vol.64,pp.390–402(2004) ^Ogai,K.;et al.(1993)."AnApproachforNanolithographyUsingElectronHolography".Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.32(12S):5988–5992.Bibcode:1993JaJAP..32.5988O.doi:10.1143/jjap.32.5988. ^F.Shimizu;J.Fujita(March2002)."Reflection-TypeHologramforAtoms".PhysicalReviewLetters.88(12):123201.Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88l3201S.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.123201.PMID 11909457. ^Swenson,Gayle(20October2016)."MoveOver,Lasers:ScientistsCanNowCreateHologramsfromNeutrons,Too".NIST.Retrieved4April2017. ^Eisebitt,S.;et al.(2004)."LenslessimagingofmagneticnanostructuresbyX-rayspectro-holography".Nature.432(7019):885–888.Bibcode:2004Natur.432..885E.doi:10.1038/nature03139.PMID 15602557.S2CID 4423853. ^Pfau,B.;et al.(2014)."Influenceofstrayfieldsontheswitching-fielddistributionforbit-patternedmediabasedonpre-patternedsubstrates"(PDF).AppliedPhysicsLetters.105(13):132407.Bibcode:2014ApPhL.105m2407P.doi:10.1063/1.4896982. ^Chapman,H.N.;et al.(2007)."Femtosecondtime-delayX-rayholography"(PDF).Nature.448(7154):676–679.Bibcode:2007Natur.448..676C.doi:10.1038/nature06049.PMID 17687320.S2CID 4406541. ^Günther,C.M.;et al.(2011)."SequentialfemtosecondX-rayimaging".NaturePhotonics.5(2):99–102.Bibcode:2011NaPho...5...99G.doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.287. ^vonKorff,Schmising(2014)."ImagingUltrafastDemagnetizationDynamicsafteraSpatiallyLocalizedOpticalExcitation"(PDF).PhysicalReviewLetters.112(21):217203.Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112u7203V.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.217203. ^"HolographicannouncersatLutonairport".Bbc.co.uk.31January2011.Retrieved21April2012. ^Farivar,Cyrus(16April2012)."Tupac"hologram"merelyprettycoolopticalillusion".Arstechnica.com.Retrieved21April2012. ^"Holographic3DTechnology:FromSci-fiFantasytoEngineeringReality".InternationalYearofLight2015-Blog.28September2015.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30October2017. ^Gordon,MarcusA.(2017).Habitat44º(MFA).OCADUniversity.doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.30421.88802. ^"TupacreturnsasahologramatCoachella".TheMarqueeBlog–CNN.comBlogs.CNN.16April2012.Retrieved21April2012. ^"Crypton"クリプトン(inJapanese).Crypton.co.jp.Retrieved21April2012. ^G.,Adrian."LA'sAnimeExpohostingHatsuneMiku'sfirstUSliveperformanceon2July".Retrieved20April2012. ^""WecaninviteHatsuneMikuinmyroom!",Part2(video)".Youtube.com.7September2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30October2021.Retrieved21April2012. ^"Technicallyincorrect:Tomorrow'sMileyCyrus?Ahologramliveinconcert!".Retrieved29April2011. ^"HatsuneMiku–WorldisMineLiveinHD".YouTube.Retrieved29April2011. ^"BurberryBeijing–FullShow".Youtube.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4October2011.Retrieved21April2012. ^"BurberrylandsinChina".Retrieved14June2011. ^"FirstHologramProtestinHistoryHeldAgainstSpain'sGagLaw".revolution-news.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13April2015.Retrieved13April2015. ^abcdJohnston,Sean(2006)."TheHologramandPopularCulture".HolographicVisions:aHistoryofNewScience.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,UK.pp. 405–408.ISBN 978-0191513886.OCLC 437109030. ^abJohnston,SeanF.(2015)."11-ChannelingDreams".Holograms:ACulturalHistory.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0191021381. ^"Nova-HeroesoftheStorm".us.battle.net.Retrieved20October2019. ^Richardson,Martin(13November2017).TheHologram:PrinciplesandTechniques.Wiltshire,JohnD.Hoboken,NJ.ISBN 978-1119088905.OCLC 1000385946. Bibliography[edit] HariharanP,1996,OpticalHolography,CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN 0-521-43965-5 HariharanP,2002,BasicsofHolography,CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN 0-521-00200-1 LipsonA.,LipsonSG,LipsonH,OpticalPhysics,2011,CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN 978-0-521-49345-1 Furtherreading[edit] Lasersandholography:anintroductiontocoherentopticsW.E.Kock,DoverPublications(1981),ISBN 978-0-486-24041-1 PrinciplesofholographyH.M.Smith,Wiley(1976),ISBN 978-0-471-80341-6 G.Bergeretal.,DigitalDataStorageinaphase-encodedholographicmemorysystem:dataqualityandsecurity,ProceedingsofSPIE,Vol.4988,pp. 104–111(2003) HolographicVisions:AHistoryofNewScienceSeanF.Johnston,OxfordUniversityPress(2006),ISBN 0-19-857122-4 Saxby,Graham(2003).PracticalHolography,ThirdEdition.TaylorandFrancis.ISBN 978-0-7503-0912-7. Three-DimensionalImagingTechniquesTakanoriOkoshi,AtaraPress(2011),ISBN 978-0-9822251-4-1 HolographicMicroscopyofPhaseMicroscopicObjects:TheoryandPracticeTatyanaTishko,TishkoDmitry,TitarVladimir,WorldScientific(2010),ISBN 978-981-4289-54-2 Richardson,MartinJ.;Wiltshire,JohnD.(2017).Richardson,MartinJ.;Wiltshire,JohnD.(eds.).TheHologram:PrinciplesandTechniques.Wiley.doi:10.1002/9781119088929.ISBN 9781119088905.OCLC 1000385946. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoHolography. TheNobelprizelectureofDennisGabor HowStuffWorks–holograms AnimationsdemonstratingholographybyQED vteDisplaytechnologyVideodisplaysPastgeneration Eidophor Cathode-raytube(CRT) Jumbotron Electroluminescentdisplay(ELD) Plasmadisplaypanel(PDP) ALiS Currentgeneration Quantumdotdisplay(QLED) Organiclight-emittingdiode(OLED) AMOLED Electronicpaper EInk Gyricon Lightemittingdiodedisplay(LED) Liquid-crystaldisplay(LCD) TFT TN IPS LED BluePhase DigitalLightProcessing(DLP) Liquidcrystalonsilicon(LCoS) Nextgeneration microLED ElectroluminescentQuantumDots(ELQD/QD-LED) Organiclight-emittingtransistor(OLET) Surface-conductionelectron-emitterdisplay(SED) Field-emissiondisplay(FED) LaserTV Quantumdot Liquidcrystal MEMSdisplay IMoD TMOS Ferroelectricliquidcrystaldisplay(FLCD) Thick-filmdielectricelectroluminescenttechnology(TDEL) Telescopicpixeldisplay(TPD) Laser-poweredphosphordisplay(LPD) Non-video Electromechanical Flip-dot Split-flap Vane Eggcrate Fiber-optic Nixietube Vacuumfluorescentdisplay(VFD) Light-emittingelectrochemicalcell(LEC) Lightguidedisplay Dot-matrixdisplay Seven-segmentdisplay(SSD) Eight-segmentdisplay Nine-segmentdisplay Fourteen-segmentdisplay(FSD) Sixteen-segmentdisplay(SISD) 3Ddisplay Stereoscopic Autostereoscopic Multiscopic Hologram Holographicdisplay Computer-generatedholography Volumetric Fogdisplay Staticmedia Monoscope Movieprojector Neonsign Slideprojector Transparency Laserbeam Displaycapabilities EDID CEA-861 DisplayID AlwaysonDisplay See-throughdisplay Relatedarticles Historyofdisplaytechnology Large-screentelevisiontechnology OptimumHDTVviewingdistance HighDynamicRange(HDR) ColorLightOutput Flexibledisplay ComparisonofCRT,LCD,plasma,andOLEDdisplays Comparisonofdisplaytechnology vtePhotographyEquipment Camera light-field digital field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Film base format holder stock availablefilms discontinuedfilms Filter Flash beautydish cucoloris gobo hotshoe lenshood monolight Reflector snoot Softbox Lens Primelens Zoomlens Wide-anglelens Telephotolens Manufacturers Monopod Movieprojector Slideprojector Tripod head Zoneplate Terminology 35mmequivalentfocallength Angleofview Aperture Backscatter Blackandwhite Chromaticaberration Circleofconfusion Colorbalance Colortemperature Depthoffield Depthoffocus Exposure Exposurecompensation Exposurevalue Zebrapatterning F-number Filmformat Large Medium Filmspeed Focallength Guidenumber Hyperfocaldistance Lensflare Meteringmode Perspectivedistortion Photograph Photographicprinting Photographicprocesses Reciprocity Red-eyeeffect Scienceofphotography Shutterspeed Sync ZoneSystem Genres Abstract Aerial Aircraft Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine-art Fire Forensic Glamour High-speed Landscape Nature NeuesSehen Nude Photojournalism Pictorialism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Socialdocumentary Sports Stilllife Stock Straightphotography Street Toycamera Underwater Vernacular Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burstmode Contre-jour Cyanotype ETTR Fillflash Fireworks Harrisshutter High-speed Holography Infrared Intentionalcameramovement Kirlian Kiteaerial Long-exposure Macro Mordançage Multipleexposure Multi-exposureHDRcapture Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Printtoning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlierenphotography Sabattiereffect Slowmotion Stereoscopy Stoppingdown Strip Slit-scan Sunprinting Tilt–shift Miniaturefaking Time-lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Composition Diagonalmethod Framing Headroom Leadroom Ruleofthirds Simplicity Goldentriangle(composition) History Timelineofphotographytechnology Analogphotography AutochromeLumière Boxcamera Calotype Cameraobscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Paintedphotographybackdrops Photographyandthelaw Glassplate Visualarts Digitalphotography Digitalcamera D-SLR comparison MILC cameraback Digiscoping Comparisonofdigitalandfilmphotography Filmscanner Imagesensor CMOSAPS CCD Three-CCDcamera FoveonX3sensor Imagesharing Pixel Colorphotography Color Printfilm Chromogenicprint Reversalfilm Colormanagement colorspace primarycolor CMYKcolormodel RGBcolormodel Photographicprocessing Bleachbypass C-41process Crossprocessing Developer Digitalimageprocessing Dyecoupler E-6process Fixer Gelatinsilverprocess Gumprinting Instantfilm K-14process Printpermanence Pushprocessing Stopbath Lists Mostexpensivephotographs Photographsconsideredthemostimportant Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Related Conservationandrestorationofphotographs film photographicplates  Category  Outline vteEmergingtechnologiesFieldsDisplaysNextgeneration FED FLCD iMoD Laser LPD OLED OLET QD-LED SED TPD TDEL TMOS MicroLED Screenless Bioniccontactlens Head-mounteddisplay Head-updisplay Opticalhead-mounteddisplay Virtualretinaldisplay Other Autostereoscopy Flexibledisplay Holographicdisplay Computer-generatedholography Multi-primarycolordisplay UltraHD Volumetricdisplay Category List vteStereoscopyPerception Binocularrivalry Binocularvision Chromostereopsis Convergenceinsufficiency Correspondenceproblem Peripheralvision Depthperception Epipolargeometry Kineticdeptheffect Stereoblindness Stereopsis Stereopsisrecovery Stereoscopicacuity Displaytechnologies Activeshutter3Dsystem Anaglyph3D Autostereogram Autostereoscopy Bubblegram ChromaDepth Head-mounteddisplay Holography Integralimaging Lenticularlens Multiscopy Parallaxbarrier Parallaxscrolling Polarized3Dsystem Specularholography Stereodisplay Stereoscope Vectograph Virtualretinaldisplay Volumetricdisplay Wigglestereoscopy Othertechnologies 2Dto3Dconversion 2DplusDelta 2D-plus-depth Computerstereovision MultiviewVideoCoding Parallaxscanning Pseudoscope Stereophotographytechniques Stereoautograph Stereoscopicdepthrendition Stereoscopicrangefinder Stereoscopicspectroscopy StereoscopicVideoCoding Producttypes 3Dcamcorder 3Dfilm 3Dtelevision 3D-enabledmobilephones 4Dfilm Blu-ray3D Digital3D Stereocamera Stereomicroscope Stereoscopicvideogame Virtualrealityheadset Notableproducts AMDHD3D Dolby3D FujifilmFinePixReal3D Infitec MasterImage3D Nintendo3DS New3DS Nvidia3DVision Panavision3D RealD3D SharpActiusRD3D View-Master XpanD3D Miscellany Stereographer StereoscopicDisplaysandApplications Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Spain France(data) Ukraine Germany Israel UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holography&oldid=1088301637" Categories:HolographyBritishinventionsEmergingtechnologiesHungarianinventionsLaserimagegenerationPhotographictechniques3DimagingHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1usesJapanese-languagescript(ja)CS1Japanese-languagesources(ja)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromJune2020ArticlescontainingAncientGreek(to1453)-languagetextArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromMarch2021AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromOctober2018Allarticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesArticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesfromOctober2018CommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithEMUidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansAlemannischالعربيةAsturianuAzərbaycancaБеларускаяБългарскиBosanskiCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתJawaಕನ್ನಡҚазақшаКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLietuviųMagyarМакедонскиമലയാളംМонголNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийShqipSimpleEnglishسنڌيSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்తెలుగుไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệtWinaray吴语粵語中文 Editlinks