Lascaux - Wikipedia

Lascaux is a network of caves near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France. Over 600 parietal wall paintings cover ... Lascaux FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch CaveinsouthwesternFrancefamousforitsPaleolithiccavepaintings ForLascauxintheCorrèzedepartment,seeLascaux,Corrèze. LascauxUNESCOWorldHeritageSiteDepictionofaurochs,horsesanddeerLocationMontignac,FrancePartofPrehistoricSitesandDecoratedCavesoftheVézèreValleyCriteriaCultural:i,iiiReference85-011Inscription1979(3rdSession)Area34.34 ha(84+7⁄8acres)Coordinates45°03′13″N1°10′12″E/45.05361°N1.17000°E/45.05361;1.17000Coordinates:45°03′13″N1°10′12″E/45.05361°N1.17000°E/45.05361;1.17000LocationintheDordogneShowmapofDordogneLascaux(France)ShowmapofFrance LascauxCoordinates45°03′13″N1°10′12″E/45.05361°N1.17000°E/45.05361;1.17000 Lascaux(English:/læˈskoʊ/la-SKOH,[1]USalso/lɑːˈskoʊ/lah-SKOH;[2]French:GrottedeLascaux[ɡʁɔtdəlasko],[3]"LascauxCave")isanetworkofcavesnearthevillageofMontignac,inthedepartmentofDordogneinsouthwesternFrance.Over600parietalwallpaintingscovertheinteriorwallsandceilingsofthecave.Thepaintingsrepresentprimarilylargeanimals,typicallocalcontemporaryfaunathatcorrespondwiththefossilrecordoftheUpperPaleolithicinthearea.Theyarethecombinedeffortofmanygenerationsand,withcontinueddebate,theageofthepaintingsisnowusuallyestimatedataround17,000years(earlyMagdalenian).[4][5][6]Becauseoftheoutstandingprehistoricartinthecave,LascauxwasinductedintotheUNESCOWorldHeritageListin1979,asanelementofthePrehistoricSitesandDecoratedCavesoftheVézèreValley.[7] Theoriginalcaveshavebeenclosedtothepublicsince1963,astheirconditionwasdeteriorating,buttherearenowanumberofreplicas. Contents 1Historysincerediscovery 1.1Replicas 1.1.1LascauxII 1.1.2LascauxIII 1.1.3LascauxIV 2Geographicsetting 3Images 3.1Parietalrepresentation 3.2Interpretation 4Threats 5Seealso 6References 7Furtherreading 8Externallinks Historysincerediscovery[edit] ModernentrancetotheLascauxcave On12September1940,theentrancetotheLascauxCavewasdiscoveredby18-year-oldMarcelRavidatwhenhisdog,Robot,fellinahole.Ravidatreturnedtothescenewiththreefriends,JacquesMarsal,GeorgesAgnel,andSimonCoencas.Theyenteredthecavethrougha15-metre-deep(50-foot)shaftthattheybelievedmightbealegendarysecretpassagetothenearbyLascauxManor.[8][9][10]Theteenagersdiscoveredthatthecavewallswerecoveredwithdepictionsofanimals.[11][12]Galleriesthatsuggestcontinuity,contextorsimplyrepresentacavernweregivennames.ThoseincludetheHalloftheBulls,thePassageway,theShaft,theNave,theApse,andtheChamberofFelines.TheyreturnedalongwiththeAbbéHenriBreuilon21September1940;Breuilwouldmakemanysketchesofthecave,someofwhichareusedasstudymaterialtodayduetotheextremedegradationofmanyofthepaintings.BreuilwasaccompaniedbyDenisPeyrony,curatorofLeseyzies(PrehistoryMuseum)atLesEyzies,JeanBouyssonieandDrCheynier. Thecavecomplexwasopenedtothepublicon14July1948,andinitialarchaeologicalinvestigationsbeganayearlater,focusingontheShaft.By1955,carbondioxide,heat,humidity,andothercontaminantsproducedby1,200visitorsperdayhadvisiblydamagedthepaintings.Asairconditiondeteriorated,fungiandlichenincreasinglyinfestedthewalls.Consequently,thecavewasclosedtothepublicin1963,thepaintingswererestoredtotheiroriginalstate,andamonitoringsystemonadailybasiswasintroduced. Replicas[edit] PartofLascauxIV Conservationproblemsintheoriginalcavehavemadethecreationofreplicasmoreimportant. LascauxII[edit] LascauxII,anexactcopyoftheGreatHalloftheBullsandthePaintedGallerywasdisplayedattheGrandPalaisinParis,beforebeingdisplayedfrom1983inthecave'svicinity(about200 mor660 ftawayfromtheoriginalcave),acompromiseandattempttopresentanimpressionofthepaintings'scaleandcompositionforthepublicwithoutharmingtheoriginals.[8][12]AfullrangeofLascaux'sparietalartispresentedafewkilometresfromthesiteattheCentreofPrehistoricArt,LeParcduThot,wheretherearealsoliveanimalsrepresentingice-agefauna.[13] Thepaintingsforthissitewereduplicatedwiththesametypeofmaterialssuchasironoxide,charcoalandochrewhichwerebelievedtobeused19thousandyearsago.[10][14][15][16]OtherfacsimilesofLascauxhavealsobeenproducedovertheyears. LascauxIII[edit] LascauxIIIisaseriesoffiveexactreproductionsofthecaveart(theNaveandShaft)that,since2012,havetraveledaroundtheworldallowingknowledgeofLascauxtobesharedfarfromtheoriginal. LascauxIV[edit] LascauxIVisanewcopyofallthepaintedareasofthecavethatformspartoftheInternationalCentreforParietalArt(CentreInternationaldel'ArtPariétal).SinceDecember2016thislargerandmoreaccuratereplicawhichintegratesdigitaltechnologyintothedisplayispresentedinanewmuseumbuiltbySnøhettainsidethehilloverlookingMontignac.[17][18] Geographicsetting[edit] ReproductionofLascauxartworkinLascauxII Initssedimentarycomposition,theVézèredrainagebasincoversonefourthofthedépartementoftheDordogne,thenorthernmostregionoftheBlackPérigord.BeforejoiningtheDordogneRivernearLimeuil,theVézèreflowsinasouth-westerlydirection.Atitscentrepoint,theriver'scourseismarkedbyaseriesofmeandersflankedbyhighlimestonecliffsthatdeterminethelandscape.Upstreamfromthissteep-slopedrelief,nearMontignacandinthevicinityofLascaux,thecontoursofthelandsoftenconsiderably;thevalleyfloorwidens,andthebanksoftheriverlosetheirsteepness. TheLascauxvalleyislocatedsomedistancefromthemajorconcentrationsofdecoratedcavesandinhabitedsites,mostofwhichwerediscoveredfurtherdownstream.[19]IntheenvironsofthevillageofEyzies-de-TayacSireuil,therearenofewerthan37decoratedcavesandshelters,aswellasanevengreaternumberofhabitationsitesfromtheUpperPaleolithic,locatedintheopen,beneathashelteringoverhang,orattheentrancetooneofthearea'skarstcavities.ThisisthehighestconcentrationinEurope. Images[edit] Megaloceroswithlineofdots Thecavecontainsnearly6,000figures,whichcanbegroupedintothreemaincategories:animals,humanfigures,andabstractsigns.Thepaintingscontainnoimagesofthesurroundinglandscapeorthevegetationofthetime.[19]Mostofthemajorimageshavebeenpaintedontothewallsusingred,yellow,andblackcoloursfromacomplexmultiplicityofmineralpigments[20]: 110 [21]includingironcompoundssuchasironoxide(ochre),[22]: 204 hematite,andgoethite,[21][23]aswellasmanganese-containingpigments.[21][22]: 208 Charcoalmayalsohavebeenused[22]: 199 butseeminglytoasparingextent.[20]Onsomeofthecavewalls,thecolourmayhavebeenappliedasasuspensionofpigmentineitheranimalfatorcalcium-richcavegroundwaterorclay,makingpaint,[20]thatwasswabbedorblottedon,ratherthanappliedbybrush.[23]Inotherareas,thecolourwasappliedbysprayingthepigmentsbyblowingthemixturethroughatube.[23]Wheretherocksurfaceissofter,somedesignshavebeenincisedintothestone.Manyimagesaretoofainttodiscern,andothershavedeterioratedentirely. Over900canbeidentifiedasanimals,and605ofthesehavebeenpreciselyidentified.Outoftheseimages,thereare364paintingsofequinesaswellas90paintingsofstags.Alsorepresentedarecattleandbison,eachrepresenting4to5%oftheimages.Asmatteringofotherimagesincludessevenfelines,abird,abear,arhinoceros,andahuman.Therearenoimagesofreindeer,eventhoughthatwastheprincipalsourceoffoodfortheartists.[24]Geometricimageshavealsobeenfoundonthewalls. ThemostfamoussectionofthecaveisTheHalloftheBullswherebulls,equines,aurochs,stagsandtheonlybearinthecavearedepicted.Thefourblackbulls,oraurochs,arethedominantfiguresamongthe36animalsrepresentedhere.Oneofthebullsis5.2metres(17 ft1 in)long,thelargestanimaldiscoveredsofarincaveart.Additionally,thebullsappeartobeinmotion.[24] Apaintingreferredtoas"TheCrossedBison",foundinthechambercalledtheNave,isoftensubmittedasanexampleoftheskillofthePaleolithiccavepainters.Thecrossedhindlegscreatetheillusionthatonelegisclosertotheviewerthantheother.Thisvisualdepthinthescenedemonstratesaprimitiveformofperspectivewhichwasparticularlyadvancedforthetime. Parietalrepresentation[edit] TheHalloftheBullspresentsthemostspectacularcompositionofLascaux.Itscalcitewallsarenotsuitableforengraving,soitisonlydecoratedwithpaintings,oftenofimpressivedimensions:someareuptofivemetreslong. Tworowsofaurochsfaceeachother,twoononesideandthreeontheother.Thetwoaurochsonthenorthsideareaccompaniedbyabouttenhorsesandalargeenigmaticanimal,withtwostraightlinesonitsforeheadthatearneditthenickname"unicorn".Onthesouthside,threelargeaurochsarenexttothreesmallerones,paintedred,aswellassixsmalldeerandtheonlybearinthecave,superimposedonthebellyofanaurochsanddifficulttoread. TheAxialDiverticulumisalsodecoratedwithcattleandhorsesaccompaniedbydeerandibex.Adrawingofafleeinghorsewasbrushedwithmanganesepencil2.50metresabovetheground.Someanimalsarepaintedontheceilingandseemtorollfromonewalltotheother.Theserepresentations,whichrequiredtheuseofscaffolding,areintertwinedwithmanysigns(sticks,dotsandrectangularsigns). ThePassagehasahighlydegradeddecoration,notablythroughaircirculation. TheNavehasfourgroupsoffigures:theEmpreintepanel,theBlackCowpanel,theDeerswimmingpanelandtheCrossedBuffalopanel.Theseworksareaccompaniedbymanyenigmaticgeometricsigns,includingcolouredcheckersthatH.Breuilcalled"coatsofarms". TheFelineDiverticulumowesitsnametoagroupoffelines,oneofwhichseemstourinatetomarkitsterritory.Verydifficulttoaccess,onecanseethereengravingsofwildanimalsofarathernaivestyle.Therearealsootheranimalsassociatedwithsigns,includingarepresentationofahorseseenfromthefront,exceptionalinPaleolithicartwhereanimalsaregenerallyrepresentedinprofilesorfroma"twistedperspective". Theapsecontainsmorethanathousandengravings,someofwhicharesuperimposedonpaintings,correspondingtoanimalsandsigns.ThereistheonlyreindeerrepresentedinLascaux. TheWellpresentsthemostenigmaticsceneofLascaux:anithyphallicmanwithabird'sheadseemstolieontheground,perhapsknockeddownbyabuffaloguttedbyaspear;athissideisrepresentedanelongatedobjectsurmountedbyabird,ontheleftarhinocerosmovesaway.Variousinterpretationsofwhatisrepresentedhavebeenoffered.[25]Ahorseisalsopresentontheoppositewall.Twogroupsofsignsaretobenotedinthiscomposition: betweenmanandrhinos,threepairsofdigitizedpunctuationmarksfoundatthebottomoftheCatDiverticulum,inthemostremotepartofthecave; undermanandbison,acomplexbarbedsignthatcanbefoundalmostidenticallyonotherwallsofthecave,andalsoonpaddlepointsandonthesandstonelampfoundnearby. Interpretation[edit] TheinterpretationofPalaeolithicArtisproblematic,asitcanbeinfluencedbyourownprejudicesandbeliefs.Someanthropologistsandarthistorianstheorizethepaintingscouldbeanaccountofpasthuntingsuccess,orcouldrepresentamysticalritualinordertoimprovefuturehuntingendeavors.Thelattertheoryissupportedbytheoverlappingimagesofonegroupofanimalsinthesamecavelocationasanothergroupofanimals,suggestingthatoneareaofthecavewasmoresuccessfulforpredictingaplentifulhuntingexcursion.[26] ApplyingtheiconographicmethodofanalysistotheLascauxpaintings(studyingposition,directionandsizeofthefigures;organizationofthecomposition;paintingtechnique;distributionofthecolorplanes;researchoftheimagecenter),ThérèseGuiot-Houdartattemptedtocomprehendthesymbolicfunctionoftheanimals,toidentifythethemeofeachimageandfinallytoreconstitutethecanvasofthemythillustratedontherockwalls.[27][furtherexplanationneeded] Cavepaintingofadunhorse(equine)atLascaux Juliend'HuyandJean-LoïcLeQuellecshowedthatcertainangularorbarbedsignsofLascauxmaybeanalysedas"weapon"or"wounds".Thesesignsaffectdangerousanimals—bigcats,aurochs,andbison—morethanothersandmaybeexplainedbyafearoftheanimationoftheimage.[28]Anotherfindingsupportsthehypothesisofhalf-aliveimages.AtLascaux,bison,aurochsandibexarenotrepresentedsidebyside.Conversely,onecannoteabison-horses-lionssystemandanaurochs-horses-deer-bearssystem,theseanimalsbeingfrequentlyassociated.[29]Suchadistributionmayshowtherelationshipbetweenthespeciespicturedandtheirenvironmentalconditions.Aurochsandbisonfightoneagainsttheother,andhorsesanddeerareverysocialwithotheranimals.Bisonandlionsliveinopenplainsareas;aurochs,deerandbearsareassociatedwithforestsandmarshes;ibexhabitatisrockyareas,andhorsesarehighlyadaptiveforalltheseareas.TheLascauxpaintings'dispositionmaybeexplainedbyabeliefinthereallifeofthepicturedspecies,whereintheartiststriedtorespecttheirrealenvironmentalconditions.[30] LessknownistheimageareacalledtheAbside(Apse),aroundish,semi-sphericalchambersimilartoanapseinaRomanesquebasilica.Itisapproximately4.5metresindiameter(about5yards)andcoveredoneverywallsurface(includingtheceiling)withthousandsofentangled,overlapping,engraveddrawings.[31]TheceilingoftheApse,whichrangesfrom1.6to2.7metreshigh(about5.2to8.9feet)asmeasuredfromtheoriginalfloorheight,issocompletelydecoratedwithsuchengravingsthatitindicatesthattheprehistoricpeoplewhoexecutedthemfirstconstructedascaffoldtodoso.[19][32] ThefamousshaftsceneofLascaux:amanwithabirdheadandabison. AccordingtoDavidLewis-WilliamsandJeanClotteswhobothstudiedpresumablysimilarartoftheSanpeopleofSouthernAfrica,thistypeofartisspiritualinnaturerelatingtovisionsexperiencedduringritualistictrance-dancing.Thesetrancevisionsareafunctionofthehumanbrainandsoareindependentofgeographicallocation.[33]NigelSpivey,aprofessorofclassicalartandarcheologyattheUniversityofCambridge,hasfurtherpostulatedinhisseries,HowArtMadetheWorld,thatdotandlatticepatternsoverlappingtherepresentationalimagesofanimalsareverysimilartohallucinationsprovokedbysensory-deprivation.Hefurtherpostulatesthattheconnectionsbetweenculturallyimportantanimalsandthesehallucinationsledtotheinventionofimage-making,ortheartofdrawing.[34] AndréLeroi-Gourhanstudiedthecavefromthe1960s;hisobservationoftheassociationsofanimalsandthedistributionofspecieswithinthecaveledhimtodevelopaStructuralisttheorythatpositedtheexistenceofagenuineorganizationofthegraphicspaceinPalaeolithicsanctuaries.Thismodelisbasedonamasculine/feminineduality–whichcanbeparticularlyobservedinthebison/horseandaurochs/horsepairs–identifiableinboththesignsandtheanimalrepresentations.Healsodefinedanongoingevolutionthroughfourconsecutivestyles,fromtheAurignaciantotheLateMagdalenian.Leroi-Gourhandidnotpublishadetailedanalysisofthecave'sfigures.InhisworkPréhistoiredel'artoccidental,publishedin1965,henonethelessputforwardananalysisofcertainsignsandappliedhisexplanatorymodeltotheunderstandingofotherdecoratedcaves. Threats[edit] TheconservationroomatLascaux TheopeningofLascauxCaveafterWorldWarIIchangedthecaveenvironment.Theexhalationsof1,200visitorsperday,presenceoflight,andchangesinaircirculationhavecreatedanumberofproblems.Lichensandcrystalsbegantoappearonthewallsinthelate1950s,leadingtoclosureofthecavesin1963.Thisledtorestrictionofaccesstotherealcavestoafewvisitorseveryweek,andthecreationofareplicacaveforvisitorstoLascaux.In2001,theauthoritiesinchargeofLascauxchangedtheairconditioningsystemwhichresultedinregulationofthetemperatureandhumidity.Whenthesystemhadbeenestablished,aninfestationofFusariumsolani,awhitemold,beganspreadingrapidlyacrossthecaveceilingandwalls.[35]Themoldisconsideredtohavebeenpresentinthecavesoilandexposedbytheworkoftradesmen,leadingtothespreadofthefunguswhichwastreatedwithquicklime.In2007,anewfungus,whichhascreatedgreyandblackblemishes,beganspreadingintherealcave. Asof2008,thecavecontainedblackmold.InJanuary2008,authoritiesclosedthecaveforthreemonths,eventoscientistsandpreservationists.Asingleindividualwasallowedtoenterthecavefortwentyminutesonceaweektomonitorclimaticconditions.Nowonlyafewscientificexpertsareallowedtoworkinsidethecaveandjustforafewdaysamonth,buttheeffortstoremovethemoldhavetakenatoll,leavingdarkpatchesanddamagingthepigmentsonthewalls.[36]In2009themoldproblemwaspronouncedstable.[37]In2011thefungusseemedtobeinretreataftertheintroductionofanadditional,evenstricterconservationprogram.[38]TworesearchprogramshavebeeninstigatedattheCIAPconcerninghowtobesttreattheproblem,andthecavealsonowpossessesaclimatisationsystemdesignedtoreducetheintroductionofbacteria. OrganizedthroughtheinitiativeoftheFrenchMinistryofCulture,aninternationalsymposiumtitled"LascauxandPreservationIssuesinSubterraneanEnvironments"washeldinParison26and27February2009,underthechairmanshipofJeanClottes.ItbroughttogethernearlythreehundredparticipantsfromseventeencountrieswiththegoalofconfrontingresearchandinterventionsconductedinLascauxCavesince2001withtheexperiencesgainedinothercountriesinthedomainofpreservationinsubterraneanenvironments.[39]Theproceedingsofthissymposiumwerepublishedin2011.Seventy-fourspecialistsinfieldsasvariedasbiology,biochemistry,botany,hydrology,climatology,geology,fluidmechanics,archaeology,anthropology,restorationandconservation,fromnumerouscountries(France,UnitedStates,Portugal,Spain,Japan,andothers)contributedtothispublication.[40] InMay2018Ochroconislascauxensis,aspeciesoffungusoftheAscomycotaphylum,wasofficiallydescribedandnamedaftertheplaceofitsfirstemergenceandisolation,theLascauxcave.ThisfollowedonfromthediscoveryofanothercloselyrelatedspeciesOchroconisanomala,firstobservedinsidethecavein2000.Thefollowingyearblackspotsbegantoappearamongthecavepaintings.Noofficialannouncementontheeffectorprogressofattemptedtreatmentshaseverbeenmade.[41] Theproblemisongoing,asareeffortstocontrolthemicrobialandfungalgrowthsinthecave.ThefungalinfectioncriseshaveledtotheestablishmentofanInternationalScientificCommitteeforLascauxandtorethinkinghow,andhowmuch,humanaccessshouldbepermittedincavescontainingprehistoricart.[42] Seealso[edit] ArtoftheUpperPaleolithic CaveofAltamira ChauvetCave Cavepainting Listofarchaeologicalsitesbycountry Listofcaves ListofStoneAgeart Prehistoricart TheThreadofArt,2012and2015book References[edit] ^"AmericanEnglishDictionary:DefinitionofLascaux".Collins.Retrieved18August2013. ^"Lascaux".LexicoUSEnglishDictionary.OxfordUniversityPress.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16April2021. ^"EnglishDictionary:DefinitionofLascaux".Collins.Retrieved18August2013. ^"LascauxCavePaintings:Layout,Meaning,Photographs-Dating-ChronologicalquestionsabouttheageofLascaux'scavepaintings,overwhatperiodtheywerecreated,andtheidentityoftheoldestartinthecomplex,arestillbeingdebated..."Visualartscorkcom.Retrieved28December2016. ^"IceAgestarmapdiscovered-thoughttodateback16,500years".BBC.9August2000.Retrieved27December2016. ^"Lascaux,France.Thesepaintingsareestimatedtobearound17,300yearsold".Ancient-wisdom.Retrieved27December2016. ^"PrehistoricSitesandDecoratedCavesoftheVézèreValley".UNESCOWorldHeritageCentre.Retrieved30December2012. ^ab"LascauxCave".WorldHistoryEncyclopedia.Retrieved21December2018. ^"DiscoveryoftheLascauxCavePaintings|HistoryToday".www.historytoday.com.Retrieved21December2018. ^ab"Lascaux'sprehistoriccaveofwondersdiscoveredbyadog".www.dailytelegraph.com.au.10September2015.Retrieved21December2018. ^ThomasJr.,RobertMcG.(31March1995)."MarcelRavidatisDeadat72;FoundLascauxPaintings".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved30December2012. ^abBahn,PaulG.(2007).CaveArt:AGuidetotheDecoratedIceAgeCavesofEurope.London:FrancesLincoln.pp. 81–85.ISBN 978-0711226555. ^leretourdesloups“préhistoriques” ^Quotations,K.KrisHirstK.KrisHirstisanarchaeologistwith30yearsoffieldexperienceSheistheauthorofTheArchaeologist'sBookof;Science,herworkhasappearedin;Archaeology."TheBeautifulandFamousLascauxCave".ThoughtCo.Retrieved21December2018.{{citeweb}}:|first1=hasgenericname(help) ^"LecturesontheIce-AgePaintedCavesofSouthwesternFrance"(PDF). ^Ferrier,Catherine;Debard,Évelyne;Kervazo,Bertrand;Brodard,Aurélie;Guibert,Pierre;Baffier,Dominique;Feruglio,Valérie;Gély,Bernard;Geneste,Jean-Michel(28December2014)."HeatedwallsofthecaveChauvet-Pontd'Arc(Ardèche,France):characterizationandchronology".PALEO.Revued'archéologiepréhistorique(25):59–78.ISSN 1145-3370. ^LascauxIVInternationalCentreforCaveArt,officialwebsite. ^LascauxIV:TheInternationalCentreforCaveArt,Snøhettaprojects,websitesnohetta.com. ^abcNechvatal,Joseph(2011).ImmersionintoNoise.AnnArbor:OpenHumanitiesPress.pp. 74–76.ISBN 978-1-60785-241-4.Retrieved30December2012. ^abcDickson,D.Bruce(1992).TheDawnofBelief:ReligionintheUpperPaleolithicofSouthwesternEurope.ISBN 9780816513369. ^abcChalminE,FargesF,VignaudC,etal.DiscoveryofUnusualMineralsinPaleolithicBlackPigmentsfromLascaux(France)andEkain(Spain). ^abcRapp,GeorgeR.(2013).Archaeomineralogy.ISBN 9783662050057. ^abc"LascauxCavePaintings:Layout,Meaning,Photographs".visual-arts-cork.com. ^abCurtis,Gregory(2006).TheCavePainters:ProbingtheMysteriesoftheWorld'sFirstArtists(1st ed.).NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf.pp. 96–97,102.ISBN 1400043484. ^Eshleman,Clayton,JuniperFuse:UpperPaleolithicImagination&theConstructionoftheUnderworld,pp.35–36,2003,WesleyanUniversityPress,ISBN 0819566055,9780819566058,googlebooks ^"Lascauxcave:History".www.karstworlds.com.Retrieved26November2018. ^Guiot-Houdart,Thérèse(2004).Lascauxetlesmythes(inFrench).Périgueux:Pilote24.ISBN 2-912347-39-4. ^Juliend'HuyetJean-LoïcLeQuellec(2010)."Lesanimaux'fléchés'àLascaux:nouvellepropositiond’interprétation"PréhistoireduSud-Ouest18(2):161–170 ^DenisTauxe(2007)."L’organisationsymboliquedudispositifpariétaldelagrottedeLascaux",PréhistoireduSud-Ouest,15:177–266 ^Juliend'Huy(2011)."LadistributiondesanimauxàLascauxreflèteraitleurdistributionnaturelle",BulletindelaSociétéHistoriqueetArchéologiqueduPérigordCXXXVIII,493–502 ^Leroi-Gourhan,André.TheArtofPrehistoricManinWesternEurope.London:ThamesandHudson.1968.p.315 ^MarioRuspoli,TheCaveofLascaux:TheFinalPhotographicRecord(NewYork:Abrams,1983)pp.146–47 ^HarryFrancisMallgrave(26June2013).ArchitectureandEmbodiment:TheImplicationsoftheNewSciencesandHumanitiesforDesign.Routledge.pp. 190–.ISBN 978-1-135-09424-9. ^Gray,S.W.(2014)."ThecartographicparadigmincontemporaryAustralianlandscapepainting". ^JoëlleDupont;ClaireJacquet;BrunoDennetière;SandrineLacoste(2007)."InvasionoftheFrenchPaleolithicpaintedcaveofLascauxbymembersoftheFusariumsolanispeciescomplex".Mycologia.99(4):526–533.doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.4.526.PMID 18065003. ^Moore,Molly(1July2008)."DebateOverMoldyCaveArtIsaTaleofHumanMissteps".TheWashingtonPost.Retrieved30December2012. ^Saiz-Jimenez,C.(24October2014).TheConservationofSubterraneanCulturalHeritage.CRCPress.ISBN 978-0-429-22693-9. ^"Lascaux's18,000-year-oldcaveartunderthreat".Phys.org.Retrieved28December2016. ^AttheTakamatsuzukaTombinJapan,andAltamirainSpain,forexample. ^Coye,N.dir.(2011),Lascauxetlaconservationenmilieusouterrain:actesdusymposiuminternational(Paris,26–27fév.2009)=LascauxandPreservationIssuesinSubterraneanEnvironments:ProceedingsoftheInternationalSymposium(Paris,26and27February),ÉditionsdelaMaisondessciencesdel'homme,360p.Infrenchandenglish. ^Martin-Sanchez,PedroMaria;Nováková,Alena;Bastian,Fabiola;Alabouvette,Claude;Saiz-Jimenez,Cesareo(2012)."TwonewspeciesofthegenusOchroconis,O.lascauxensisandO.anomalaisolatedfromblackstainsinLascauxCave,France".FungalBiology.Elsevier.116(5):574–89.doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2012.02.006.PMID 22559918. ^Simons,Marlise(9December2007)."FungusOnceAgainThreatensFrenchCavePaintings".NewYorkTimes.Retrieved15October2010. Furtherreading[edit] Dubowski,Mark(2010).DiscoveryintheCave(Children'searlyreader).NewYork,NewYork,USA:RandomHouse.ISBN 978-0375858932. Curtis,Gregory(2006).TheCavePainters:ProbingtheMysteriesoftheWorld'sFirstArtists.NewYork,NewYork,USA:Knopf.ISBN 1-4000-4348-4. Lewis-Williams,David(2004).TheMindintheCave:ConsciousnessandtheOriginsofArt.ThamesandHudson.ISBN 0-500-28465-2. Bataille,Georges(2005).TheCradleofHumanity:PrehistoricArtandCulture.NewYork,NewYork:ZoneBooks.ISBN 1-890951-55-2. —(1980)PrehistoricPainting:LascauxortheBirthofArt.Trans.AustrynWainhouse.Geneva:Skira[firstpublished,1955]. JosephNechvatal,ImmersiveExcessintheApseofLascaux,TechnonoeticArts3,no3.2005 B.etG.Delluc(dir.),LeLivreduJubilédeLascaux1940–1990,SociétéhistoriqueetarchéologiqueduPérigord,supplémentautomeCXVII,1990,155p.,ill. B.etG.Delluc,2003:Lascauxretrouvé.Lesrecherchesdel'abbéAndréGlory,Pilote24édition,368p.,ill. B.etG.Delluc,2006:DiscoveringLascaux,SudOuest,nouvelleéditionentièrementrevueettrèsaugmentée,80p.,ill.plansetcoupe. B.etG.Delluc,2008:DictionnairedeLascaux,SudOuest,Bordeaux.Plusde600entréesetillustrations.Bibliographie(450références).ISBN 978-2-87901-877-5. B.etG.Delluc,2010:Lascauxetlaguerre.Unegaleriedeportraits,Bull.delaSoc.historiqueetarch.duPérigord,CXXXVI,2elivraison,40p.,ill.,bibliographie. A.Glory,2008:LesrecherchesàLascaux(1952–1963).DocumentsrecueillisetprésentésparB.etG.Delluc,XXXIXesuppl.àGallia-Préhistoire,CNRS,Paris. JosephNechvatal,2011:ImmersionintoNoise,UniversityofMichiganLibrary'sScholarlyPublishingOffice.AnnArbor. Rigaud,Jean-Philippe(October1988)."ArtTreasuresfromtheIceAge:LascauxCave".NationalGeographic.Vol. 174,no. 4.pp. 482–499.ISSN 0027-9358.OCLC 643483454. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoLascaux. ThemicrobiologyofLascauxCave http://archeologie.culture.fr/lascaux/enLascauxresourceswebsitebyFrenchMinistryofCultureandwrittenbyresearchers http://archeologie.culture.fr/lascaux/en/visit-caveVirtualtourofLascauxCavevia3dmodelbyFrenchMinistryofCulture LascauxCaveOfficialLascauxWebsite,fromtheFrenchMinistryofCulture LascauxCaveArtSymposiumTheBradshawFoundation HumanTimeline(Interactive)–Smithsonian,NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory(August2016). DiscussionofpaintingsbyJaninaRamirezandAliceRoberts:ArtDetectivePodcast,08Feb2017 vteHumanevolutionTaxonomy(Hominins)Lastcommonancestors Chimpanzee–human Gorilla–human Orangutan–human Gibbon–human Australopithecines Orrorin Sahelanthropus Kenyanthropus Ardipithecus A.kadabba A.ramidus Australopithecus A.afarensis A.africanus A.anamensis A.bahrelghazali A.deyiremeda A.garhi A.sediba Paranthropus P.aethiopicus P.boisei P.robustus Humansandproto-humans(Homo)Proto-humans H.gautengensis(?) H.habilis H.naledi H.rudolfensis(?) H.tsaichangensis(?) 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