Giuseppe Garibaldi - Wikipedia

Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the ... GiuseppeGaribaldi FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Italiangeneral,patriot,andrepublican(1807–1882) "Garibaldi"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeGaribaldi(disambiguation)andGiuseppeGaribaldi(disambiguation). GiuseppeGaribaldiGaribaldiin1866MemberoftheChamberofDeputiesoftheKingdomofItalyInoffice18February1861 –2June1882DictatorofSicilyInoffice17May1860 –4November1860MinisterofWaroftheRomanRepublicInoffice9February1849 –25April1849PrecededbyPositionestablishedSucceededbyPositionabolished PersonaldetailsBornGiuseppeMariaGaribaldi(1807-07-04)4July1807Nice,FrenchEmpireDied2June1882(1882-06-02)(aged 74)Caprera,KingdomofItalyNationalityItalianPoliticalparty YoungItaly(1831–1848) ActionParty(1848–1867) HistoricalLeft(1867–1877) ExtremeLeft(1877–1882) Spouses AnitaGaribaldi​(m. 1842)​ GiuseppinaRaimondi​(m. 1860)​ FrancescaArmosino​(m. 1880)​ ChildrenMenotti,Ricciotti,and6othersSignatureMilitaryserviceAllegiance Listofallegiances  RiograndenseRepublic JulianaRepublic ColoradoParty UnitarianParty RomanRepublic  KingdomofSardinia  KingdomofItaly  FrenchThirdRepublic Branch RoyalSardinianArmy RoyalItalianArmyService years1835–1871RankGeneralCommandsHuntersoftheAlpsInternationalLegionArmyoftheVosgesWarsRagamuffinWar UruguayanCivilWar     GreatSiegeofMontevideo     UruguayRiverpillage ItalianUnificationWars     1stWarofIndependence         BattleofNovara         SiegeofRome     2ndWarofIndependence         BattleofVarese     ExpeditionoftheThousand         BattleofCalatafimi         BattleofMilazzo         BattleofVolturnus     BattleofAspromonte     3rdWarofIndependence         BattleofBezzecca         InvasionofTrentino     BattleofMentana Franco-PrussianWar     BattlesofDijon GiuseppeMariaGaribaldi(/ˌɡærɪˈbɔːldi/GARR-ib-AWL-dee,Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppeɡariˈbaldi](listen);[note1]4July1807–2June1882)wasanItaliangeneral,patriot,revolutionaryandrepublican.HecontributedtoItalianunificationandthecreationoftheKingdomofItaly.Heisconsideredoneofthegreatestgeneralsofmoderntimes[1]andoneofItaly's"fathersofthefatherland",alongwithCamilloBenso,CountofCavour,VictorEmmanuelIIofItalyandGiuseppeMazzini.[2]Garibaldiisalsoknownasthe"HerooftheTwoWorlds"becauseofhismilitaryenterprisesinSouthAmericaandEurope.[3] GaribaldiwasafolloweroftheItaliannationalistMazziniandembracedtherepublicannationalismoftheYoungItalymovement.[4]HebecameasupporterofItalianunificationunderademocraticrepublicangovernment.However,breakingwithMazzini,hepragmaticallyalliedhimselfwiththemonarchistCavourandKingdomofPiedmont-Sardiniainthestruggleforindependence,subordinatinghisrepublicanidealstohisnationalistonesuntilItalywasunified.AfterparticipatinginanuprisinginPiedmont,hewassentencedtodeath,butescapedandsailedtoSouthAmerica,wherehespent14yearsinexile,duringwhichhetookpartinseveralwarsandlearnttheartofguerrillawarfare.[5]In1835hejoinedtherebelsknownastheRagamuffins(farrapos),intheRagamuffinWarinBrazil,andtookuptheircauseofestablishingtheRiograndenseRepublicandlatertheCatarinenseRepublic.GaribaldialsobecameinvolvedintheUruguayanCivilWar,raisinganItalianforceknownasRedshirts,andisstillcelebratedasanimportantcontributortoUruguay'sreconstitution. In1848,GaribaldireturnedtoItalyandcommandedandfoughtinmilitarycampaignsthateventuallyledtoItalianunification.TheprovisionalgovernmentofMilanmadehimageneralandtheMinisterofWarpromotedhimtoGeneraloftheRomanRepublicin1849.WhenthewarofindependencebrokeoutinApril1859,heledhisHuntersoftheAlpsinthecaptureofmajorcitiesinLombardy,includingVareseandComo,andreachedthefrontierofSouthTyrol;thewarendedwiththeacquisitionofLombardy.Thefollowingyear,heledtheExpeditionoftheThousandonbehalfofandwiththeconsentofVictorEmmanuelII.TheexpeditionwasasuccessandconcludedwiththeannexationofSicily,SouthernItaly,MarcheandUmbriatotheKingdomofSardiniabeforethecreationofaunifiedKingdomofItalyon17March1861.HislastmilitarycampaigntookplaceduringtheFranco-PrussianWarascommanderoftheArmyoftheVosges. Garibaldibecameaninternationalfigureheadfornationalindependenceandrepublicanideals,andisconsideredbythetwentieth-centuryhistoriographyandpopularcultureasItaly'sgreatestnationalhero.[6][7]Hewasshoweredwithadmirationandpraisebymanyintellectualsandpoliticalfigures,includingAbrahamLincoln,[8]WilliamBrown,[9]FrancescodeSanctis,VictorHugo,AlexandreDumas,MalwidavonMeysenbug,GeorgeSand,CharlesDickens,[10]FriedrichEngels[11]andCheGuevara.[12]HistorianA.J.P.Taylorcalledhim"theonlywhollyadmirablefigureinmodernhistory".[13]Inthepopulartellingofhisstory,heisassociatedwiththeredshirtsthathisvolunteers,theGaribaldini,woreinlieuofauniform. Contents 1Earlylife 2SouthAmerica 3InductiontoFreemasonry 3.1ElectionofPopePiusIX,1846 4ReturntoItaly 4.1FirstItalianWarofIndependence 4.2NorthAmericaandthePacific 4.3Tyneside 5SecondItalianWarofIndependence 6Campaignof1860 7Aftermath 8ExpeditionagainstRome 9FinalstrugglewithAustria 10Franco-PrussianWar 11InvolvementwiththeFirstInternational 12OntheOttomanEmpire 13Death 14Legacy 15Commemoration 15.1PlacesnamedafterGaribaldi 16Culturaldepictions 17Familytree 18Publications 19Seealso 20References 20.1Footnotes 20.2Sources 21Bibliography 22Externallinks Earlylife[edit] HouseinwhichGaribaldiwasborn GaribaldiwasbornandchristenedJoseph-MarieGaribaldi[14][note2]on4July1807inNice,whichhadbeenconqueredbytheFrenchFirstRepublicin1792,totheLigurianfamilyofDomenicoGaribaldifromChiavari[15]andMariaRosaNicolettaRaimondifromLoano.[16]In1814,theCongressofViennareturnedNicetoVictorEmmanuelIofSardinia;nevertheless,Francere-annexeditin1860bytheTreatyofTurin,whichwasardentlyopposedbyGaribaldi.Garibaldi'sfamily'sinvolvementincoastaltradedrewhimtoalifeatsea.HeparticipatedactivelyintheNizzardoItalianscommunityandwascertifiedin1832asamerchantnavycaptain.[citationneeded] InApril1833,hetravelledtoTaganrog,intheRussianEmpire,aboardtheschoonerClorindawithashipmentoforanges.Duringtendaysinport,hemetGiovanniBattistaCuneofromOneglia,apoliticallyactiveimmigrantandmemberofthesecretYoungItalymovementofGiuseppeMazzini.MazziniwasapassionateproponentofItalianunificationasaliberalrepublicviapoliticalandsocialreform.GaribaldijoinedthesocietyandtookanoathdedicatinghimselftothestruggletoliberateandunifyhishomelandfromAustriandominance.[citationneeded] InNovember1833,GaribaldimetMazziniinGenoa,startingalongrelationshipthatlaterbecametroubled.HejoinedtheCarbonarirevolutionaryassociation,andinFebruary1834participatedinafailedMazzinianinsurrectioninPiedmont.AGenoesecourtsentencedGaribalditodeathinabsentia,andhefledacrossthebordertoMarseille.[citationneeded] SouthAmerica[edit] GaribaldiandhismencarryingboatsfromLagoadosPatostoTramandahylakeduringthewarinRioGrandedoSul GaribaldifirstsailedtotheBeylikofTunisbeforeeventuallyfindinghiswaytotheEmpireofBrazil.Oncethere,hetookupthecauseoftheRiograndenseRepublicinitsattempttoseparatefromBrazil,joiningtherebelsknownastheRagamuffinsintheRagamuffinWarof1835. Duringthiswar,hemetAnaMariadeJesusRibeirodaSilva,commonlyknownasAnita.WhentherebelsproclaimedtheCatarinenseRepublicintheBrazilianprovinceofSantaCatarinain1839,shejoinedhimaboardhisship,RioPardo,andfoughtalongsidehimatthebattlesofImbitubaandLaguna. In1841,GaribaldiandAnitamovedtoMontevideo,Uruguay,whereGaribaldiworkedasatraderandschoolmaster.ThecouplemarriedinMontevideothefollowingyear.Theyhadfourchildren;DomenicoMenotti(1840–1903),Rosa(1843–1845),TeresaTeresita(1845–1903),andRicciotti(1847–1924).[17]Askilledhorsewoman,Anitaissaid[bywhom?]tohavetaughtGiuseppeaboutthegauchocultureofArgentina,southernBrazilandUruguay.Aroundthistimeheadoptedhistrademarkclothing—theredshirt,poncho,andsombrerocommonlywornbygauchos. In1842,GaribalditookcommandoftheUruguayanfleetandraisedanItalianLegionofsoldiers—knownasRedshirts—fortheUruguayanCivilWar.ThisrecruitmentwaspossibleasMontevideohadalargeItalianpopulationatthetime:4,205outofatotalpopulationof30,000accordingtoan1843census.[18] GaribaldiduringthebattleofSant'Antonio,1846 GaribaldialignedhisforceswiththeUruguayanColoradosledbyFructuosoRiveraandJoaquínSuárez,whowerealignedwiththeArgentineUnitarianParty.ThisfactionreceivedsomesupportfromtheFrenchandBritishintheirstruggleagainsttheforcesofformerUruguayanpresidentManuelOribe'sBlancos,whichwasalsoalignedwithArgentineFederalesundertheruleofBuenosAirescaudilloJuanManueldeRosas. TheItalianLegionadoptedablackflagthatrepresentedItalyinmourning,withavolcanoatthecenterthatsymbolizedthedormantpowerintheirhomeland.ThoughcontemporarysourcesdonotmentiontheRedshirts,popularhistoryassertsthatthelegionfirstworetheminUruguay,gettingthemfromafactoryinMontevideothathadintendedtoexportthemtotheslaughterhousesofArgentina.[citationneeded]TheseshirtsbecamethesymbolofGaribaldiandhisfollowers. Between1842and1848,GaribaldidefendedMontevideoagainstforcesledbyOribe.In1845,hemanagedtooccupyColoniadelSacramentoandMartínGarcíaIsland,andledtheinfamoussacksofMartínGarcíaislandandGualeguaychúduringtheAnglo-FrenchblockadeoftheRíodelaPlata.GaribaldisavedhislifeafterbeingdefeatedintheCostaBravacombat,deliveredon15and16August1842,thankstothegreatnessofAdmiralWilliamBrown.TheArgentines,wantingtopursuehimtofinishhimoff,werestoppedbyBrownwhoexclaimed"lethimescape,thatgringoisabraveman."[19]Yearslater,agrandsonofGaribaldiwouldbenamedWilliam,inhonorofAdmiralBrown.Adoptingamphibious[18]guerrillatactics,Garibaldilaterachievedtwovictoriesduring1846,intheBattleofCerroandtheBattleofSanAntoniodelSanto. InductiontoFreemasonry[edit] GaribaldijoinedFreemasonryduringhisexile,takingadvantageoftheasylumthelodgesofferedtopoliticalrefugeesfromEuropeancountriesgovernedbydespoticregimes.Attheageof37,during1844,GaribaldiwasinitiatedintheL'AsildelaVertudLodgeofMontevideo.ThiswasanirregularlodgeunderaBrazilianFreemasonrynotrecognizedbythemaininternationalmasonicobediences,suchastheUnitedGrandLodgeofEnglandortheGrandOrientdeFrance. WhileGaribaldihadlittleuseforMasonicrituals,hewasanactiveFreemasonandregardedFreemasonryasanetworkthatunitedprogressivemenasbrothersbothwithinnationsandasaglobalcommunity.GaribaldiwaseventuallyelectedastheGrandMasteroftheGrandOrientofItaly.[20][21] Garibaldiregularizedhispositionlaterin1844,joiningthelodgeLesAmisdelaPatrieofMontevideoundertheGrandOrientofFrance. ElectionofPopePiusIX,1846[edit] ThefateofhishomelandcontinuedtoconcernGaribaldi.TheelectionofPopePiusIXin1846causedasensationamongItalianpatriots,bothathomeandinexile.Pius'sinitialreformsseemedtoidentifyhimastheliberalpopecalledforbyVincenzoGioberti,whowentontoleadtheunificationofItaly.WhennewsofthesereformsreachedMontevideo,GaribaldiwrotetothePope: Ifthesehands,usedtofighting,wouldbeacceptabletoHisHoliness,wemostthankfullydedicatethemtotheserviceofhimwhodeservessowelloftheChurchandofthefatherland.Joyfulindeedshallweandourcompanionsinwhosenamewespeakbe,ifwemaybeallowedtoshedourbloodindefenceofPiusIX'sworkofredemption.[22] Mazzini,fromexile,alsoapplaudedtheearlyreformsofPiusIX.In1847,GaribaldiofferedtheapostolicnuncioatRiodeJaneiro,Bedini,theserviceofhisItalianLegionfortheliberationofthepeninsula.ThennewsofanoutbreakofrevolutioninPalermoinJanuary1848andrevolutionaryagitationelsewhereinItaly,encouragedGaribalditoleadapproximately60membersofhislegionhome. ReturntoItaly[edit] FirstItalianWarofIndependence[edit] PortraitofGaribaldiin1848 PopularprintshowingGaribaldiwearinguniformsof1848,1860and1859wars GaribaldireturnedtoItalyamidsttheturmoiloftherevolutionsof1848intheItalianstatesandwasoneofthefoundersandleadersoftheActionParty.GaribaldiofferedhisservicestoCharlesAlbertofSardinia,whodisplayedsomeliberalinclinations,buthetreatedGaribaldiwithcoolnessanddistrust.RebuffedbythePiedmontese,heandhisfollowerscrossedintoLombardywheretheyofferedassistancetotheprovisionalgovernmentofMilan,whichhadrebelledagainsttheAustrianoccupation.InthecourseofthefollowingunsuccessfulFirstItalianWarofIndependence,GaribaldiledhislegiontotwominorvictoriesatLuinoandMorazzone. AfterthecrushingPiedmontesedefeatattheBattleofNovaraon23March1849,GaribaldimovedtoRometosupporttheRomanRepublicrecentlyproclaimedinthePapalStates.However,aFrenchforcesentbyLouisNapoleonthreatenedtotoppleit.AtMazzini'surging,GaribalditookcommandofthedefenceofRome.InfightingnearVelletri,AchilleCantonisavedhislife.AfterCantoni'sdeath,duringthebattleofMentana,GaribaldiwrotethenovelCantonitheVolunteer. GaribaldiduringthesiegeofRome On30April1849,theRepublicanarmy,underGaribaldi'scommand,defeatedanumericallyfarsuperiorFrencharmyatthePortaSanPancraziogateofRome.Subsequently,Frenchreinforcementsarrived,andthesiegeofRomebeganon1June.DespitetheresistanceoftheRepublicanarmy,theFrenchprevailedon29June.On30JunetheRomanAssemblymetanddebatedthreeoptions:surrender,continuefightinginthestreets,orretreatfromRometocontinueresistancefromtheApenninemountains.Garibaldi,havingenteredthechambercoveredinblood,madeaspeechfavouringthethirdoption,endingwith:Ovunquenoisaremo,saràRoma.[23](Whereverwewillgo,thatwillbeRome). Thesidesnegotiatedatruceon1–2July,GaribaldiwithdrewfromRomewith4,000troops,andanambitiontorousepopularrebellionagainsttheAustriansincentralItaly.TheFrenchArmyenteredRomeon3JulyandreestablishedtheHolySee'stemporalpower.Garibaldiandhisforces,huntedbyAustrian,French,Spanish,andNeapolitantroops,fledtothenorth,intendingtoreachVenice,wheretheVenetianswerestillresistingtheAustriansiege.[24]Afteranepicmarch,GaribalditooktemporaryrefugeinSanMarino,withonly250menhavingnotabandonedhim.Anita,whowascarryingtheirfifthchild,diednearComacchioduringtheretreat. NorthAmericaandthePacific[edit] GaribaldieventuallymanagedtoreachPortoVenere,nearLaSpezia,butthePiedmontesegovernmentforcedhimtoemigrateagain.HewenttoTangier,wherehestayedwithFrancescoCarpanetto,awealthyItalianmerchant.Carpanettosuggestedthatheandsomeofhisassociatesfinancethepurchaseofamerchantship,whichGaribaldiwouldcommand.Garibaldiagreed,feelingthathispoliticalgoalswere,forthemoment,unreachable,andhecouldatleastearnaliving.[25] Garibaldi'sponchoandredshirtattheMuseumoftheRisorgimento,Milan TheshipwastobepurchasedintheUnitedStates.GaribaldiwenttoNewYork,arrivingon30July1850.However,thefundsforbuyingashipwerelacking.WhileinNewYork,hestayedwithvariousItalianfriends,includingsomeexiledrevolutionaries.HeattendedtheMasoniclodgesofNewYorkin1850,wherehemetseveralsupportersofdemocraticinternationalism,whosemindswereopentosocialistthought,andtogivingFreemasonryastronganti-papalstance.[21] TheinventorAntonioMeucciemployedGaribaldiinhiscandlefactoryonStatenIsland.[26](ThecottagewherehestayedislistedontheU.S.NationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesandispreservedastheGaribaldiMemorial.)Garibaldiwasnotsatisfiedwiththis,andinApril1851heleftNewYorkwithhisfriendCarpanettoforCentralAmerica,whereCarpanettowasestablishingbusinessoperations.TheyfirstwenttoNicaragua,andthentootherpartsoftheregion.GaribaldiaccompaniedCarpanettoasacompanion,notabusinesspartner,andusedthenameGiuseppePane.[25] CarpanettowentontoLima,Peru,whereashiploadofhisgoodswasdue,arrivinglatein1851withGaribaldi.Enroute,GaribaldicalledonrevolutionaryheroineManuelaSáenz.AtLima,Garibaldiwasgenerallywelcomed.AlocalItalianmerchant,PietroDenegri,gavehimcommandofhisshipCarmenforatradingvoyageacrossthePacific.GaribalditooktheCarmentotheChinchaIslandsforaloadofguano.Thenon10January1852,hesailedfromPeruforCanton,China,arrivinginApril.[25] AftersidetripstoXiamenandManila,GaribaldibroughttheCarmenbacktoPeruviatheIndianOceanandtheSouthPacific,passingcleararoundthesouthcoastofAustralia.HevisitedThreeHummockIslandintheBassStrait.[25]GaribaldithentooktheCarmenonasecondvoyage:totheUnitedStatesviaCapeHornwithcopperfromChile,andalsowool.GaribaldiarrivedinBostonandwentontoNewYork.TherehereceivedahostileletterfromDenegriandresignedhiscommand.[25]AnotherItalian,CaptainFigari,hadjustcometotheU.S.tobuyashipandhiredGaribalditotaketheshiptoEurope.FigariandGaribaldiboughttheCommonwealthinBaltimore,andGaribaldileftNewYorkforthelasttimeinNovember1853.[26]HesailedtheCommonwealthtoLondon,andthentoNewcastleontheRiverTyneforcoal.[25] Tyneside[edit] TheCommonwealtharrivedon21March1854.Garibaldi,alreadyapopularfigureonTyneside,waswelcomedenthusiasticallybylocalworkingmen-althoughtheNewcastleCourantreportedthatherefusedaninvitationtodinewithdignitariesinthecity.HestayedinHuntingdonPlaceTynemouthforafewdays,[27]andinSouthShieldsonTynesideforoveramonth,departingattheendofApril1854.Duringhisstay,hewaspresentedwithaninscribedsword,whichhisgrandsonGiuseppeGaribaldiIIlatercarriedasavolunteerinBritishserviceintheSecondBoerWar.[28]HethensailedtoGenoa,wherehisfiveyearsofexileendedon10May1854.[25] SecondItalianWarofIndependence[edit] GaribaldiintheAlpsBattleofVarese GaribaldireturnedtoItalyin1854.Usinganinheritancefromthedeathofhisbrother,heboughthalfoftheItalianislandofCaprera(northofSardinia),devotinghimselftoagriculture.In1859,theSecondItalianWarofIndependence(alsoknownastheAustro-SardinianWar)brokeoutinthemidstofinternalplotsattheSardiniangovernment.GaribaldiwasappointedmajorgeneralandformedavolunteerunitnamedtheHuntersoftheAlps(CacciatoridelleAlpi).Thenceforth,GaribaldiabandonedMazzini'srepublicanidealoftheliberationofItaly,assumingthatonlytheSardinianmonarchycouldeffectivelyachieveit.HeandhisvolunteerswonvictoriesovertheAustriansatVarese,Como,andotherplaces. GaribaldiwasverydispleasedashishomecityofNice(NizzainItalian)hadsurrenderedtotheFrenchinreturnforcrucialmilitaryassistance.InApril1860,asdeputyforNiceinthePiedmonteseparliamentatTurin,hevehementlyattackedCavourforcedingNiceandtheCountyofNice(Nizzardo)toLouisNapoleon,EmperorofFrance.Inthefollowingyears,Garibaldi(withotherpassionateNizzardoItalians)promotedtheItalianirredentismofhisNizza,evenwithriots(in1872). Campaignof1860[edit] Seealso:ExpeditionoftheThousand GaribaldidepartingontheExpeditionoftheThousandin1860 On24January1860,Garibaldimarried18-year-oldGiuseppinaRaimondi.Immediatelyaftertheweddingceremony,sheinformedhimthatshewaspregnantwithanotherman'schildandGaribaldileftherthesameday.[29]AtthebeginningofApril1860,uprisingsinMessinaandPalermointheKingdomoftheTwoSiciliesprovidedGaribaldiwithanopportunity.HegatheredaboutathousandvolunteerscallediMille(theThousand),ortheRedshirtsaspopularlyknown,intwoshipsnamedIlPiemonteandIlLombardo,andleftfromQuarto,inGenoa,on5MayintheeveningandlandedatMarsala,onthewesternmostpointofSicily,on11May. BattleofCalatafimi Swellingtheranksofhisarmywithscatteredbandsoflocalrebels,Garibaldiled800volunteerstovictoryoveranenemyforceof1,500onthehillofCalatafimion15May.Heusedthecounter-intuitivetacticofanuphillbayonetcharge.Hesawthatthehillwasterraced,andtheterraceswouldshelterhisadvancingmen.ThoughsmallbycomparisonwiththecomingclashesatPalermo,Milazzo,andVolturno,thisbattlewasdecisiveinestablishingGaribaldi'spowerintheisland.AnapocryphalbutrealisticstoryhadhimsaytohislieutenantNinoBixio,"HereweeithermakeItaly,orwedie."[30]: 253 Inreality,theNeapolitanforceswereill-guided,andmostofitshigherofficershadbeenboughtout. GaribaldiinPalermoin1860,photographedbyGustaveLeGray Thenextday,hedeclaredhimselfdictatorofSicilyinthenameofVictorEmmanuelIIofItaly.HeadvancedtotheoutskirtsofPalermo,thecapitaloftheisland,andlaunchedasiegeon27May.Hehadthesupportofmanyinhabitants,whoroseupagainstthegarrison—butbeforetheycouldtakethecity,reinforcementsarrivedandbombardedthecitynearlytoruins.Atthistime,aBritishadmiralintervenedandfacilitatedatruce,bywhichtheNeapolitanroyaltroopsandwarshipssurrenderedthecityanddeparted.TheyoungHenryAdams—latertobecomeadistinguishedAmericanwriter—visitedthecityinJuneanddescribedthesituation,alongwithhismeetingwithGaribaldi,inalongandvividlettertohisolderbrotherCharles.[31]HistoriansCloughetal.arguethatGaribaldi'sThousandwerestudents,independentartisans,andprofessionals,notpeasants.ThesupportgivenbySicilianpeasantswasnotoutofasenseofpatriotismbutfromtheirhatredofexploitativelandlordsandoppressiveNeapolitanofficials.GaribaldihimselfhadnointerestinsocialrevolutionandinsteadsidedwiththeSicilianlandlordsagainsttheriotingpeasants.[32] PeoplecheeringasGaribaldiridesintoNaplesonhorseback,7September1860 ByconqueringPalermo,Garibaldihadwonasignalvictory.HegainedworldwiderenownandtheadulationofItalians.Faithinhisprowesswassostrongthatdoubt,confusion,anddismayseizedeventheNeapolitancourt.Sixweekslater,hemarchedagainstMessinaintheeastoftheisland,winningaferociousanddifficultbattleatMilazzo.BytheendofJuly,onlythecitadelresisted. MeetingbetweenGaribaldiandVictorEmmanuelIIonthebridgeofTeanoon26October1860 HavingconqueredSicily,hecrossedtheStraitofMessinaandmarchednorth.Garibaldi'sprogresswasmetwithmorecelebrationthanresistance,andon7SeptemberheenteredthecapitalcityofNaples,bytrain.DespitetakingNaples,however,hehadnottothispointdefeatedtheNeapolitanarmy.Garibaldi'svolunteerarmyof24,000wasnotabletodefeatconclusivelythereorganizedNeapolitanarmy—about25,000 men—on30SeptemberatthebattleofVolturno.Thiswasthelargestbattleheeverfought,butitsoutcomewaseffectivelydecidedbythearrivalofthePiedmonteseArmy. Followingthis,Garibaldi'splanstomarchontoRomewerejeopardizedbythePiedmontese,technicallyhisallybutunwillingtoriskwarwithFrance,whosearmyprotectedthePope.ThePiedmontesethemselveshadconqueredmostofthePope'sterritoriesintheirmarchsouthtomeetGaribaldi,buttheyhaddeliberatelyavoidedRome,capitalofthePapalstate.GaribaldichosetohandoverallhisterritorialgainsinthesouthtothePiedmonteseandwithdrewtoCapreraandtemporaryretirement.SomemodernhistoriansconsiderthehandoverofhisgainstothePiedmonteseasapoliticaldefeat,butheseemedwillingtoseeItalianunitybroughtaboutunderthePiedmonteseCrown.ThemeetingatTeanobetweenGaribaldiandVictorEmmanuelIIisthemostimportanteventinmodernItalianhistorybutissoshroudedincontroversythateventheexactsitewhereittookplaceisindoubt.[citationneeded] Aftermath[edit] GaribaldionCaprera GaribaldideeplydislikedtheSardinianPrimeMinister,CamilloBenso,CountofCavour.Toanextent,hesimplymistrustedCavour'spragmatismandrealpolitik,buthealsoboreapersonalgrudgeforCavour'stradingawayhishomecityofNicetotheFrenchthepreviousyear.Ontheotherhand,hesupportedtheSardinianmonarch,VictorEmmanuelII,whoinhisopinionhadbeenchosenbyProvidencefortheliberationofItaly.[citationneeded]InhisfamousmeetingwithVictorEmmanuelatTeanoon26October1860,GaribaldigreetedhimasKingofItalyandshookhishand.GaribaldirodeintoNaplesattheking'ssideon7November,thenretiredtotherockyislandofCaprera,refusingtoacceptanyrewardforhisservices.[citationneeded] AttheoutbreakoftheAmericanCivilWar(in1861),hewasaverypopularfigure.The39thNewYorkVolunteerInfantryRegimentwasnamedGaribaldiGuardafterhim.[33]GaribaldiexpressedinterestinaidingtheUnion,andhewasofferedamajorgeneral'scommissionintheU.S.ArmythroughaletterfromSecretaryofStateWilliamH.SewardtoHenryS.Sanford,theU.S.MinisteratBrussels,27July1861.[8]On9September1861,SanfordmetwithGaribaldiandreportedtheresultofthemeetingtoSeward: [Garibaldi]saidthattheonlywayinwhichhecouldrenderservice,asheardentlydesiredtodo,tothecauseoftheUnitedStates,wasasCommander-in-chiefofitsforces,thathewouldonlygoassuch,andwiththeadditionalcontingentpower—tobegovernedbyevents—ofdeclaringtheabolitionofslavery;thathewouldbeoflittleusewithoutthefirst,andwithouttheseconditwouldappearlikeacivilwarinwhichtheworldatlargecouldhavelittleinterestorsympathy.[34] ThismeetingoccurredayearbeforeLincolnwasreadytoissuethepreliminaryEmancipationProclamation.Sanford'smissionwashopeless,andGaribaldididnotjointheUnionarmy.AhistorianoftheAmericanCivilWar,DonH.Doyle,however,wrote,"Garibaldi'sfull-throatedendorsementoftheUnioncauserousedpopularsupportjustasnewsoftheEmancipationProclamationbrokeinEurope."[35]On6August1863,aftertheEmancipationProclamationhadbeenissued,GaribaldiwrotetoLincoln,"Posteritywillcallyouthegreatemancipator,amoreenviabletitlethananycrowncouldbe,andgreaterthananymerelymundanetreasure."[36] On5October1861,GaribaldisetuptheInternationalLegionbringingtogetherdifferentnationaldivisionsofFrench,Poles,Swiss,Germansandothernationalities,withaviewnotjustoffinishingtheliberationofItaly,butalsooftheirhomelands.Withthemotto"FreefromtheAlpstotheAdriatic,"[quotecitationneeded]theunificationmovementsetitsgazeonRomeandVenice.Mazziniwasdiscontentedwiththeperpetuationofmonarchialgovernment,andcontinuedtoagitateforarepublic.Garibaldi,frustratedatinactionbytheking,andbristlingoverperceivedsnubs,organizedanewventure.Thistime,heintendedtotakeonthePapalStates. ExpeditionagainstRome[edit] GaribaldiintheAspromonteMountains(oiloncanvas) Garibaldihimselfwasintenselyanti-Catholicandanti-papal.HiseffortstooverthrowthePopebymilitaryactionmobilizedanti-Catholicsupport.Thereweremajoranti-CatholicriotsinhisnameacrossBritainin1862,withtheIrishCatholicsfightingindefenseoftheirChurch.[37]Garibaldi'shostilitytothePope'stemporaldomainwasviewedwithgreatdistrustbyCatholicsaroundtheworld,andtheFrenchEmperorNapoleonIIIhadguaranteedtheindependenceofRomefromItalybystationingaFrenchgarrisoninRome.VictorEmmanuelwaswaryoftheinternationalrepercussionsofattackingRomeandthePope'sseatthere,anddiscouragedhissubjectsfromparticipatinginrevolutionaryventureswithsuchintentions.Nonetheless,Garibaldibelievedhehadthesecretsupportofhisgovernment. GaribaldiiswelcomedbycheeringcrowdsinTrafalgarSquareashearrivesinLondon,England InJune1862,hesailedfromGenoatoPalermotogathervolunteersfortheimpendingcampaign,underthesloganRomaoMorte(RomeorDeath).Anenthusiasticpartyquicklyjoinedhim,andheturnedforMessina,hopingtocrosstothemainlandthere.Hearrivedwithaforceofaroundtwothousand,butthegarrisonprovedloyaltotheking'sinstructionsandbarredhispassage.TheyturnedsouthandsetsailfromCatania,whereGaribaldideclaredthathewouldenterRomeasavictororperishbeneathitswalls.HelandedatMelitoon14August,andmarchedatonceintotheCalabrianmountains. GaribaldiafterbeingwoundedontheAspromonteMassif Farfromsupportingthisendeavor,theItaliangovernmentwasquitedisapproving.GeneralEnricoCialdinidispatchedadivisionoftheregulararmy,underColonelEmilioPallavicini,againstthevolunteerbands.On28August,thetwoforcesmetintheruggedAspromonte.Oneoftheregularsfiredachanceshot,andseveralvolleysfollowed,killingafewofthevolunteers.Thefightingendedquickly,asGaribaldiforbadehismentoreturnfireonfellowsubjectsoftheKingdomofItaly.Manyofthevolunteersweretakenprisoner,includingGaribaldi,whohadbeenwoundedbyashotinthefoot.TheepisodewastheoriginofafamousItaliannurseryrhyme:Garibaldifuferito("Garibaldiwaswounded"). AgovernmentsteamertookhimtoaprisonatVarignanonearLaSpezia,wherehewasheldinasortofhonorableimprisonmentandunderwentatediousandpainfuloperationtohealhiswound.Hisventurehadfailed,buthewasconsoledbyEurope'ssympathyandcontinuedinterest.Afterheregainedhishealth,thegovernmentreleasedGaribaldiandlethimreturntoCaprera. EnroutetoLondonin1864hestoppedbrieflyinMalta,wheremanyadmirersvisitedhiminhishotel.[38]Protestsbyopponentsofhisanticlericalismweresuppressedbytheauthorities.InLondonhispresencewasreceivedwithenthusiasmbythepopulation.[39]HemettheBritishPrimeMinisterViscountPalmerston,aswellasrevolutionariesthenlivinginexileinthecity.Atthattime,hisambitiousinternationalprojectincludedtheliberationofarangeofoccupiednations,suchasCroatia,Greece,andHungary.HealsovisitedBedfordandwasgivenatouroftheBritanniaIronWorks,whereheplantedatree(whichwascutdownin1944duetodecay).[40] FinalstrugglewithAustria[edit] BattleofBezzecca Garibalditookuparmsagainin1866,thistimewiththefullsupportoftheItaliangovernment.TheAustro-PrussianWarhadbrokenout,andItalyhadalliedwithPrussiaagainsttheAustrianEmpireinthehopeoftakingVenetiafromAustrianrule(ThirdItalianWarofIndependence).GaribaldigatheredagainhisHuntersoftheAlps,nowsome40,000strong,andledthemintotheTrentino.HedefeatedtheAustriansatBezzecca,andmadeforTrento. GaribaldiatMentana,3November1867 TheItalianregularforcesweredefeatedatLissaonthesea,andmadelittleprogressonlandafterthedisasterofCustoza.ThesidessignedanarmisticebywhichAustriacededVenetiatoItaly,butthisresultwaslargelyduetoPrussia'ssuccessesonthenorthernfront.Garibaldi'sadvancethroughTrentinowasfornought,andhewasorderedtostophisadvancetoTrento.GaribaldiansweredwithashorttelegramfromthemainsquareofBezzeccawiththefamousmotto:Obbedisco!("Iobey!").[quotecitationneeded] Afterthewar,GaribaldiledapoliticalpartythatagitatedforthecaptureofRome,thepeninsula'sancientcapital.In1867,heagainmarchedonthecity,butthePapalarmy,supportedbyaFrenchauxiliaryforce,provedamatchforhisbadlyarmedvolunteers.HewasshotinthelegintheBattleofMentana,andhadtowithdrawfromthePapalterritory.TheItaliangovernmentagainimprisonedhimforsometime,afterwhichhereturnedtoCaprera. GaribaldiinDijonduringtheFranco-PrussianWar,paintedin1877 Inthesameyear,Garibaldisoughtinternationalsupportforaltogethereliminatingthepapacy.Atthe1867congressfortheLeagueofPeaceandFreedominGenevaheproposed:"Thepapacy,beingthemostharmfulofallsecretsocieties,oughttobeabolished."[41] Franco-PrussianWar[edit] WhentheFranco-PrussianWarbrokeoutinJuly1870,ItalianpublicopinionheavilyfavoredthePrussians,andmanyItaliansattemptedtosignupasvolunteersatthePrussianembassyinFlorence.AftertheFrenchgarrisonwasrecalledfromRome,theItalianArmycapturedthePapalStateswithoutGaribaldi'sassistance.FollowingthewartimecollapseoftheSecondFrenchEmpireaftertheBattleofSedan,Garibaldi,undauntedbytherecenthostilityshowntohimbythemenofNapoleonIII,switchedhissupporttothenewlydeclaredFrenchThirdRepublic.On7September1870,withinthreedaysoftherevolutioninParisthatendedtheEmpire,hewrotetotheMovimentoofGenoa,"YesterdayIsaidtoyou:wartothedeathtoBonaparte.TodayIsaytoyou:rescuetheFrenchRepublicbyeverymeans."[42] Subsequently,GaribaldiwenttoFranceandassumedcommandoftheArmyoftheVosges,anarmyofvolunteers.FrenchsocialistLouisBlancreferredtoGaribaldiasa"soldierofrevolutionarycosmopolitanism"basedonhissupportforliberationmovementsthroughtheworld.[43]AfterthewarhewaselectedtotheFrenchNationalAssembly,wherehebrieflyservedasmemberofParliamentforAlpes-MaritimesbeforereturningtoCaprera.[44][45] InvolvementwiththeFirstInternational[edit] WhentheParisCommuneeruptedin1871,GaribaldijoinedwithyoungerradicalssuchasFeliceCavallottiindeclaringhisfullsupportfortheCommunardsandinternationalism.[46]Garibaldisuggestedagrandalliancebetweenvariousfactionsoftheleft:"Whydon'twepulltogetherinoneorganizedgrouptheFreemasonry,democraticsocieties,workers'clubs,Rationalists,MutualAid,etc.,whichhavethesametendencytowardsgood?"[46]HebeganorganizingaCongressofUnity,whichwassupportedbymanyoftheradical,free-thinking,andsocialistgroupsthroughoutItalysuchasLaPlebe.[46]TheCongresswasheldintheTeatroArgentinadespitebeingbannedbythegovernment,andendorsedasetofradicalpoliciesincludinguniversalsuffrage,progressivetaxation,compulsorylayeducation,administrativereform,andabolitionofthedeathpenalty.[46] GaribaldiatCaprera GaribaldihadlongclaimedaninterestinavagueethicalsocialismsuchasthatadvancedbyHenriSaint-Simonandsawthestruggleforlibertyasaninternationalaffair,onewhich"doesnotmakeanydistinctionbetweentheAfricanandtheAmerican,theEuropeanandtheAsian,andthereforeproclaimsthefraternityofallmenwhatevernationtheybelongto."[43][47]HeinterpretedtheInternationalWorkingmen'sAssociationasanextensionofthehumanitarianidealsforwhichhehadalwaysfought.Althoughhedidnotagreewiththeircallsfortheabolitionofproperty,GaribaldidefendedtheCommunardsandtheFirstInternationalagainsttheattacksoftheirenemies:"Isitnottheproductoftheabnormalstateinwhichsocietyfindsitselfintheworld?[...]Shouldn'tasociety(Imeanahumansociety)inwhichthemajoritystruggleforsubsistenceandtheminoritywanttotakethelargerpartoftheproductoftheformerthroughdeceptionsandviolencebutwithouthardwork,arousediscontentandthoughtsofrevengeamongstthosewhosuffer?"[43] GaribaldiwrotealettertoCelsoCerettiinwhichhedeclared:"TheInternationalisthesunofthefuture[soledell'avvenire]!"[43][48]Theletterwasprintedindozensofworkers'newssheetsandpapers,andwasinstrumentalinpersuadingmanyfence-sitterstojointheorganization.[48]AfterGaribaldi'sdeath,manyofhisdisciplesembracedthelibertariansocialistideasofMikhailBakunin.[49]AsItalystilllackedanindustrialproletariat,"Garibaldi'ssocialismrepresentedmostaccuratelycrafttrade-unionismandageneralfocusoneconomicegalitarianism".[50]Hissocialismwasa"socialismwhereinthestruggleagainsteveryinjustice,andaloveforfreedom,predominated.Garibaldiwasnotanunpracticalman,butanactivewitnessofthatkindofgenerosityinfeelingsandfirmwishforjustice".[51]InthefirstvolumeofCarlLandauer'sEuropeanSocialism,GaribaldiismentionedalongsideMazziniasoutstanding"Italianrevolutionaries".[52] AccordingtoDenisMackSmith,"thedifferenceisnotsolargewhenwefindwhatGaribaldimeantbytheterm.Socialismforhimwasnothingveryrevolutionary,andperhapsheflauntedthewordpartlybecausehedelightedtofeelthatitwouldshocktheMazzinians".[53]IndescribingthemovetotheleftofGaribaldiandtheMazzinians,LucyRiallwritesthatthis"emphasisbyyoungerradicalsonthe'socialquestion'wasparalleledbyanincreaseinwhatwascalled'internationalist'orsocialistactivity(mostlyBakuninistanarchism)throughoutnorthernandsouthernItaly,whichwasgivenabigboostbytheParisCommune".Theriseofthissocialism"representedagenuinechallengetoMazziniandtheMazzinianemphasisonpoliticsandculture;andMazzinis'deathearlyin1872onlyservedtounderlinetheprevailingsensethathispoliticalerawasover.GaribaldinowbrokedefinitivelywithMazzini,andthistimehemovedtotheleftofhim.HecameoutentirelyinfavouroftheParisCommuneandinternationalism,andhisstancebroughthimmuchclosertotheyoungerradicals,especiallyCavallotti,andgavehimanewleaseonpoliticallife.Fromhissupportwasbornaninitiativetorelaunchabroadpartyoftheradicalleft".[46] DespitebeingelectedagaintotheItalianparliament,firstaspartoftheHistoricalLeftandthenoftheHistoricalFarLeft,GaribaldispentmuchofhislateyearsinCaprera.[17]However,hestillmanagedtoservetheItalianparliamentwithextremedistinctionandsupportedanambitiousprojectoflandreclamationinthemarshyareasofsouthernLazio.In1879,GaribaldifoundedtheLeagueofDemocracy,alongwithCavallotti,AlbertoMarioandAgostinoBertani,whichreiteratedhissupportforuniversalsuffrage,abolitionofecclesiasticalproperty,thelegalandpoliticalemancipationofwomenandaplanofpublicworkstoimprovetheRomancountrysidethatwascompleted.[46] OntheOttomanEmpire[edit] Ina6October1875letterfromCaprera,"TomybrothersoftheHerzegovinaandtotheoppressedofEasternEurope",Garibaldiwrote: TheTurkmustgoawaytoBroussa.Hedescendedlikeawolf,passingtheBosphorus,devastating,murdering,andviolatingthosepopulationswhogaveusthePelasgi,whowere,perhaps,thefirstcivilisersofEurope.Hemustnolongertreaduponthatpartoftheworldkeptbyhiminmisery.AtBroussa,withhisvices,depredations,andcruelties,hewillfindenoughpeopleofAsiaMinortotormentandplungeintodesolation.Rise,then,heroicsonsofMontenegro,Herzegovina,Bosnia,Servia,Therapia,Macedonia,Greece,Epirus,Albania,Bulgaria,andRoumania!Allofyouhaveamostsplendidhistory.AmongyouwerebornLeonidas,Achilles,Alexander,Scanderbeg,andSpartacus.Andtodayeven,amongyourrobustpopulations,youmaystillfindaSpartacusandaLeonidas.Donottrusttodiplomacy.Thatoldwomanwithoutaheartcertainlydeceivesyou.Butwithyouareallthemenofheartthroughouttheworld.Englandherself,tilltodayfavourabletotheTurks,hasmanifestedtoyoubymeansoftheobolusandsympathyofoneofhergreatmenthatsheoughttoprefertheallianceandgratitudeofaconfederationoffreepeoplestothedecrepitconfederationofTheEmpireoftheCrescent.ThentoBroussawiththeTurk!Onlythuscanyoumakeyourselfindependentandfree.OnthissideoftheBosphorusthefierceOttomanwillalwaysbeunderthestimulantofeternalwar,andyouwillneverobtainthesacredrightsofman.[54][55][56][57] Death[edit] FuneralofGaribaldiTombofGaribaldiatCaprera Illandconfinedtobedbyarthritis,GaribaldimadetripstoCalabriaandSicily.In1880,hemarriedFrancescaArmosino,withwhomhepreviouslyhadthreechildren.ThoughbornasaCatholicChristianheabjuredChristianitytowardstheendofhislifeandbecameadeistandasupporterofFreemasonry.Onhisdeathbed,Garibaldiaskedforhisbedtobemovedtowherehecouldviewthesea.Onhisdeathon2June1882attheageofalmost75,hiswishesforasimplefuneralandcremationwerenotrespected.HewasburiedinhisfarmontheislandofCapreraalongsidehislastwifeandsomeofhischildren.[58] In2012,Garibaldi'sdescendantsannouncedthat,withpermissionfromauthorities,theywouldhaveGaribaldi'sremainsexhumedtoconfirmthroughDNAanalysisthattheremainsinthetombareindeedGaribaldi's.Someanticipatedthattherewouldbeadebateaboutwhethertopreservetheremainsortogranthisfinalwishforasimplecremation.[59]In2013,personnelchangesattheMinistryofCulturesidelinedtheexhumationplans.Thenewauthoritieswere"lessthanenthusiastic"abouttheplan.[60] Legacy[edit] Garibaldi'sstatueinMilanbeforeCastelloSforzesco Garibaldi'spopularity,skillatrousingthecommonpeopleandhismilitaryexploitsareallcreditedwithmakingtheunificationofItalypossible.Healsoservedasaglobalexemplarofmid-19thcenturyrevolutionaryliberalismandnationalism.AftertheliberationofsouthernItalyfromtheNeapolitanmonarchyintheKingdomoftheTwoSicilies,Garibaldichosetosacrificehisliberalrepublicanprinciplesforthesakeofunification.[citationneeded]Garibaldi'sacclaimstretchedacrossEuropewithhisnamereveredinBritaintoAmericaandFrance,thetaleofanItalianvagabondtrekkingtheSouthAmericanplainsfrombattletobattlewithhispregnantwifeintow,andthenreturninghomeandfortheloveofhishomelandforsakinghisambitionofmakingItalyarepublic.Hisexploitsbecamelegendary,andwhenhetouredBritaininhisolderdayshewasreceivedasahero.[61] Garibaldisubscribedtotheanti-clericalismcommonamongLatinliberalsanddidmuchtocircumscribethetemporalpowerofthePapacy.Hispersonalreligiousconvictionsareuncleartohistorians.In1882,hewrotethat"MancreatedGod,notGodcreatedMan",yetheisquotedassayinginhisautobiography:"IamaChristian,andIspeaktoChristians–IamatrueChristian,andIspeaktotrueChristians.IloveandveneratethereligionofChrist,becauseChristcameintotheworldtodeliverhumanityfromslavery.[...]Youhavethedutytoeducatethepeople—educatethepeople—educatethemtobeChristians—educatethemtobeItalians.[...]Vival'Italia!VivaChristianity!"[62][better source needed] GaribaldiMonumentinTaganrog,Russia GaribaldiwasapopularheroinBritain.InhisreviewofLucyRiall'sGaribaldibiographyforTheNewYorker,TimParkscitestheEnglishhistorianA.J.P.Taylorassayingthat"Garibaldiistheonlywhollyadmirablefigureinmodernhistory."[13]BritishhistorianDenisMackSmithwrote: Attheheightofglory,GiuseppeGaribaldiwasperhapsthemostfamouspersoninItaly.HisnamewasmuchmorefamousthanthatofCavourandMazzini,andmanymorepeoplewouldhaveheardofhimthanVerdiorManzoni.Abroad,GaribaldisymbolizedtheRisorgimentoItalyofthosedramaticyearsandtheintrepidaudacitythatcontributedsomuchtotheformationoftheItaliannation.[...]Aprofessionalliberator,hefoughtfortheoppressedpeoplewhereverhefoundthem.Despitehavingthetemperamentofthefighterandthemanofaction,hemanagedtobeanidealistdistinctlydistinctfromhiscolder-mindedcontemporaries.Everythinghedid,hediditwithpassionateconvictionandunlimitedenthusiasm;acareerfullofcolorandunexpectedshowsusoneofthemostromanticproductsofthetime.Moreover,hewasalovableandcharmingperson,oftransparenthonesty,whowasobeyedwithouthesitationandforwhomhediedhappy.[63][64] AboutG.M.Trevelyan'sworkonGaribaldi,DavidCannadinewrote: [Trevelyan's]greatworkwashisGaribalditrilogy(1907–11),whichestablishedhisreputationastheoutstandingliteraryhistorianofhisgeneration.ItdepictedGaribaldiasaCarlyleanhero—poet,patriot,andmanofaction—whoseinspiredleadershipcreatedtheItaliannation.ForTrevelyan,Garibaldiwasthechampionoffreedom,progress,andtolerance,whovanquishedthedespotism,reaction,andobscurantismoftheAustrianempireandtheNeapolitanmonarchy.Thebookswerealsonotablefortheirvividevocationoflandscape(TrevelyanhadhimselffollowedthecourseofGaribaldi'smarches),fortheirinnovativeuseofdocumentaryandoralsources,andfortheirspiritedaccountsofbattlesandmilitarycampaigns.[65] StatueofGaribaldiinWashingtonSquarePark,NewYorkCity AlongwithGiuseppeMazziniandotherEuropeans,GaribaldisupportedthecreationofaEuropeanfederation.ManyEuropeansexpectedthatthe1871unificationofGermanywouldmakeGermanyaEuropeanandworldleaderthatwouldchampionhumanitarianpolicies.ThisideaisapparentinthefollowingletterGaribaldisenttoKarlBlindon10April1865: Theprogressofhumanityseemstohavecometoahalt,andyouwithyoursuperiorintelligencewillknowwhy.Thereasonisthattheworldlacksanationwhichpossessestrueleadership.Suchleadership,ofcourse,isrequirednottodominateotherpeoples,buttoleadthemalongthepathofduty,toleadthemtowardthebrotherhoodofnationswhereallthebarrierserectedbyegoismwillbedestroyed.Weneedthekindofleadershipwhich,inthetruetraditionofmedievalchivalry,woulddevoteitselftoredressingwrongs,supportingtheweak,sacrificingmomentarygainsandmaterialadvantageforthemuchfinerandmoresatisfyingachievementofrelievingthesufferingofourfellowmen.Weneedanationcourageousenoughtogiveusaleadinthisdirection.Itwouldrallytoitscauseallthosewhoaresufferingwrongorwhoaspiretoabetterlife,andallthosewhoarenowenduringforeignoppression.Thisroleofworldleadership,leftvacantasthingsaretoday,mightwellbeoccupiedbytheGermannation.YouGermans,withyourgraveandphilosophiccharacter,mightwellbetheoneswhocouldwintheconfidenceofothersandguaranteethefuturestabilityoftheinternationalcommunity.Letushope,then,thatyoucanuseyourenergytoovercomeyourmoth-eatenthirtytyrantsofthevariousGermanstates.LetushopethatinthecentreofEuropeyoucanthenmakeaunifiednationoutofyourfiftymillion.Alltherestofuswouldeagerlyandjoyfullyfollowyou.[66] Throughtheyears,Garibaldiwasshoweredwithadmirationandpraisesbymanyintellectualsandpoliticalfigures.FrancescoDeSanctisstatedthat"Garibaldimustwinbyforce:heisnotaman;heisasymbol,aform;heistheItaliansoul.Betweenthebeatsofhisheart,everyonehearsthebeatsofhisown".[67]AdmiralWilliamBrowncalledhim"themostgenerousofthepiratesIhaveeverencountered".[9]ArgentinerevolutionaryCheGuevarastated:"TheonlyherotheworldhaseverneedediscalledGiuseppeGaribaldi."[12] Commemoration[edit] ClippershipGaribaldi FiveshipsoftheItalianNavyhavebeennamedafterhim,includingaWorldWarIIcruiserandtheformerflagship,theaircraftcarrierGiuseppeGaribaldi.Statuesofhislikeness,aswellasthehandshakeofTeano,standinmanyItaliansquares,andinothercountriesaroundtheworld.OnthetopoftheJaniculumhillinRome,thereisastatueofGaribaldionhorse-back.HisfacewasoriginallyturnedinthedirectionoftheVatican,butaftertheLateranTreatyin1929theorientationofthestatuewaschangedattheVatican'srequest.[citationneeded]ManytheatresinSicilytaketheirnamefromhimandarenamedGaribaldiTheatre. SeveralworldwidemilitaryunitsarenamedafterGaribaldi,includingthePolishGaribaldiLegionduringtheJanuaryUprisingandtheFrenchforeignGaribaldiLegionduringWorldWarI.The39thNewYorkVolunteerInfantryRegimentoftheAmericanCivilWarwasnamedGaribaldiGuardafterhim.[33]Also,abustofGiuseppeGaribaldiisprominentlyplacedoutsidetheentrancetotheoldSupremeCourtChamberintheU.S.CapitolBuildinginWashington,DC,agiftfrommembersoftheItalianSocietyofWashington. Tenpesosbanknote,printedinUruguayin1887,withtheimageofGaribaldi(whoisconsideredanimportantcontributortowardstheindependenceofUruguay)andCamilloBenso In1865,EnglishfootballteamNottinghamForestchosetheirhomecoloursfromtheuniformwornbyGaribaldiandhismenin1865.[68]AschoolinMansfield,Nottinghamshirewasalsonamedafterhim.[69] TheGiuseppeGaribaldiTrophy(Italian:TrofeoGaribaldi;French:TrophéeGaribaldi)isarugbyuniontrophyawardedtothewinneroftheannualSixNationsChampionshipmatchbetweenFranceandItaly.[70]TheGiuseppeGaribaldiTrophy(Italian:TrofeoGiuseppeGaribaldi,French:TrophéeGiuseppeGaribaldi TheGaribaldibiscuitwasnamedafterhim,aswasastyleofbeard.GaribaldiisalsoanameofacocktailmadeoforangejuiceandCampari. TheBraziliansoccerclubAssociaçãoGaribaldideEsporteswasnamedafterhim.Also,aspeciesofbrightred-orangefishinthedamselfishfamilywasnamedGaribaldiinthememoryoftheGaribaldiredshirts. PlacesnamedafterGaribaldi[edit] Severalplacesworldwidearenamedafterhim,including: Garibaldi,Victoria,Australia Garibaldi,RioGrandedoSul,Brazil GaribaldiSquare,Sofia,Bulgaria Garibaldi,BritishColumbia,anabandonedsettlementinBritishColumbia,Canada MountGaribaldi,BritishColumbia,Canada GaribaldiNévé GaribaldiLake GaribaldiProvincialPark GaribaldiSecondarySchool,BritishColumbia,Canada Garibaldi,astationonline13oftheParisMétro,France GaribaldiStation,Naples,Italy,CentralRailwayStation Garibaldi,Oregon,UnitedStates TheGaribaldiSchool,Nottinghamshire,UnitedKingdom Culturaldepictions[edit] GaribaldiisamajorcharacterintwojuvenilehistoricalnovelsbyGeoffreyTrease:FollowMyBlackPlumeandAThousandforSicily.HealsoappearsinthenovelsHeartbyEdmondoDeAmicisandFireontheMountainbyTerryBisson. Inmovies,GaribaldiisplayedbyOsvaldoValentiinthe1940filmAntonioMeucci,byUgoSassointhe1950filmCavalcadeofHeroes,byRafValloneinthe1952filmRedShirts,byRenzoRicciinthe1961filmGaribaldi,andbyGabrielBragaNunesinthe2013filmAnitaeGaribaldi.HeisalsoplayedbyThiagoLacerdainthe2003BrazilianserialACasadasSeteMulheresandbyGiorgioPasottiinthe2012miniseriesAnitaGaribaldi. On18February1960,theAmericantelevisionseriesDickPowell'sZaneGreyTheatreairedtheepisode"GunsforGaribaldi"tocommemoratethecentennialoftheunificationofItaly.ThiswastheonlysuchprogramtoemphasizetheroleofItaliansinpre-CivilWarAmerica.TheepisodeissetinIndianCreek,awesterngoldminingtown.GiulioMandati,playedbyFernandoLamas,takesoverhisbrother'sgoldclaim.PeopleinIndianCreekwantedtousethegoldtofinanceadam,butMandatiplanstolendsupporttoGeneralGaribaldiandItalianreunification.GaribaldihadaskedforfinancingandvolunteersfromaroundtheworldashelaunchedhisRedshirtsinJuly1860toinvadeSicilyandconquertheKingdomofNaplesforannexationtowhatwouldfinallybecomethenewlybornKingdomofItalywithKingVictorEmmanuelII.[71] IntheCapcomarcadegameKnightsoftheRound,thefinalbosscharacterisnamed"Garibaldi". Familytree[edit] ThissectionismissinginformationaboutGaribaldi'ssecondandthirdmarriages.Pleaseexpandthesectiontoincludethisinformation.Furtherdetailsmayexistonthetalkpage.(May2021) GaribaldiwithTeresita,MenottiandRiciotti,histhreesurvivingchildrenfromthemarriagewithAnita,c.1862 Giuseppe GaribaldiAnita Garibaldi MenottiRositaTeresitaRicciottiHarriet C. Hopcraft PeppinoConstantinoKIA,5January1915AnitaEzioBrunoKIA,26December1914Unknown sonUnknown son Publications[edit] Wikisourcehasoriginalworksbyorabout:GiuseppeGaribaldi Non-fiction Life.NewYork:Barnes.1859.OCLC 670372674. Autobiography.London:Smith&Innes.1889.OCLC 1069556440. MyLife,translatedbyStephenParkin,forewordbyTimParks.London:HesperusPressLimited.2004.ISBN 1-84391-093-4 AutobiographyofGiuseppeGaribaldiVol.I,II,III,translatedbyAlicaWerner.NewYork:HowardFertig.1971. Fiction Cantoniilvolontario.Milan:E.Politti.1870.OCLC 36348294. Theruleofthemonk.London:Cassell,PetterandGalpin.1870.OCLC 780147202. Imille(inItalian).Turin:CamillaeBertolero.1874.OCLC 1083429428. Seealso[edit] Italianirredentism Italianunification GiuseppeMazzini References[edit] Footnotes[edit] ^InhisnativeLigurianlanguage,heisknownasGioxeppeGaibado.InhisparticularNiçarddialectofLigurian,hewasknownasJouséorJosep. ^PronouncedinFrenchas[ʒozɛfmaʁiɡaʁibaldi]. Sources[edit] ^Brooks,Constant(1991).AntonioPanizzi:ScholarandPatriot."ChapterVIII.PanizziandGaribaldi.TheKingdomofItaly".ManchesterUniversityPress.p.133. ^Bouchard,Norma(2005).RisorgimentoinModernItalianCulture:RevisitingtheNineteenth-CenturyPastinHistory,Narrative,andCinema.Madison:FairleighDickinsonUniversityPress.p.76.ISBN 9780838640548. ^"Unitàd'Italia:GiuseppeGaribaldi,l'eroedeiduemondi".EnciclopediaDeAgostini.7March2011.Retrieved2September2020–viaSapere. ^Riall,Lucy(2007).Garibaldi:InventionofaHero.NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress.p. 1.ISBN 9780300144239. ^Ridley,Jaspar(2001).Phoenix:Garibaldi(illustrated,reprinted.).London:PhoenixPress.ISBN 9781842121528. ^AA.VV.(1999).Lafabriquedeshéros.MaisondesSciencesdel'Homme.p. 11.ISBN 2-7351-0819-8. ^"Lascuolaperi150annidell'UnitàIprotagonisti:Garibaldi".Archivedfromtheoriginalon27October2014. ^abMackSmith,ed.,Denis(1969).Garibaldi(GreatLivesObserved).PrenticeHall:EnglewoodCliffs.pp.69–70.ISBN 9780133467918. ^ab"FrasidiWilliamBrown(ammiraglio)".LeCitazioni.Retrieved2September2020."Èilpiùgenerosodeipiraticheabbiamaiincontrato." ^Schlicke,Paul(2011).TheOxfordCompaniontoCharlesDickens:AnniversaryEdition.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.p. 10.ISBN 9780199640188. ^Rossi,Lauro(2010).GiuseppeGaribaldiduesecolidiinterpretazioni.Rome:GangemiEditore.p. 238.ISBN 9788849292640. ^abDiMino,Massimiliano;DiMino,PierPaolo(2011).IllibrettorossodiGaribaldi.Rome:CastelvecchiEditore.p.7.ISBN 9788895903439. ^abParks,Tim(2July2007)."TheInsurgent:Garibaldiandhisenemies".TheNewYorker.Retrieved2September2020. ^Scirocco,Alfonso(2011).Garibaldi,battaglie,amori,idealidiuncittadinodelmondo(inItalian).Bari:Laterza.p. 3.ISBN 978-88-420-8408-2. ^Baptismalrecord:"Die11d.i(giugno1766)DominicusAntoninaFiliusAngeliGaribaldiq.Dom.cietMargaritaeFiliaeq.AntonijPucchjConiugumnatusdie9huiusethodiebaptizatusfuitameCuratoLevantibusIo.BaptaPucchioq.Antonij,etMariauxoreAgostiniDassi.(Chiavari,ArchiveoftheParishChurchofS.GiovanniBattista,BaptismalRecord,vol.n.10(dal1757al1774),p.174). ^(oftenwronglyreportedasRaimondi,butStatusAnimarumandDeathRecordsallreportthesamename"Raimondo")BaptismalrecordfromtheParishChurchofS.GiovanniBattistainLoano:"1776,dievigesimaoctavaJanuarij.EgoSebastianusRoccapraepositushujusparrochialisEcclesiaeS[anct]iJoannisBaptistaepraesentislociLodani,baptizaviinfantemnatamexJosephoRaimimdiq.Bartholomei,deCogoleto,incolaLodani,et[Maria]MagdalenaConticonjugibus,cuiimpositumestnomenRosaMariaNicolecta:patrinifueruntD.NicolausBorroq.BenedictidePetraetAngelaContiJoannisBaptistaedeAlessio,incolaLodani.""IltrafugamentodiGiuseppeGaribaldidallapinetadiRavennaaModiglianaedinLiguria,1849,diGiovanniMini,Vicenza1907–Stab.Tip.L.Fabris. ^abKleis,S.M.(2012)."DerLöwevonCaprera".Damals(inGerman).No. 6.pp. 57–59. ^abEtchechuryBarrera,Mario(2017).""Defensoresdelahumanidadylacivilización".LaslegionesextranjerasdeMontevideo,entreelmitocosmopolitaylaeclosióndelas'nacionalidades'(1838-1851)".Historia(inSpanish).50(II):491–524. ^"Déjenloqueseescape".HistoriaHoy.Retrieved19July2022. ^Garibaldi–themasonTranslatedfromGiuseppeGaribaldiMassonebytheGrandOrientofItaly ^ab"Garibaldi—themason".GrandLodgeofBritishColumbiaandYukonA.F.&A.M.,2003. ^A.Werner,AutobiographyofGiuseppeGaribaldi,Vol.III,HowardFertig,NewYork(1971)p.68. ^Hibbert,G.C(1965).Garibaldiandhisenemies.London:Longmans.p.94. ^"Garibaldi'sCabin".EuropeanRomanticismsinAssociation.10July2020.Retrieved14September2020. ^abcdefgGaribaldi,Giuseppe(1889).AutobiographyofGiuseppeGaribaldi.WalterSmithandInnes.pp. 54–69. ^abJackson,KennethT.(1995).TheEncyclopediaofNewYorkCity.TheNewYorkHistoricalSocietyandYaleUniversityPress.p. 451.ISBN 9780300055368. ^"GiuseppeGaribaldiblueplaque".OpenPlaques.Retrieved14September2020."Sailor/soldierGiuseppeGaribaldi19thcenturyItalianpatriotstayedinthishousein1854whilevisitingTynemouthtobrieflocalpoliticalandindustrialleadersonhisplansforaunifiedItaly.HewashailedthroughoutEuropeastrueidealistandhonestpolitician.HewasborninNiceon4thFeb1807anddiedaged75inCaprerraon2ndJune1882." ^Bell,David.Ships,StrikesandKeelmen:GlimpsesofNorth-EasternSocialHistory,2001ISBN 1-901237-26-5 ^Hibbert,Christopher,GaribaldiandHisEnemies.NewYork:PenguinBooks,1987,p.171. ^Scirocco,Alfonso(2September2007).Garibaldi:CitizenoftheWorld.PrincetonUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-691-11540-5.Retrieved2February2022. ^J.C.Levensonetal.,TheLettersofHenryAdams,vol.1:1858-1868(1982)pp.162-172. ^ShepardB.Cloughetal.,AHistoryoftheWesternWorld(1964),p.948. ^abCivilWarHome–TheCivilWarSociety's"EncyclopediaoftheCivilWar"–Italian-AmericansintheCivilWar. ^MackSmith,p.70. ^DonH.Doyle,TheCauseofAllNations:AnInternationalHistoryoftheAmericanCivilWar(NewYork:BasicBooks,2015),232. ^MackSmith,p.72. ^DonaldM.MacRaild(2010).TheIrishDiasporainBritain,1750-1939.PalgraveMacmillan.pp. 178–79.ISBN 9781137268037. ^Laurenza,Vincenzo(2003)."VictorianSensation".AnthemPress.pp. 50–53.ISBN 1-84331-150-X. ^Diamond,Michael(1932).GaribaldiaMalta(PDF).B.Cellini.pp. 143–161. ^"VisitofGaribalditotheBritanniaIronWorks,1864".BedfordBoroughCouncil.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25May2012. ^GiuseppeGuerzoni,Garibaldi:condocumentieditieinediti,Florence,1882,Vol.11,485. ^Ridley,p.602. ^abcdScirocco,Alfonso(2007).Garibaldi:CitizenoftheWorld.PrincetonUniversityPress.pp. 375–379. ^"JosephGaribaldi".AssembléeNationale.Retrieved19February2022. ^Robert,Adolphe;Cougny,Gaston(1891).Dictionnairedesparlementairesfrançais(inFrench).Paris.p. 109. ^abcdefRiall,Lucy(2007).Garibaldi:InventionofaHero.YaleUniversityPress.pp. 355–357. ^Gabaccia,DonnaR.(2001).ItalianWorkersoftheWorld:LaborMigrationandtheFormationofMultiethnicStates.UniversityofIllinoisPress.p. 33. ^abMusto,Marcello(2014).WorkersUnite!:TheInternational150YearsLater.BloomsburyPublishing.p. 35. ^Ravindranathan,T.R.(1981)."TheParisCommuneandtheFirstInternationalinItaly:RepublicanismversusSocialism,1871–1872".TheInternationalHistoryReview.3(4):482–516.doi:10.1080/07075332.1981.9640259. ^Bufalino,NicholasGreg(1991).GiuseppeGaribaldiandLiberalItaly:History,Politics,andNostalgia,1861–1915.Berkeley:UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.p.193. ^Italy,DocumentsandNotes(1983).Servizidelleinformazioniedellaproprietàletteraria,artisticaescientifica.p.123. ^Landauer,Carl(1960).EuropeanSocialism.I.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.p.229. ^MackSmith,Denis(1956).Garibaldi:AGreatLifeinBrief.NewYork:Knopf.p.183. ^Garibaldi,Giuseppe(22December1875)."GaribaldiandtheHerzegovians".TheBorderWatch.MountGambier:NationalLibraryofAustralia.Retrieved2September2020. ^Garibaldi,Giuseppe(25December1875)."GaribaldiandtheTurkishRebellion".TheProtestantStandard.Sydney:NationalLibraryofAustralia.Retrieved2September2020. ^Garibaldi,Giuseppe(27December1875)."GaribaldiandtheHerzegovina".TheWanganuiHerald.NationalLibraryofNewZealand.VIII.(2664):2.Retrieved2September2002. ^Garibaldi,Giuseppe(4March1876)."GaribaldiandtheHerzegovinians".NorthernTerritoryTimesandGazette.Darwin:NationalLibraryofAustralia.Retrieved2September2020. ^Ridley,p.633. ^"GiuseppeGaribaldi'sbodytobeexhumedinItaly".BBCNews.26July2012.Retrieved2October2013. ^AlanJohnston(14January2013)."Garibaldi:Ishisbodystillinitstomb?".BBCNews. ^Riall,Lucy(2007).Garibaldi:InventionofaHero.NewHavenandLondon:YaleUniversityPress.pp. 1–5. ^Spadolini,Giovanni(1988).Sinistracostituzionale,correntidemocraticheesocietàitalianadal1870al1892:attidelXXVIIConvegnostoricotoscano(Livorno,23–25settembre1984).Florence:LeoS.Olschki.ISBN 9788822236098. ^MackSmith,Denis(1993).Garibaldi.Unagrandevitainbreve.Lescie.Milan:ArnoldoMondadoriEditore.ISBN 9788804368991. ^Gentile,Gianni;Ronga,Luigi;Salassa,Aldo(1997).Nuoveprospettivestoriche.II.Brescia:EditriceLaScuola."All'apicedellagloria,GiuseppeGaribaldieraforseilpersonaggiopiùcelebred'Italia.IlsuonomeeramoltopiùfamosodiquellodiCavourediMazzini,emoltapiùgenteavrebbeuditoparlarediluichenondiVerdiodiManzoni.All'estero,Garibaldisimboleggiaval'Italiarisorgimentalediqueidrammaticianniel'intrepidaaudaciachetantocontribuìallaformazionedellanazioneitaliana." ^Cannadine,David(2004)."Trevelyan,GeorgeMacaulay(1876–1962).OxfordDictionaryofNationalBiography(onlineJanuary2011ed.).Retrieved5November2017. ^MackSmith,ed.,Denis(1969).Garibaldi(GreatLivesObserved).EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:PrenticeHall,p.76.ISBN 9780133467918. ^DeSantis,Francesco;Ferrarelli,Giuseppe,ed.(1900).ScrittipoliticidiFrancescodeSanctis.Naples:AntonioMoranoeFiglioEditori–viatheInternetArchive. ^"HistoryofNottinghamForest".NottinghamForest.Retrieved18April2018. ^"TheGaribaldiSchool".Retrieved18April2018. ^worldrugby.org."SixNationssilverware:TherugbytrophieswonandlostintheannualChampionship|WorldRugby".www.world.rugby.Retrieved7February2022. ^"ZaneGreyTheatre:"GunsforGaribaldi",February18,1960".InternetMovieDatabase.18February1960.Retrieved19October2012. Bibliography[edit] Anonymous(1893)."GENERALGARIBALDI(ObituaryNotice,Friday,June3,1882)".EminentPersons;BiographiesreprintedfromTheTimes.Vol. III(1882–1886).LondonandNewYork:MacmillanandCo&TheTimesOffice.pp. 12–41.Retrieved18March2019–viaInternetArchive. Garibaldi,Giuseppe(1861).Dumas,Alexandre(ed.).Garibaldi:anautobiography.TranslatedbyRobson,William.Routledge,Warne,andRoutledge.Retrieved18March2019–viaInternetArchive. Braun,Martin."'GreatExpectations':CavourandGaribaldi:1859-1959."HistoryToday(Oct.1959)9#10pp. 687–692,historiography Gay,H.Nelson,"Lincoln'sOfferofaCommandtoGaribaldi:LightonaDisputedPointofHistory,"TheCenturyMagazineLXXV(Nov.1907):66 Hibbert,Christopher.GaribaldiandHisEnemies:TheClashofArmsandPersonalitiesintheMakingofItaly(1965),astandardbiography. Hughes-Hallett,Lucy(2004).Heroes:AHistoryofHeroWorship.NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf.ISBN 1-4000-4399-9.pp. 332–416. MackSmith,Denis,ed.Garibaldi(GreatLivesObserved),EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,Inc.(primaryandsecondarysources) MackSmith,Denis."GiuseppeGaribaldi:1807-1882".HistoryToday(March1956)5#3pp. 188–196. MackSmith,Denis.Garibaldi:AGreatLifeinBrief(1956)online Marraro,HowardR."Lincoln'sOfferofaCommandtoGaribaldi:FurtherLightonaDisputedPointofHistory."JournaloftheIllinoisStateHistoricalSociety36#3(Sept.1943):237–270 Parks,Tim.TheHero'sWay:WalkingWithGaribaldiFromRometoRavenna(W.W.Norton&Company,Inc.,2021),travelogueinwhichParksandhispartnerretraceGaribaldiandtheGaribaldini's1849march Riall,Lucy.TheItalianRisorgimento:State,Society,andNationalUnification(Routledge,1994)online Riall,Lucy.Garibaldi:InventionofaHero(YaleUP,2007). Riall,Lucy."Hero,saintorrevolutionary?Nineteenth-centurypoliticsandthecultofGaribaldi."ModernItaly3.02(1998):191–204. Riall,Lucy."Travel,migration,exile:Garibaldi'sglobalfame."ModernItaly19.1(2014):41–52. Ridley,Jasper.Garibaldi(1974),astandardbiographyonline Trevelyan,GeorgeMacaulay(1909).GaribaldiandtheThousand:May1860. Trevelyan,GeorgeMacaulay(1911).GaribaldiandtheMakingofItaly.London:Longmans,GreenandCo. Trevelyan,GeorgeMacaulay(1919).Garibaldi'sDefenceoftheRomanRepublic:1848-9. Externallinks[edit] MediarelatedtoGiuseppeGaribaldiatWikimediaCommons WorksbyGiuseppeGaribaldiatOpenLibrary WorksbyGiuseppeGaribaldiatProjectGutenberg WorksbyoraboutGiuseppeGaribaldiatInternetArchive WorksbyoraboutGiuseppeGaribaldiinlibraries(WorldCatcatalog) NewspaperclippingsaboutGiuseppeGaribaldiinthe20thCenturyPressArchivesoftheZBW vteUnificationofItaly—RisorgimentoPrenunitarystates KingdomofSardinia(HouseofSavoy) KingdomoftheTwoSicilies KingdomofLombardy–Venetia PapalStates GrandDuchyofTuscany DuchyofParma DuchyofModenaandReggio TimelineofItalianunification Carbonari Revolutionsof1820 Revolutionsof1830 YoungItaly Neo-Guelphism Revolutionsof1848 Revolutionsof1848intheItalianstates RepublicofSanMarco RomanRepublic Quadrilatero FirstItalianWarofIndependence FiveDaysofMilan SortieonMestre Sicilianrevolutionof1848 TenDaysofBrescia Belfioremartyrs CrimeanWar PlombièresAgreement SecondItalianWarofIndependence UnitedProvincesofCentralItaly ExpeditionoftheThousand DictatorshipofGaribaldi ProclamationoftheKingdomofItaly BrigandageinSouthernItalyafter1861 RomanQuestion ThirdItalianWarofIndependence CaptureofRome LawofGuarantees ItalianentryintoWorldWarI ImpresadiFiume Symbols CockadeofItaly FlagofItaly Mainleaders Massimod'Azeglio AgostinoBertani CamilloBenso,CountofCavour CelsoCeretti FedericoConfalonieri FrancescoCrispi GiuseppeGaribaldi DanieleManin GiuseppeMazzini BettinoRicasoli AurelioSaffi AnnibaleSantorediSantarosa RuggeroSettimo VictorEmmanuelII Literatureandphilosophy GiovanniArrivabene CesareBalbo GiosuèCarducci CarloCattaneo FeliceCavallotti VincenzoCuoco GiuseppeFerrari UgoFoscolo VincenzoGioberti FrancescoDomenicoGuerrazzi GiacomoLeopardi FrancescoLomonaco GoffredoMameli AlessandroManzoni IppolitoNievo SilvioPellico CarloPisacane GianDomenicoRomagnosi AntonioRosmini FrancescoSaverioSalfi Opponents PopePiusIX FranzJosephIofAustria FrancisIIoftheTwoSicilies KlemensvonMetternich JosephRadetzkyvonRadetz Museums MuseumoftheRisorgimento(Bologna) MuseumoftheRisorgimento(Milan) MuseumoftheRisorgimento(Rome) MuseumoftheRisorgimento(Turin) TricolourFlagMuseum Nationaldays AnniversaryoftheUnificationofItaly NationalUnityandArmedForcesDay Other AltaredellaPatria Italianirredentism Italiannationalism Redshirts RevisionismofRisorgimento ThirdRome AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries Norway 2 Chile Spain France(data) Argentina Catalonia Germany Italy Israel UnitedStates Latvia Japan CzechRepublic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Sweden Vatican Biographicaldictionaries Germany Scientificdatabases CiNii(Japan) Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology HistoricalDictionaryofSwitzerland RISM(France) 1 RERO(Switzerland) 1 SocialNetworksandArchivalContext SUDOC(France) 1 Trove(Australia) 1 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&oldid=1110833262" Categories:GiuseppeGaribaldi1807births1882deaths19th-centuryItaliannovelists19th-centuryItalianmalewritersCarbonariCriticsoftheCatholicChurchItalianChristiansExiledItalianpoliticiansItalianexpatriatesinBrazilItalianexpatriatesinUruguayItalianFreemasonsItaliangeneralsItalianirredentismItalianmalenovelistsItalianmercenariesItalianmilitaryleadersItaliannationalistsItalianpeopleoftheItalianunificationItalianrepublicansItalianrevolutionariesItaliansailorsItaliansocialistsItalianradicalsMasonicGrandMastersMembersoftheExpeditionoftheThousandMembersoftheChamberofDeputies(KingdomofItaly)MilitaryhistoryofItalyPeoplefromNicePeoplefromtheKingdomofSardiniaPeopleofLiguriandescentPeopleoftheAmericanCivilWarPeopleoftheFirstItalianWarofIndependencePeopleoftheFranco-PrussianWarPeopleoftheRevolutionsof1848PeopleoftheSecondItalianWarofIndependencePeopleoftheThirdItalianWarofIndependencePeoplesentencedtodeathinabsentiaPoliticalhistoryofFrancePoliticalhistoryofItalyWritersfromProvence-Alpes-Côted'AzurAnti-CatholicisminItalyGaribaldifamilyMembersoftheNationalAssembly(1871)Hiddencategories:CS1Italian-languagesources(it)CS1German-languagesources(de)CS1Spanish-languagesources(es)CS1French-languagesources(fr)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsedmydatesfromJuly2020ArticleswithhAudiomicroformatsAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromAugust2022Articleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesfromMay2019ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMay2019ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromSeptember2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromFebruary2022ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2018ArticleswithunsourcedquotesArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2018AllarticleslackingreliablereferencesArticleslackingreliablereferencesfromMarch2022ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2014ArticlescontainingItalian-languagetextArticlescontainingFrench-languagetextArticlestobeexpandedfromMay2021CS1:longvolumevalueCommonscategorylinkfromWikidataArticleswithOpenLibrarylinksArticleswithProjectGutenberglinksArticleswithInternetArchivelinksArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithBIBSYSidentifiersArticleswithBNCidentifiersArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithBNMMidentifiersArticleswithCANTICNidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithICCUidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithLNBidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithNLAidentifiersArticleswithNLGidentifiersArticleswithNSKidentifiersArticleswithNTAidentifiersArticleswithPLWABNidentifiersArticleswithSELIBRidentifiersArticleswithVcBAidentifiersArticleswithDTBIOidentifiersArticleswithCINIIidentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiersArticleswithHDSidentifiersArticleswithRISMidentifiersArticleswithREROidentifiersArticleswithSNAC-IDidentifiersArticleswithSUDOCidentifiersArticleswithTroveidentifiersACwith32elementsArticleswithmultipleidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquoteWikisource Languages AfrikaansAlemannischالعربيةAragonésAsturianuAymararuAzərbaycancaবাংলাБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegБуряадCatalàČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFryskFurlanGaeilgeGalegoગુજરાતી한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaИронÍslenskaItalianoעבריתქართულიҚазақшаKotavaКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLigureLombardMagyarМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംमराठीმარგალურიمصرىBahasaMelayuမြန်မာဘာသာNederlandsनेपाली日本語NapulitanoNorskbokmålNorsknynorskOccitanOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیPiemontèisPolskiPortuguêsRomânăRunaSimiРусскийSarduScotsShqipSicilianuSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaతెలుగుТоҷикӣTürkçeTürkmençeУкраїнськаاردوVènetoTiếngViệtWinaray吴语粵語中文 Editlinks