Social media use by Donald Trump - Wikipedia

Blocking of Twitter users SocialmediausebyDonaldTrump FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Useofsocialmediaby45thpresidentoftheUnitedStates ThisarticleispartofaseriesaboutDonaldTrump Politicalpositions Electoralhistory Publicimage Businessandpersonal Businesscareer TheTrumpOrganization wealth taxreturns Mediacareer TheApprentice books filmography Eponyms Family Foundation Ancestry Golf Honors Inpopularculture SNLparodies Legalaffairs StormyDaniels Nicknames pseudonyms Racialviews Conspiracytheories Residences 45thpresidentoftheUnitedStates Presidency timeline Transition Inauguration Tenure Executiveactions proclamations pardons Trips international NorthKoreasummits Singapore Hanoi DMZ Riyadhsummit Helsinkisummit Shutdowns January2018 2018–2019 Polls Lawsuits Protests federallawenforcementdeployment St.John'sChurchphotoop Socialmedia Veracityofstatements Killings al-Baghdadi Soleimani Trumpism TikTokcontroversy Policies Economy taxcuts tariffs Chinatradewar farmerbailouts Environment Pariswithdrawal Foreignpolicy AmericaFirst SaudiArabiaarmsdeal Irannucleardealwithdrawal Gulfcrisis Jerusalem GolanHeights Palestinepeaceplan AbrahamAccords USMCA DohaAgreement Immigration travelban wall familyseparation migrantdetentions troopdeployments nationalemergency Infrastructure Socialissues FirstStepAct cannabis Space Appointments Cabinet formation Ambassadors Federaljudges Gorsuch Kavanaugh Barrett SupremeCourtcandidates Executives U.S.Attorneys Presidentialcampaigns 2000 primaries 2016 election primaries endorsements rallies convention debates NeverTrumpmovement people sexualmisconductallegations AccessHollywoodtape wiretappingallegations Spygate 2020 election primaries endorsements political non-political opposition rallies convention debates GOPreactionstoelectionfraudclaims Trump–Raffenspergerphonecall Impeachments Efforts Firstimpeachment Trump–Ukrainescandal Houseinquiry Senatetrial Secondimpeachment Capitolattack Senatetrial InteractionsinvolvingRussia BusinessprojectsinRussia Electioninterference timeline beforeJuly2016 July2016–electionday topics Associates'linkswithRussianofficials Steeledossier TrumpTowermeeting TrumpTowerMoscow Classifiedinformationdisclosure dataseizure SpecialCounselinvestigation CrossfireHurricane charges legalteams Muellerreport Barrletter Senatereport COVID-19pandemic Taskforce Communication Governmentresponse Stimulusbills CARESAct ConsolidatedAppropriationsAct,2021 OperationWarpSpeed WhiteHouseoutbreak Interferencewithscienceagencies vte DonaldTrump'suseofsocialmediaattractedattentionworldwidesincehejoinedTwitterinMay2009.Overnearlytwelveyears,Trumptweetedaround57,000times,[1]includingabout8,000timesduringthe2016electioncampaignandover25,000timesduringhispresidency.[2]WhiteHousesaidthatthetweetsshouldbeconsideredofficialstatements.[3]WhenTwitterpermanentlybannedTrumpfromtheplatforminJanuary2021duringthefinaldaysofhisterm,[4][email protected].[5] FormostofTrump'spresidency,hisaccountonTwitter,whereheoftenpostedcontroversialandfalsestatements,[6][7][8][9]remainedunmoderatedinthenameof"publicinterest".[10][11]Congressperformeditsownformofmoderation:onJuly16,2019,theHouseofRepresentativesvotedmostlyalongpartylinestocensurehimfor"racistcomments"hehadtweetedtwodayspreviously.[12]Inthefaceofthispoliticalcensure,histweetsonlyaccelerated.AninvestigationbyTheNewYorkTimespublishedNovember2,2019,foundthat,duringhistimeinofficetodate,Trumphadalreadyretweetedatleast145accountsthat"havepushedconspiracyorfringecontent,includingmorethantwodozenthathavesincebeensuspended."[13]In2020,TrumpalsospreadmisinformationabouttheCOVID-19pandemic. Duringhis2020reelectioncampaign,hefalselysuggestedthatpostalvotingorelectoralfraudmaycompromisetheelection,promptingTwittertoeitherremovesuchtweetsorlabelthemasdisputed.[14][15]Afterhiselectionloss,TrumppersistentlyunderminedtheelectionresultsintheweeksleadingtoJoeBiden'sinauguration.[16][17]HistweetsplayedaroleinincitingtheJanuary6,2021,attackoftheU.S.Capitolduringtheformalcountingofelectoralvotes.[18]ThoughtheSenateeventuallyacquittedTrumpduringhissecondimpeachment,socialmediacompaniesswiftlybannedhim.FacebookandInstagramannouncedapermanentban(although,inJune2021,theysaidtheywouldrevisitthebaninJanuary2023).[19][20][21]Twitterpermanentlysuspendedhis@realDonaldTrumphandle,followedbytheofficialaccountofhiscampaign(@TeamTrump)[22][23][24]andtheaccountsofallieswhopostedonhisbehalf,likeTrumpcampaigndigitaldirectorGaryCoby.[25]TwitteralsodeletedthreetweetsbyTrumponthe@POTUShandle[26]andbarredaccesstothepresidentialaccountuntilJoeBiden'sinauguration.DuringthefirstweekthatTrumpwasbannedonseveralplatforms(January9–15),election-relatedmisinformationdeclined73%,accordingtoresearchanalyticsfirmZignalLabs.[27] InOctober2021,itwasannouncedthatanewsocialmediaappcalledTruthSocial[28]wastoberunbyTrumpMedia&TechnologyGroup.Theplatformwasslatedtolaunchin2022.[29] FromJune2021,Trump'sspokespersonLizHarringtonhastweetedscreenshotsofhismessagesundertheSaveAmericalogo.[30] Contents 1Background 2Twitter 2.1Followers 2.2Publicopinion 2.3Rateoftweets 2.4Devicesecurity 2.5Tweetsasofficialstatements 2.6Timeline 2.7Live-tweetingFox&Friends 2.8Insults 2.9Internationalthreats 2.9.12017–2019Qatardiplomaticcrisis 2.9.2ThreattodestroyNorthKorea 2.9.3ThreattodestroyIran'sculturalsites 2.10Sharingofviolent,far-right,andextremistcontent 2.10.1Duringcampaign 2.10.2CNNwrestlingvideo 2.10.3BritainFirstvideos 2.10.4SouthAfrica 2.10.5KatieHopkins 2.10.6AllusionstoviolenceinMay2020 2.10.7OANNconspiracytheory 2.10.8"Whitepower"videoclip 2.11Electionclaimsandgrievances 2.11.12016campaign:TrumpTowerwiretappingallegations 2.11.22016campaign:InvestigationintoRussianinfluence 2.11.32020campaign:Suggestionofdelayingelection 2.11.42020election:Attempttooverturnresults 2.12Othercontroversialtweets 2.12.1"Covfefe" 2.12.2CommentsonSadiqKhan 2.12.3CommentsonMorningJoehosts 2.12.4JoeScarboroughsmear 2.12.5Attacksonfederaljudges,officials,departmentsandFBI 2.12.6CommentsonTheSquad 2.12.7RetweetingJeffreyEpsteinconspiracytheory 2.12.8"Liberate"tweets 2.12.9RetweetingunlicensedLinkinParksong 2.12.10CallingTrendingonTwittersectionillegal 2.12.11Tweetsonillegalimmigrants 2.12.12TweetsabouttheAmericansuburbs 2.12.13SpreadofCOVID-19misinformation 2.13Tweetsduringfirstimpeachment 2.13.1"CivilWar"tweet 2.13.2ThreatsagainstRepresentativeAdamSchiffandwhistleblower 2.13.3Lynchingtweet 2.14BlockingofTwitterusers 2.15Effectsonlitigation 2.16Effectsonthestockmarket 2.17Deletionoftweets 2.18Cautionontweets 2.18.1"Getthefactsaboutmail-inballots" 2.18.2"Glorifyingviolence" 2.18.3"Manipulatedmedia" 2.18.4"Abusivebehavior" 2.18.5"Misleadinghealthclaims" 2.18.6"Misleadingaboutanelection" 2.19Suspensionsanddeactivations 2.19.12017 2.19.22021 2.19.3ReactionstoTrump'ssuspension 2.20Satireandmemes 2.21Archival 2.22Reactionsandanalysis 2.22.1SuspendThePres 2.23Permanentsuspension 3Othersocialmediaplatforms 3.1FacebookandInstagram 3.1.1Bannedfrombothplatforms 3.1.2Facebook 3.1.3Instagram 3.2Reddit 3.3YouTube 3.4Snapchat 3.5Twitch 3.6Triller 3.7Parler 3.8Gab 3.9Rumble 3.10Gettr 4Trump'sownsocialmedianetworks 4.145office.com 4.2FromtheDeskofDonaldJ.Trump 4.3TruthSocial 5OntheChineseinternet 6Seealso 7Notes 8References 9Furtherreading 10Externallinks Background DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump MyuseofsocialmediaisnotPresidential–it'sMODERNDAYPRESIDENTIAL.MakeAmericaGreatAgain! July1,2017[31] Furtherinformation:SocialmediaandpoliticalcommunicationintheUnitedStatesandSocialmediaintheUnitedStatespresidentialelection,2016Thisarticleorsectionpossiblycontainssynthesisofmaterialwhichdoesnotverifiablymentionorrelatetothemaintopic.Relevantdiscussionmaybefoundonthetalkpage.(June2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) TheemergenceofsocialmediahaschangedthewayinwhichpoliticalcommunicationtakesplaceintheUnitedStates.Politicalinstitutionssuchaspoliticians,politicalparties,foundations,institutions,andpoliticalthinktanksareallusingsocialmediaplatforms,likeFacebookandTwitter,tocommunicatewithandengagevoters.Regularindividuals,politicians,"pundits"andthoughtleadersalikeareabletovoicetheiropinions,engagewithawidenetwork,andconnectwithotherlikemindedindividuals.[32]AccordingtoWaelGhonim,socialmediacanreinforcepre-existingbeliefsratherthanpromotenewones.Socialmedia,whileagreatsourceofgatheringvolunteersandmoney,servesthemainpurposeofaffirmingpoliticalbeliefsandstrengtheningapoliticalbase.[33]Politicianshaveaplatformtocommunicatewiththatisdifferentfromthemainstreammedia.Politicianshavetheabilitytoraiselargeamountsofmoneyinrelativelyshortperiodsoftimethroughsocialmediacampaigns.In2012,PresidentBarackObamaraisedoverabilliondollarsforhiscampaign,whichbrokethefundraisingrecord.Around$690millionwasraisedthroughonlinedonationsincludingsocialmedia,email,andwebsitedonations,andmoremoneywasraisedfromsmalldonorsthaneverbefore.[34] The2008USpresidentialelectionwasthefirstelectioninwhichcandidatesutilizedtheInternetandsocialmedianetworkingasacommunicativetoolincorporatedintocandidates'campaigns.[35]In2008,President-electBarackObamawasthefirsttousetheInternettoorganizesupporters,advertise,andcommunicatewithindividualsinawaythathadbeenimpossibleinpreviouselections.[36]ObamautilizedsiteslikeYouTubetoadvertisethroughvideos.ThevideospostedonYouTubebyObama'swereviewedfor14.5millionhours.[36][37] Asof2012[update],morecandidateswereutilizingawiderarrayofsocialmediaplatforms.[38]PoliticianswerenowonsocialnetworkingsiteslikeTwitter,Instagram,YouTubeandothernewsocialmediatoolsandmobileapps.Someofthecandidatesusedsocialmediasitestoannouncetheircandidacy.BarackObamaemailedavideoto13millionwhenheannouncedhisintentiontorunforre-election,andMittRomneysentoutatweet.[38] ByMay16,2011,@BarackObamawasfollowedby7.4millionpeople,includingtwenty-eightworldleaders.[39]Hisaccountbecamethethirdaccounttoreach10millionfollowersinSeptember2011.[40][41][42] Twitter Seealso:ActofLove(politics)andMakeAmericaGreatAgain DonaldTrump'stweetactivityfromhisfirsttweetinMay2009.Histweetactivitypatternhaschangedfrom2013. Fromhisofficialdeclarationofcandidacyin2015,DonaldTrumpbenefitedfromlargenumbersofsupportersactiveonsocialmedia.Somesupporterscalledthemselves"Centipedes"online.[43] Aspresident,Trumppreferredtocommunicateoversocialmedia,announcingpolicychangesandthedismissalsofstaffmembersthere.[44]TrumplargelybypassedtheWhiteHousePressSecretary,andhisadministrationendedthedailyWhiteHousepressbriefing.[44]Trumppreferred"todictateanddominatethenewscycle";hiscommunicationsemphasizedhispoliticalgrievances,promotedconspiracytheories,andattackedthoseheregardedasenemies.[44] TrumpusedtheretweetfeatureonTwittertoforwardmessagesheagreedwith(oftenpostspraisinghim),nomatterhowobscuretheirauthorswere.[45]Attimes,Trumpretweetedhimself,[46]andsometimescommented"sotrue"whiledoingso.[47] Followers The@realdonaldtrumphandlehadamassed88.7millionfollowersbythetimeTwittersuspendeditinJanuary2021afterthe2021UnitedStatesCapitolattack.[5][48][49] WhenTrumpannouncedhispresidentialcampaignin2015,hehad2.98millionfollowers;hisfollowercountthereafterincreasedrapidly.[50]Manyofhisfollowers,however,werefakeaccountsandTwitterbots:aMay2017analysisconcludedthat,outofthethen-30.9millionfollowersofTrump'spersonalTwitteraccount,51%wererealand49%werefake.[51][52]Inmid-2018,Twitterconductedasite-widecrackdownonfakeaccounts,reducingthetotalnumberofusersofthesitebyabout6%;[53]asaresult,Trumplostabout100,000ofhisthen-53.4millionfollowers.[50]Trumprepeatedlycomplainedaboutreductionsinthenumberoffollowers,claimingthatTwitterwasbiasedagainsthim,andraisedhiscomplaintsintweetsandinaprivatemeetingwithTwitterCEOJackDorsey.[53][54]InOctober2018,theresearchgroupSparkToroestimatedthatmorethan60%ofTrump'sfollowerswere"bots,spam,inactiveorpropaganda"—asignificantlyhigherpercentagethanforfollowersofotherAmericanpoliticianTwitteraccounts.[54] Publicopinion Trump'sadvisorswarnedhimthathistweetsmayalienatesomeofhissupporters.[55]InaJune2017FoxNewspoll,70percentofrespondentssaidTrump'stweetshurthisagenda.[56][57]InaJanuary2019UMassLowellpoll,68percentofallrespondentsaged18–37saidTrumptweetedtoomuch.[58] Rateoftweets InNovember2016,shortlyafterwinningtheelection,Trumpsaidina60Minutesinterviewthat,aspresident,hisuseofsocialmediawouldbe"veryrestrained,ifIuseitatall."[59]TrumpwentontoTweetmorethan25,000timesduringhispresidency;[2]bythefirsthalfof2019,hewastweetingasfrequentlyashehadasacandidate,andhedoubledthisrateduringthesecondhalfof2019andthefirsthalfof2020.Onhismostprolificday,June5,2020,hetweeted200times.[60] TweetscountedthroughTrumpTwitterArchive.[61] Daterange Tweets Dailyaverage 2009(May4–December31,2009) 56 0.2 2010(January1–December31,2010) 142 0.4 2011(January1–December31,2011) 774 2.1 2012(January1–December31,2012) 3,531 9.6 2013(January1–December31,2013) 8,138 22.3 2014(January1–December31,2014) 5,773 15.8 2015,pre-candidacy(January1–June15,2015) 3,701 22.3 Candidacy(June16,2015–November8,2016) 7,794 15.2 Transition(November9,2016–January19,2017) 364 5.1 Presidency,Year1,firsthalf(January20–July19,2017) 1,027 5.7 Presidency,Year1,secondhalf(July20,2017–January19,2018) 1,576 8.6 Presidency,Year2,firsthalf(January20,2018–July19,2018) 1,472 8.1 Presidency,Year2,secondhalf(July20,2018–January19,2019) 2,146 11.7 Presidency,Year3,firsthalf(January20–July19,2019) 2,814 15.6 Presidency,Year3,secondhalf(July20–January19,2020) 5,151 28.1 Presidency,Year4,firsthalf(January20–July19,2020) 6,014 33.2 Presidency,Year4,secondhalf(July20–January8,2021) 5,993 34.8 Inadditiontothetweetsheputout,hewasalsotheintendedrecipientoftweetsbyothers.In2019,DonaldTrumpwastaggedonTwitteratarateof1,000timesperminute,accordingtoTheNewYorkTimes.[13] Devicesecurity Aftertheinauguration,theWhiteHousewouldnotcommentonwhetherTrumpwasusingasecurephone.[62] Before,hehadbeenusingaSamsungGalaxyS3whichonlyhasAndroid4.3.1asitslatestOS,aversionofAndroidwhichGooglemarkedasunsupportedanddiscontinuedasofTrump'sinauguration.[63]Sincethen,hehasusedaniPhonetouseTwitter.[64] TheiPhoneTwitterappusedbyTrumpin2018lackedcertainsecurityfeatures,andPoliticoreportedinMay2018thatTrump'sphone"hasgoneaslongasfivemonths"withoutbeingcheckedbysecurityexperts.[65] OnOctober24,2018,TheNewYorkTimesreportedthatTrumpwasstillusinghispersonaliPhonesforphonecalls,eventhoughhisaidesandU.S.intelligenceofficialshavewarnedhimthatRussianandChinesespiesarelistening.[66]Trumprespondedbytweeting:"IonlyuseGovernmentPhones."ThetweetwassentfromaniPhone.[67](Inthesametweet,heclaimedthathehasonlyonesuchgovernmentphoneandthatitis"seldomused.")[68] Trump's@realDonaldTrumpTwitteraccountwasbreachedtwicebyDutchhackerVictorGevers,bothtimesbyguessingweakpasswords.Thefirstincidenttookplacein2016,usingtheguessedpassword"yourefired".Thepasswordwasguessedbecauseithadpreviouslybeendiscoveredina2012LinkedInpasswordbreach.[69]ThesecondincidenttookplaceinOctober2020,whenhisaccountwasbreachedbyguessingthepassword"maga2020!".[70][71]AlthoughreportsofthesecondattackweredeniedbyTwitterandtheWhiteHouse,theywerelaterconfirmedbyDutchprosecutorsinDecember2020.[72] Tweetsasofficialstatements Throughouthispresidency,Trumpfrequentlyappearedtoissueordersthroughhistweets.Whetherthesetweetswereofficialdirectiveswasunclear.[73][74]AUSNationalArchivesspokesmansaidthatTrump'stweetsareconsideredpresidentialrecords.[75] In2017,theDepartmentofJusticearguedinonecourtcasethatTrump'stweetswere"officialstatementsofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates."[76]Inanothercases,theDOJarguedtheywereofficialpolicystatementsbutthatthetweetswerealso"personalconductthatisnotanexerciseofstatepower."[76]TheABAJournalwrotein2017,"There'slittlecaselawontowhatextentgovernmentuseofsocialmediacanbeconsideredofficialora'publicforum,'whichaffordsFirstAmendmentprotectiontopeoplewhomightbeexcludedbasedontheirviewpoints."[76] In2019,theSecretaryoftheU.S.NavysaidhedidnotinterpretaTrumptweetasa"formalordertoact"afterTrumptweetedthattheNavyshouldnottakeawayChiefPettyOfficerEdwardGallagher'sstatusasaNavySEAL.[77] In2020,acourtaskedthatTrumpclarifyhisintentionafterhetweetedwhatappearedtobeanordercallingforthedisclosureofdocumentsrelatedtoRussianinterferenceinthe2016election.InacourtfilingWhiteHouseChiefofStaffMarkMeadowssaidthat:"ThePresidentindicatedtomethathisstatementsonTwitterwerenotself-executingdeclassificationordersanddonotrequirethedeclassificationorreleaseofanyparticulardocuments."[78] Timeline In2009,marketingstafferPeterCostanzosuggestedtoTrumpthathecouldusesocialmediatodrawattentiontohisbook,ThinkLikeaChampion,whichwasduetobereleasedlaterthatyear.Hewasunabletousetheusername@DonaldTrump,asitwasalreadybeingusedbyaparodyaccount.Heandhismarketingteamdecidedtousetheusername@realDonaldTrump.[79]TrumpjoinedTwitterinMarch2009andsentouthisfirsttweetonMay4,2009,advertisinghisupcomingappearanceontheLateShowwithDavidLetterman,whichwasduetoairacoupleofdayslater.[79] From2009to2011,tweetspostedbythe@realDonaldTrumpaccountincludedthephrase"fromDonaldTrump"todistinguishthemfromthosewrittenbyhisstaff,butbyaboutJune2011,asTrump'suseoftheplatformincreased,thoseidentifyinglabelsdisappeared.[79]Duringthe2016campaign,sometweetsweresentfromanAndroidphone,andothersfromaniPhone.[80][81]TheAndroidtweetsweremorelikelytobesentoutsideofbusinesshoursandtotakeamorecombativetone.TheiPhonetweetsweresuspectedtobewrittenandsentbymembersofTrump'sstaff,asuspicionthatwaslargelyconfirmedusingsentimentanalysis;[82]machinelearningandnaturallanguageprocessingcouldstillfrequentlydistinguishTrump'stweetsfromotherssentinhisname,evenwhenstaffersattemptedtoemulatehiswritingstyle.[83] In2012,followingthevictoryofObamainthepresidentialelection,TrumptweetedachainofdisparagingcommentsaboutObama'swin.HemockedObamaforplayingbasketballandblamedtheChineseforcreating"theconceptofglobalwarming".Trumptweetedthenextday,"butwe'llhavetolivewithit!"and:"WehavetomakeAmericagreatagain!"[84]Inresponse,ObamasarcasticallyquippedonTheTonightShowWithJayLeno:"Thisalldatesbacktowhen[heandTrump]weregrowinguptogetherinKenya,"referringtothebirtherconspiracy.[85][86] Trump'sTwitteractivitysignificantlyincreasedbeginningin2013;hetweetedmorefrequentlyandwithmorepoliticallychargedrhetoric.[87][88] TwitterwasanimportanttoolinTrump's2016presidentialelectioncampaign,andhasbeencreditedascontributingtohisvictory.[89]FormerWhiteHousecommunicationsdirectorAnthonyScaramuccirecalledthatTrump:"feltthattherewasnoseparationbetweenhisbrandandthemedia,thattherewasanintersectionofvalueforhimselfpersonallybetweenhisbrandandsaturatingitinthemedia".[90]DanielPfeiffer,Obama'sformerstrategycommunicationsadvisor,commentedthatTrumpis:"waybetterattheinternetthananyoneelseintheGOPwhichispartlywhyheiswinning".[91]AccordingtoTheNewYorkTimes,otherpresidentialaideshavedescribedTrump"asasophisticatedversionofaparrot,givenhispenchantforrepeatinginformationalmostunfiltered,assoonashehadprocessedit."[90] In2017,Trumpwasdescribedas"possiblythefirst'socialmedia'and'realityTV'president"inanarticlebyVanJonesonCNN'swebsiteinOctober2017.FollowingTrump'sinauguration,hegainedcontroloftheofficialU.S.presidentialTwitteraccount(@POTUS),whichhadbeencreatedbyObama.Trump'sfirsttweetsaspresidentweremadefromhispersonalaccount,buthehasusedbothaccounts.[92]AfterJoeBidenwontheNovember2020presidentialelection,Twittersaiditplannedtohandoverthe@POTUSaccounttoBidenuponhisinaugurationonJanuary20,2021,whichhassincehappened.[93] Live-tweetingFox&Friends TrumpfrequentlywatchedtheFoxNewsshowFox&Friendsandoftentweetedreactionstowhathehasseenontheshow.Forexample,onJanuary2,2018,Trumptweetedthathis"NuclearButton"was"muchbigger&morepowerful"thanKimJong-un's,followingaFoxNewssegmentaboutKim's"nuclearbutton"minutesbefore.Trumpwatchesseveralhoursofcablenewsshowseachday,usingthe"SuperTiVo"hehadinstalledattheWhiteHouse.[94]NewsorganizationshavecompiledlistsofTrumptweetsdirectlyrepeatingwhathewaswatching.TheresultisthatstoriesthatFoxconcentratesonbecomenationallyimportantstoriesbyvirtueofthefactthattheyappearinpresidentialtweets,settingupafeedbackloop.[95]Duringhisfirstyearinoffice,hementionedtheFox&FriendsTwitteraccountmorethananyotheraccount.[96] Insults InJanuary2016,areviewbyTheNewYorkTimesfoundthatoneineveryeightpostsbyTrumponTwitter"wasapersonalinsultofsomekind".[97]FromthebeginningofhistermuntilMay2019,Trumphadinsulted598people(includingprivatecitizens),places,andthingsonTwitter;targetsofinsultsincludedpoliticians,journalists,newsoutlets,televisionhostsandprograms,formerstaffersandassociates,governmentagencies,businessleaders,bookscriticalofhim,theStateofCaliforniaandStateofNewYork,andentirecountries.[98]TheNewYorkTimespublishedaninventoryofallofTrump'sTwitterinsultsfrom2015untilJanuary2021.[99] Trumpoftengaveopponentsnicknamessuchas"CrookedHillary"[100]and"Lyin'Ted".[101][102]In2015,hetweetedagainstan18-year-oldcollegestudentwhohadchallengedhimataNewHampshirepoliticalforum,whichledtoawaveofonlineharassmentagainsther.[103]InDecember2016,aspresident-elect,herespondedtocriticismfromthepresidentofUnitedSteelworkersLocal1999inIndianabytweetingthatthelocalunionleader"hasdoneaterriblejobrepresentingworkers";[104]theunionpresidentreceivedthreateningphonecallsafterward.[105] Internationalthreats 2017–2019Qatardiplomaticcrisis UnitedStatespresidentTrumpwiththeemirofQatarTamimbinHamadAlThani,May2017 In2017,theQatardiplomaticcrisiserupted.AnescalationoftheQatar–SaudiArabiadiplomaticconflict,itbeganwhenSaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmirates,Bahrain,andEgyptabruptlycutoffdiplomaticrelationswithQatar,allegingthattheQatarigovernmentsupportedterrorists.[106]Theseveringofrelationsincludedwithdrawingambassadors,andimposingtradeandtravelbans.[107]Inaseriesoftweets,TrumppraisedtheGulfnations'moveagainstQatar,tookcreditforengineeringthecrisis,andrepeatedlycriticizedQatar,underminingsimultaneouseffortsbyTrump'sSecretaryofStateRexTillerson,U.S.AmbassadortoQatarDanaShellSmith,andSecretaryofDefenseJamesMattis,allofwhomtookaneutralstance,calledfordialogueandcompromiseintheinterestsofregionalsecurity,andnotedthatQatarhostedtheAlUdeidAirBase.[107][108][109][110][111] ThreattodestroyNorthKorea Mainarticle:2017–2018NorthKoreacrisis DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump The🇺🇸hasgreatstrength&patience,butifitisforcedtodefenditselforitsallies,wewillhavenochoicebuttototallydestroy#NoKo. September19,2017[112] InSeptember2017,TrumppostedtweetsaboutNorthKoreathatsomesawasviolatingTwitter'sruleagainstmakingthreatsofviolence.OnSeptember19,hestatedthatundercertaincircumstances,"wewillhavenochoicebuttototallydestroy#NoKo",andonSeptember23,"JustheardForeignMinisterofNorthKoreaspeakatU.N.IfheechoesthoughtsofLittleRocketMan,theywon'tbearoundmuchlonger!"("LittleRocketMan"wasTrump'snicknameforNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-un.)Inresponsetouserconcerns,Twittercitednewsworthinessandwhetherthetweetisofpublicinterestasfactorstheyconsiderinwhetheratweetviolatestheirrules.Thecompanyacknowledgedthattheseguidelinesareinternal,andstatedtheywouldupdatetheirpublic-facingrulestoreflectthem.[113] ThreattodestroyIran'sculturalsites Furtherinformation:Iran–UnitedStatesrelations§ 2017–present:Trumpadministration,and2019–2021PersianGulfcrisis OnJanuary4,2020,Trumpthreatenedinatweetthat"ifIranstrikesanyAmericans,orAmericanassets,"itcouldexpectthat"52Iraniansites(representingthe52AmericanhostagestakenbyIranmanyyearsago)...importanttoIran&theIranianculture"wouldbe"HITVERYFASTANDVERYHARD."Deliberatelytargetingculturalsiteswouldhavebeenawarcrime.Thenextday,hetweeted:"ShouldIranstrikeanyU.S.personortarget,theUnitedStateswillquickly&fullystrikeback,&perhapsinadisproportionatemanner."[114] Sharingofviolent,far-right,andextremistcontent Trumphasbeencriticizedforhispracticeofretweetingorcopyingmaterialfromsocialmediaaccountspostingantisemitic,racist,orfalseinformation,suchasclaimsexaggeratingthenumberofcrimescommittedbyblackpeople.[115][116][117] Duringcampaign PolitiFactsingledoutasparticularlyobviouslyfalseanimageretweetedbyTrumpthatclaimedthat81%ofwhitemurdervictimsarekilledbyblackpeople.Politifactnotedthat,besidesbeingafive-foldexaggeration,theclaimwassourcedtothenon-existent"CrimeStatisticsBureau,SanFrancisco";itlaterhighlightedthisretweetwhenawardingits2015"LieoftheYear"badgetoTrump'sentirepresidentialcampaign.[118][119]Thefakestatisticswerefirstpostedbyaneo-NaziTwitteraccount.[117] AnimagepostedbyTrumponJuly2,2016,calledHillaryClintonthe"MostCorruptCandidateEver!"andfeaturedasix-pointedstarreminiscentoftheJewishStarofDavid;theimagefirstappearedinaJune15tweetby"@FishBoneHead1,"aTwitteraccountdescribedbytheAssociatedPressasbeingknownfor"anti-Clintonandright-leaningmessagesandimages"andbyMicaspromoting"violent,racistmemes,"beforemakingitswayto8chan's/pol/onJune22.[120][121]Trump'ssocialmediamanagerDanScavinorespondedthattheimagehadbeensourcedbyhimfromaTwitterpage"wherecountlessimagesappear"andthathehadassumedthatthestarreferredtoasheriff'sbadge.[120][121][122]Undertwohourslater,thetweetwasdeletedfromTrump'saccountinfavorofanearlyidenticaltweetwithacircleinplaceofthestar,butTrumplaterblamedthedeletiononhisstaff,stating:"Iwould'veratherdefendedit."[121][123]JeremyDiamondofCNNobserved:"Itwasn'tthesix-pointedstaralonethatevokedanti-Semitism –it'sthecombinationofthestarwithabackgroundofmoneyandanaccusationofcorruption,whichsuggestsstereotypicalviewsofJewsandmoneyandraisesconspiracytheoriesthatJewscontrolpoliticalsystems."[124]TheepisodeledDanaSchwartz,aJewishemployeeofTrump'sson-in-lawJaredKushner,towriteanopenlettertohiminprotest,towhichheresponded.[125][126] CNNwrestlingvideo Furtherinformation:CNNcontroversies§ Redditorcontroversy OnJuly2,2017,TrumptweetedavideoofhimselfattackingVinceMcMahonduringWrestleMania23withtheCNNlogooverMcMahon'sface.Inresponse,BrianStelterofCNNissuedastatementsayingthatTrumpwas"encouragingviolenceagainstreporters"and"involvedinjuvenilebehaviorfarbelowthedignityofhisoffice".[127][128][129][130]CNNalsorespondedtothetweetbyquotingSarahHuckabeeSanderswhoclaimedthepreviousweek"Thepresidentinnowayformorfashionhaseverpromotedorencouragedviolence."[127]HomelandSecurityAdvisorTomBossertsaidthat"noonewouldperceive[thetweet]asathreat."[127][131]TrumpsubsequentlysaidthatCNNtooktheposttooseriously,addingthatCNNhas"hurtthemselvesverybadly".[132] Theclipappearedonpro-Trumpsubreddit,/r/TheDonald,aboutfourdaysearlier,[127][133][134][135]andwascreatedbyaRedditaccountwhichhadpreviouslypostedracist,antisemiticandbigotedcontent.[136]AWhiteHouseofficiallaterdeniedthatthevideocamefromReddit;theofficialdeclined"torespondtoquestionsaboutwherethepresidentobtainedtheclip."[137]AsofDecember 20,2017[update],thetweethadbeenretweetedover330,000times,makingitTrump'smostretweetedpost.[138] BritainFirstvideos PresidentTrumpwithPrimeMinisterTheresaMayintheOvalOfficeattheWhiteHouseinWashington,D.C.,January27,2017.TheMayMinistrycondemnedTrump'sTweetsandBritainFirst. OnNovember29,2017,Trumpretweetedthreeinflammatoryandunverifiedanti-MuslimvideosfromBritainFirst,aBritishfar-rightandultranationalistgroupthathasahistoryofpostingmisleadingvideos.[139]OneofthevideospurportedtoshowanassaultbyaMuslimimmigrant,buttheassailantwasneitheraMuslimnoranimmigrant.[140]Anothervideowasfilmedin2013duringtheSyrianCivilWar,showingaman,whoisbelievedtobeanAl-Nusrasupporter,destroyingastatueofMaryandstating:"No-onebutAllahwillbeworshippedinthelandoftheLevant."Athirdvideocontainsfootagefilmedduringaperiodofviolentunrestfollowingthe2013Egyptiancoupd'état.[141][142][143][144]ThevideoshadbeensharedbyBritainFirstdeputyleaderJaydaFransen,whowasconvictedofreligiouslyaggravatedharassmentinBritainin2016.[139]Trump'spromotinginflammatorycontentfromanextremistgroupwaswithoutprecedentamongmodernAmericanpresidents.[145] Trump'sactionswerewidelycondemnedbothintheU.S.andabroadbypoliticians,commentatorsandreligiousleadersofvariousfaithsandacrossthepoliticalspectrum;alsobyseveralcivilrightsandadvocacygroupsandorganizations.[146][147][148][149][139][150]TheincidentresultedincallsforTrumptobebannedfromtheUK,[147][151][152]buthisinvitationtovisittotheUnitedKingdomwasnotwithdrawn.[153]WhenaskedbyPBSNewsHour,29DemocraticandfourRepublicansenatorscriticizedthetweets.[154][155]PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomTheresaMaysaidinastatement,"itiswrongforthepresidenttohavedonethis"and"BritainFirstseekstodividecommunitiesthroughtheiruseofhatefulnarrativeswhichpeddleliesandstoketensions."[156][155]ThenForeignSecretaryBorisJohnsoncalledBritainFirsta"hateful"organizationwhichdoesnotreflectBritishvalues.However,hedidabstainfromcallingoutPresidentTrumpforsharingthevideos.[157] Trump'ssharingofthetweetswaspraisedacrossfar-rightcircles,increasedIslamophobiccommentonsocialmedia,andelevatedtheprofileofBritainFirst.[158][159]InBritain,FransenandBritainFirstleaderPaulGoldinghailedTrump'sre-tweets,saying:"DonaldTrumphimselfhasretweetedthesevideosandhasaround44millionfollowers!GodBlessYouTrump!"[160][147][143][161][162] WhiteHousepresssecretarySarahHuckabeeSandersdefendedTrump'stweets,saying"Whetherit'sarealvideo[sic],thethreatisrealandthatiswhatthepresidentistalkingabout."[153]OnNovember30,2017,SanderssaidthatTrump'sactions"elevatetheconversationtotalkaboutarealissueandarealthreat,that'sextremeviolenceandextremeterrorism."[163]TrumprespondedtocriticismfromMaybypubliclyrebukingheronTwitter,sparkingarareriftbetweentheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.[164]OnDecember18,almostthreeweeksafterbeingretweetedbyTrump,theaccountsofBritainFirst,PaulGoldingandJaydaFransenwereallsuspendedbyTwitter.[165] InaJanuary2018interviewwithPiersMorganforGoodMorningBritain,TrumpsaidhewasnotfamiliarwithBritainFirstwhenheretweetedthem,stating,"Ifyouaretellingmethey'rehorriblepeople,horrible,racistpeople,Iwouldcertainlyapologiseifyou'dlikemetodothat."[166] SouthAfrica InAugust2018,TrumptweetedthathehadaskedSecretaryofStateMikePompeoto"closelystudytheSouthAfricalandandfarmseizuresandexpropriationsandthelargescalekillingoffarmers".ThetweetwassentshortlyafterasegmentbyFoxNewswhereTuckerCarlsonclaimedthatthe"racistgovernmentofSouthAfrica"wastargetingwhite-ownedfarmsforlandreformduetoanti-whiteracism.[167]Inresponse,SouthAfrica'sMinisterforInternationalRelationsandCooperationLindiweSisuluclaimedthatTrumpwasexpressing"right-wingideology"andalsoaddedthattheSouthAfricangovernmenthadrequestedanexplanationforthetweetfromtheUSChargéd'affaires.[168]TheUSEmbassyinSouthAfricarebukedTrump'stweet,claimingthatthereis"noevidencethatmurdersonfarmsspecificallytargetwhitepeopleorarepoliticallymotivated".[167]TherearenoreliablefiguresthatsuggestthatwhitefarmersareatgreaterriskofbeingkilledthantheaverageSouthAfrican,[169][170]andthefact-checkingorganizationAfri-Checkclaimsthat"whitesarelesslikelytobemurderedthananyotherracegroup"inSouthAfrica.[171]Thetalkingpointisoftenusedbyfar-rightgroupsasevidenceforawhitegenocideinSouthAfrica.ThishasbeencondemnedasfalsebyGenocideWatch.[172] KatieHopkins InJulyandAugust2019,TrumpretweetedBritishcommentatorKatieHopkins.Inoneofthesetweets,Hopkinspraisedfourright-wingpoliticians:JairBolsonaroofBrazil,MatteoSalviniofItaly,VictorOrbanofHungaryandJarosławKaczyńskiofPoland.Inthatsametweet,Hopkinssaidthat,"god-willing/jihadi-failing,"shewouldbealivetosee"BorisJohnsoninNumber10,""TrumpintheWhiteHouse,"and"NetanyahubuildingIsrael".AnothercommentthatTrumpretweetedwasHopkins'attackonLondonmayorSadiqKhaninwhichsheblamedhimforthecity'sviolentcrimerate.[173][174][175]TwitterpermanentlydeletedHopkins'accountinJune2020forviolatingits"HatefulConduct"policy.[176] AllusionstoviolenceinMay2020 Trumpmadeviolentallusionsintwolate-nighttweetsinMay2020.[177]Inonemessage,Trumpretweetedavideoinwhichoneofhissupporters(CouyGriffin,acountycommissionerinNewMexicoandfounderof"CowboysforTrump")says,"TheonlygoodDemocratisadeadDemocrat."[177][178]Griffinsubsequentlysaidthathewasspeakingofa"politicaldeath"ratherthanaliteraldeath,[177][178]butthenspokeofanuprisingifDemocratswintheelectionandsuggestedexecutingDemocrats.[177]Twenty-fivehourslater,Trumptweeted,inreferencetoviolenceinMinneapolis,"Whenthelootingstarts,theshootingstarts."[177]ThismessagewassubsequentlyflaggedbyTwitteras"glorifyingviolence"(seebelow).[177] OANNconspiracytheory Furtherinformation:Buffalopoliceshovingincident DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump BuffaloprotestershovedbyPolicecouldbeanANTIFAprovocateur.75yearoldMartinGuginowaspushedawayafterappearingtoscanpolicecommunicationsinordertoblackouttheequipment.@OANNIwatched,hefellharderthanwaspushed.Wasaimingscanner.Couldbeasetup? June9,2020[179] InatweetonJune9,2020,Trumpfalselyclaimedthata75-year-oldGeorgeFloydprotesterinBuffalo,NewYork,whowasknockedtogroundbytwopoliceofficers,"fellharderthanhewaspushed,"andcouldbean"antifaprovocateur."[180][181][182][183][184][185][186]Trump'stweetreferredtoaconspiracytheorypromotedbythefar-rightOneAmericaNewsNetworkchannel[187][188]andKristianRouzofOANN,whohasalsoworkedfortheRussianpropagandaoutletSputnikNews.[189]TheOANNclaimwasitselfbasedonanclaimonananonymousright-wingblog.[190][188]NoevidencesupportsTrump'sclaimsthatthemanwasan"antifa"member,[184][186][191]thattheincidentwasasetup,[185]thatthemanfell"harderthanhewaspushed,"[192]orthatthemanwasattemptingto"scan"policedevices.[183][185] "Whitepower"videoclip OnJune28,2020,Trumpretweetedavideoshowingprofaneargumentsbetweenanti-Trumpandpro-TrumpprotestersinTheVillages,Florida,aretirementcommunity.Inthevideo,apro-Trumpprotestercantwicebeheardyelling"whitepower"attheanti-Trumpprotesters.Inhistweet,Trumpthankedthepro-Trumpprotestersshowninthevideo,callingthem"greatpeople".[193][194][195] Thetweetwaswidelycriticizedasracist.[194]SenatorTimScottofSouthCarolina(theSenate'ssoleblackRepublican)calledthetweet"indefensible"andaskedTrumptodeleteit.[194][193]Trumpsubsequentlydeletedthepost,[194][193]withoutcondemningthe"whitepower"statementordisavowinghissupporter'sact.[194]WhiteHouseDeputyPressSecretaryJuddDeeredefendedTrump,claiming"PresidentTrumpisabigfanofTheVillages.Hedidnotheartheonestatementmadeonthevideo.Whathedidseewastremendousenthusiasmfromhismanysupporters."[194] ManyWhiteHouseofficialsclaimedtohavetriedtoreachouttoTrumpwhilethetweetwasstillupaskinghimtodeleteit,butthattheycouldn'treachhimbecausehehadputhisphonedownwhileplayinggolfathisVirginiagolfclub.[196] Electionclaimsandgrievances 2016campaign:TrumpTowerwiretappingallegations Mainarticle:TrumpTowerwiretappingallegations DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump Terrible!JustfoundoutthatObamahadmy"wirestapped"inTrumpTowerjustbeforethevictory.Nothingfound.ThisisMcCarthyism! March4,2017[a] InasuccessionoftweetsonMarch4,2017,[197][a]Trumpstatedhehad"justfoundout"thathispredecessorObamahadwiretappedthephonesinhisofficesatTrumpTowerduringthelastmonthsofthe2016election.Trumpdidnotsaywherehehadobtainedtheinformationandofferednoevidencetosupportit.[198]TrumpcomparedtheallegedintrusiontoMcCarthyismandWatergate.AnonymousWhiteHouseofficialstoldTheWashingtonPostthatTrumpdidnotappeartocoordinatehiscommentswithotherWhiteHouseofficials.[199] AlthoughnoevidencesupportedTrump'sclaims,thetweetsresultedinaweekofmediaattention.Fakenewswebsitesalsotookuptheallegations,andonefalselyclaimedthatawarrantforObama'sarresthadbeengiven.[197][199] InSeptember,CNNreportedthattheFBIwiretappedPaulManafort,Trump'sformercampaignchairman,in2016-17,eitherduringorafterhistenurewiththeTrumpcampaign.ItisnotknownwhetheranysurveillanceofManaforttookplaceatTrumpTowerandthereisnoevidencethatObamarequestedthewiretap,whichwasauthorizedbyaForeignIntelligenceSurveillanceAct(FISA)courtwarrant.[200][201][202][203] 2016campaign:InvestigationintoRussianinfluence Mainarticles:Russianinterferenceinthe2016UnitedStateselectionsandSpecialCounselinvestigation(2017–2019) TrumprepeatedlyattackedformerFBIDirectorJamesComey,whomTrumpdismissedfromoffice,viaTwitter.[204]TrumphaspostedanumberofangrytweetsdirectedatRobertMueller,whowasappointedasaspecialprosecutortoinvestigateRussianinterferenceinthe2016presidentialelection.[205][206] 2020campaign:Suggestionofdelayingelection OnJuly30,2020,Trumpclaimedthatuniversalmail-inballotsforthe2020electionwillleadtowidespreadfraud.Hethensuggestedthattheelectionshouldbe"delayed"—somethingthatTrumplackedthepowertodo.Trump'sproposalcamewithwidespreadbacklashfromleadersacrossthepoliticalspectrum,includingfromDemocraticHouseSpeakerNancyPelosi(whonotedthatonlyCongresscouldchangethedateoftheelection)[207][208]andSenateRepublicanswhorarelycriticizedTrump.[209][210][211][212]Laterthatday,Trumpsaidinapressconferencethathedoesnotwanttoseeadelayintheelectionbutrepeatedhisclaimsaboutvoterfraud.[213] 2020election:Attempttooverturnresults Mainarticles:2021UnitedStatesCapitolattackandAttemptstooverturnthe2020UnitedStatespresidentialelection DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realdonaldtrump TheVicePresidenthasthepowertorejectfraudulentlychosenelectors. 5January2021[214] OnJanuary5,2021—thedaybeforeCongressconvenedinjointsessiontocounttheelectoralvotesandformalizeBiden'svictoryinthepresidentialelection—TrumpfalselyclaimedonTwitterthatVicePresidentMikePencehadthepowertotossout"fraudulent"electoralvotes.[215] OnJanuary6,afteraviolentpro-TrumpmobstormedtheCapitolanddisruptedthecountingofelectoralvotes,TwitterdeclaredthattheyhadindefinitelylockedTrump'saccountfor"repeatedandsevereviolations"ofthesite'sCivicIntegritypolicy."Locking"meantthatTrumpcouldnotpostnewtweetsbutmeanwhilehisexistingtweetscouldstillbeviewedbythepublic.TwitterSafetysaidthat,ifTrumpdeletedthreespecifictweets,a12-hourwaitingperiodwouldgointoeffectandthenhisaccountwouldbeunlocked.Thetweetswereimmediatelydeleted.[216][217]Overnight,whileTrump'saccountwasstilllocked,amessagefromhimwaspostedtohisassistantDanScavino'saccount.Inthatmessage,Trumppromised"anorderlytransitiononJanuary20th"butalsoemphasizedthat"Itotallydisagreewiththeoutcomeoftheelection"andthatthismomentwas"onlythebeginningofourfight."[218] Trumpwouldonlytweetthreemoretimesfromhispersonalaccount.HisnexttweetwasonJanuary7at7:10 p.m.Eastern;itwasabriefvideothatwaswidelyreportedinthenewsashisconcessionspeech.Inthevideo,heacknowledgedthatanewadministrationwouldbeswornintoofficeandthathewouldnolongerbepresident.[219][220]OnJanuary8at9:46 a.m.Eastern,hecalledthepeoplewhovotedforhim"AmericanPatriots,"assuredtheywouldhavea"GIANTVOICE,"andaffirmedtheywouldnottoleratedisrespect.[221]At10:44 a.m.Eastern,hetweeted"IwillnotbegoingtotheInaugurationonJanuary20th."[222]Laterthatday,TwitterpermanentlysuspendedTrump'saccount,statingthatTrump'scontinuedtweetingwas"likelytoinspireotherstoreplicatetheviolentactsthattookplaceonJanuary6,2021"andthattherewere"multipleindicatorsthattheyarebeingreceivedandunderstoodasencouragementtodoso."[22] Othercontroversialtweets "Covfefe" Mainarticle:Covfefe DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump Despitetheconstantnegativepresscovfefe May30,2017[b] TheCOVFEFEAct OnMay31,2017,Trumpsentatweetthatread,initsentirety,"Despitetheconstantnegativepresscovfefe".ItimmediatelywentviralasanInternetmemeandasourceofjokes.[223][224]Itgotover127,000retweetsand162,000likes,makingitoneofTrump'smostpopulartweetsinmonths.Sixhourslater,Trumpdeleteditandissuedanewtweetaskingwhatpeoplethoughtcovfefemightmean.[225]TheIndependentlaterspeculatedthatcovfefewasatypoforcoverage.[226] Off-camera,atapressbriefinglaterthesameday,WhiteHousepresssecretarySeanSpicerexplainedthat"thepresidentandasmallgroupofpeopleknowexactlywhathemeant".Nofurtherexplanationwasgivenduringthebriefing.[227]SomereporterssaidthatSpicerdidnotappeartobejoking.ConservativecolumnistJonahGoldbergsuggestedintheNationalReviewthat"SpicerfeelscompelledtoprotectthemythofTrumpianinfallibilityatallcosts".[228]TheAtlantic'sMeganGarberfeltthatSpicer'sresponsefurtherdividedtheWhiteHousefromthepublicbyunnecessarilycreatinga"whiffofconspiracy"aroundalikelytypo.[229]AtTheWashingtonPost,CallumBorchersarguedthatSpicer'sresponsehadbeendeliberatelyobscuretodistractthepublicfromothercontroversies.[230] LeonidBershidsky,writingforBloombergView,comparedthephenomenontoPresidentRonaldReagan'sjokeonalivemicrophone,"Webeginbombinginfiveminutes."[231]BillCoffinofComplianceWeekcomparedthetwoincidents:"InReagan'scase,heimmediatelyadmittedtheerrorandsquashedit.InTrump'scase,hesentawrongmessageandthenallowedittositforhoursuntended."[232] Aboutayearlater,onMay17,2018,Trumpjokinglysaid"Ihearcovfefe"inresponsetotheYannyorLaurelmeme.[233] CommentsonSadiqKhan MayorofLondonSadiqKhan Afterthe2017LondonBridgeattack,MayorofLondonSadiqKhancondemneditandsaidthat"thecityremainsoneofthesafestintheworld"andtherewas"noreasontobealarmed"overtheincreasedpolicepresencearoundthecity.[234][235]ThelattercommentwastakenoutofcontextandcriticizedbyTrumpinatweet:"Atleast7deadand48woundedinterrorattackandMayorofLondonsaysthereis'noreasontobealarmed!'"[236][237] Trump'scommentsweredescribedasadeliberatemisrepresentationofKhan'sremarksbyKhan'sspokesman,[238]aswellasbyformerU.S.vicepresidentAlGore.PrimeMinisterTheresaMaysaidthat"SadiqKhanisdoingagoodjobanditiswrongtosayanythingelse".[237]ConservativeministerPennyMordauntandLiberalDemocratleaderTimFarronalsobackedKhan.Farronsaid,"SadiqKhanhasshowncalmanddignifiedresolveinthefaceofthesecowardlyterroristattacks.HeismoreofastatesmanthanDonaldTrumpwilleverbe."[239]LewisLukens,theformerUSambassadortotheUK,andtheUnitedStatesConferenceofMayorsdeclaredtheirsupport,withLukenscommendingKhan's"strongleadership"inleadingLondonforwardaftertheattackandalsopraisingthe"extraordinaryresponse"fromthelawenforcementcommunity.[240][241]TrumptweetedthefollowingdaythattheLondonMayorwasofferinga"patheticexcuse"forhisstatement,andallegingthatthemainstreammediawere"workinghardtosell"Khan'sexplanation.[237][238][242][243]WhenaskedaboutthesecommentsfollowingavigilheldnearTowerBridge,Khanstatedthathewasbusydealingwiththeaftermathoftheattackanddeclaredthathehasnot"gotthetimetorespondtotweetsfromDonaldTrump".[243] Trump'ssons,DonaldTrumpJr.andEricTrump,defendedhiscommentsandclaimedthatKhan,whoworkedalongwiththesecurityservicesandheldavigilforvictimsoftheattack,wasnotdoingenoughtocombatterrorism.TrumpJr.statedthatKhanshouldstopattackinghisfather,despitethefactthatKhandidnotrespondtoTrump'scomments.[244] SenatorJohnMcCaincriticizedthecommentsmadebyTrump,statingthatAmericawas"notshowingleadershiparoundtheworld."[245]Duringthesamediscussion,McCainalsocommentedthattheformerpresidentBarackObamaandhisadministrationhadofferedbetterleadership.Helaterpartiallyretractedbystatingthatonlycertain"differentaspects"werebetterduringObama'spresidency,butstillstoodbyhiscriticismofTrump'ssocialmediaviews.[246][247] CommentsonMorningJoehosts DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump Iheardpoorlyrated@Morning_Joespeaksbadlyofme(don'twatchanymore).ThenhowcomelowI.Q.CrazyMika,alongwithPsychoJoe,came.. June29,2017[248] DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump …toMar-a-Lago3nightsinarowaroundNewYear'sEve,andinsistedonjoiningme.Shewasbleedingbadlyfromaface-lift.Isaidno! June29,2017[248] OnJune29,2017,TrumptweetedaboutMorningJoehostsMikaBrzezinskiandJoeScarborough,whoearlierinthedayhadtalkedaboutTrumpontheirshow.Thetweetsreferredtothehostsas"lowI.Q.CrazyMika,alongwithPsychoJoe",andclaimedthatBrzezinskitriedtojoinTrumponNewYear'sEvebutwasdeclinedbecauseshewasbleedingfromafacelift.[249] Thecommentswerequicklymetwithcondemnationfromboththeleftandtheright.PaulRyan,SpeakeroftheHouse,stated,"Obviously,Idon'tseethatasanappropriatecomment."[249]NancyPelosi,MinorityLeaderoftheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,statedthatthetweet"reallysaddensmebecauseitissobeneaththedignityofthepresidentoftheUnitedStatestoengageinsuchbehavior".[250]MaineRepublicanSenatorSusanCollinstweeted,"Thishastostop–weallhaveajob–3branchesofgov'tandmedia.Wedon'thavetogetalong,butwemustshowrespectandcivility."[250]RebukesalsocamefromOklahomaRepublicansenatorJamesLankford,NewYorkDemocraticrepresentativeNitaLowey,andKansasRepublicanrepresentativeLynnJenkins.[250] MSNBCstated,"It'sasaddayforAmericawhenthepresidentspendshistimebullying,lyingandspewingpettypersonalattacksinsteadofdoinghisjob."[251]AaronBlakeofTheWashingtonPostwroteanarticletitled"Trump'sverybadtweetsaboutMikaBrzezinskiareamicrocosmofhisstrugglingpresidency."[252] SeeminglyindefenseofTrump,MelaniaTrump'sspokeswomanStephanieGrishamreleasedthestatement:"AstheFirstLadyhasstatedpubliclyinthepast,whenherhusbandgetsattacked,hewillpunchback10timesharder."[248]SarahHuckabeeSandersstated,"Look,Idon'tthinkthatthepresident'severbeensomeonewhogetsattackedanddoesn'tpushback....ThisisapresidentwhofightsfirewithfireandcertainlywillnotbeallowedtobebulliedbyliberalmediaandtheliberalelitesinHollywoodoranywhereelse."[253] OnJuly1,2017,Trumptweeted"CrazyJoeScarboroughanddumbasarockMikaarenotbadpeople,buttheirlowratedshowisdominatedbytheirNBCbosses.Toobad!"[254] Afterthesetweets,Trump'sapprovalratingdecreasedfrom40%to37%,accordingtoaGalluppoll.[57]However,theRealClearPoliticsaverageofpollsshowedhisapprovalratingremainedvirtuallyunchangedinthesametimeperiod.[255] JoeScarboroughsmear Furtherinformation:VeracityofstatementsbyDonaldTrump§ JoeScarboroughmurderconspiracytheory,andMikaBrzezinski§ Trumptweets DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump WhenwilltheyopenaColdCaseonthePsychoJoeScarboroughmatterinFlorida.Didhegetawaywithmurder?Somepeoplethinkso.WhydidheleaveCongresssoquietlyandquickly?Isn'titobvious?What'shappeningnow?Atotalnutjob! May12,2020[256] TrumprepeatedlyusedTwittertosmearScarboroughbyfalselysuggestingthathewasinvolvedinthe2001deathofLoriKlausutis,whohadbeenoneofScarborough'scongressionalaides.[257]KlausutisdiedinScarborough'sdistrictofficeinFortWaltonBeach,Florida,aftershefaintedandhitherhead;themedicalexaminer'sautopsyrevealedthatshehadhadanundiagnosedheartconditionthatcausedthedeath,whichoccurredwhenScarboroughwasinWashington,andtherewasnoevidenceofanyfoulplay.[258]In2017,TrumpsuggestedthatScarboroughtobefired"basedonthe'unsolvedmystery'thattookplaceinFloridayearsago"andwrote"Investigate!"[257]InaseriesoftweetsinMay2020,TrumpcalledScarborougha"psycho"andagainsuggestedthathehadmurderedKlausutis.[258][257][256] Twitterrefusedtodeletethetweet,despitearequestfromTimothyKlausutis,Lori'swidower,whoinMay2020wrotealettertoTwitterCEOJackDorsey(subsequentlypublishedbyTheNewYorkTimes),callinguponTwittertoremoveTrump'stweets.[258][256]Klausutispointedoutthat"anordinaryuserlikemewouldbebanishedfromtheplatformforsuchatweet"andwrote,"Theseconspiracytheorists,includingmostrecentlythePresidentoftheUnitedStates,continuetospreadtheirbileandmisinformationonyourplatformdisparagingthememoryofmywifeandourmarriage....thePresidentoftheUnitedStateshastakensomethingthatdoesnotbelongtohim—thememoryofmydeadwife—andperverteditforperceivedpoliticalgain."[256]Trump'spromotionofthedebunkedconspiracydrewrarerebukesfromsomeRepublicanofficialssuchasAdamKinzinger,LizCheney,andMittRomney.[259][260]aswellassomeconservativemediaoutlets,includingTheWallStreetJournalandtheWashingtonExaminer.[261] Attacksonfederaljudges,officials,departmentsandFBI Aspresident,Trumpfrequentlytweetedpersonalattacksagainstfederaljudgeswhohaveruledagainsthimincourtcases.[262][263][264]InFebruary2017,TrumpreferredtoU.S.districtjudgeJamesRobart,whohadenjoinedTrump'stravelbanfromtakingeffect,asa"so-calledjudge"andwrote,"Ifsomethinghappensblamehimandcourtsystem.Peoplepouringin.Bad!"[264]Legalexpertsexpressedconcernsthatsuchcommentsunderminedthefederaljudiciaryandcould"underminepublicconfidenceinaninstitutioncapablecheckinghispower."[263] InJune2017,TrumpcriticizedhisownUnitedStatesDepartmentofJusticefordefendinghis"watereddown,politicallycorrectversion"ofatravelban(whichTrumpsignedinMarch2017)incourt,ratherthananinitialversionofthebanthatTrumphassignedinJanuary2017(andwaslaterdeclaredunconstitutionalbyfederalcourts).[265][266][267]InJanuary2018,TrumptweetedthathisJusticeDepartmentispartoftheAmerican"deepstate".[268]InMarch2018,Trumptweetedthat"therewastremendousleaking,lyingandcorruptionatthehighestlevelsoftheFBI,Justice&State"Departments.[269]PreviouslyinDecember2017,TrumptweetedthattheFBI's"reputation"wasatitsworsteverafteryearsunderJamesComey.[270] InJune2017,TrumptweetedthatDeputyAttorneyGeneralRodRosenstein'sinvestigationofTrump(viaaspecialcounselRobertMueller)wasa"witchhunt".[271]InMarch2018,Trumpreiteratedthatthe"Muellerprobeshouldneverhavebeenstarted"andwasa"WITCHHUNT!".[272] TrumphastweeteddisapprovalofAttorneyGeneralJeffSessionsonvariousoccasions.[273][274][275][276][277] InOctober2017,TrumptweetedthatSecretaryofStateRexTillersonwas"wastinghistimetryingtonegotiatewith"NorthKoreanleaderKimJong-un.[278]InMarch2018,TrumpfiredTillersonviaatweet.[279] InFebruary2018,afterNationalSecurityAdvisorH.R.McMastersaidtherewas"incontrovertible"evidencethatRussiahadinterferedinthe2016election,TrumptweetedthatMcMaster"forgottosay"thattheRussianshadcolludedwiththeDemocratsandthattheRussianshadnotimpactedtheelectionresults.[280] CommentsonTheSquad Furtherinformation:Gobacktowhereyoucamefrom OnJuly14,2019,TrumptweetedthatcertainDemocraticcongresswomen—freshmenRepresentativesAlexandriaOcasio-Cortez,RashidaTlaib,AyannaPressley,andIlhanOmar,aninformalgroupingknownas"TheSquad,"allofwhomhavebeencriticalofTrump—should"gobackandhelpfixthetotallybrokenandcrimeinfestedplacesfromwhichtheycame"ratherthancriticizetheAmericangovernment.[281][282]Trump'stweetwaswidelydescribedasracist.[283][284][285] Ocasio-Cortez,Tlaib,andPressleyareallnative-borncitizensoftheUnitedStates,andOmarhasbeenanaturalizedcitizensince2000.Trump's"goback"Tweetwasanexampleoffalseattributionofforeignness.[286][287]HousespeakerNancyPelosidescribedTrump'stweetsasxenophobic.[281][282]SeveralRepublicansenatorsandrepresentativescondemnedTrump'stweetsasxenophobicandnotrepresentativeoftheparty'svaluesandrequestedthathedisavowthem.[288]TwodaysafterTrump'stweet,theHouseofRepresentativesvoted240–187tocondemnTrump's"racistcomments";allDemocratsvotedtopasstheresolutionofcondemnation,butonly4ofthe197HouseRepublicansjoinedthem.[285][12]Manywhitenationalists/whitesupremacistspraisedTrump'stweet.[289][290]Commentatorspointedoutthatduringthecampaign,TrumphadcriticizedAmericainfarstrongertermsthanthosenowusedbySquadmembers.[291]Trump'sremarkswerecondemnedbymanyworldleadersincludingCanadianprimeministerJustinTrudeau(whosaidthatthecommentswere"hurtful,wrongandcompletelyunacceptable"),[292]GermanChancellorAngelaMerkel(whoexpressed"solidaritywiththeattackedwomen"),[293]andpresidentoftheEuropeanCouncilDonaldTusk("sometimesifyoufeelthatsomethingistotallyunacceptableyouhavetoreactdespitebusiness,despiteinterests").[292] Trumpdeniedthathistweetswereracistanddidnotapologizeforhisremarks,sayingataWhiteHousepressconference,"Ifsomebodyhasaproblemwithourcountry,ifsomeonedoesn'twanttobeinourcountry,theyshouldleave."[294] InAugust2019,TrumptweetedthatOmarandTlaibresolutely"hateIsrael&allJewishpeople",andthatIsraelpermittingthemtovisitthecountrywould"showgreatweakness".Lessthantwohourslater,IsraelblockedtheentryofOmarandTlaib,whichwasareversalfromstatementsmadeinJuly2019byIsraeliAmbassadortotheUnitedStatesRonDermer.SpokesmenforIsraeliministersdidnotciteTrumpascontributingtotheblockage.[295]TrumpapplaudedIsrael'sdecisionwhilecontinuinghiscriticismofOmarandTlaib;hedescribedthemas"thefaceoftheDemocratParty,andtheyHATEIsrael".[296] RetweetingJeffreyEpsteinconspiracytheory Furtherinformation:DeathofJeffreyEpstein§ Homicidesuspicionsandconspiracytheories InAugust2019,afterthedeathofJeffreyEpstein,Trumpretweetedavideofromright-wingcomedianTerrenceK.WilliamsthatbaselesslyaccusedtheClintonsofmurderingEpstein.Trump'spromotionoffalseconspiracytheorieswascondemned;U.S.SenatorCoryBookerofNewJersey,thenacandidatefortheDemocraticpresidentialnomination,warnedthatTrump's"whippingpeopleintoanger"couldleadtoviolence.[297]Trumpdefendedtheretweet,callingWilliams"ahighlyrespectedconservativepundit"andthenrepeatedhissuggestionthattheClintonsmighthavemurderedEpstein.[257][298] "Liberate"tweets DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,severalpeopleprotestedthelockdownsanddemandedthatstatesbereopened.OnApril17,PresidentTrumptweetedcallingforthe"liberation"ofMichigan,Minnesota,andVirginiainallcaps.ThetweetswerewidelycriticizedandLiberateAmericasoontrendedonTwitterafterTrump'sremarks.[299][300] DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump LIBERATEMICHIGAN! April17,2020[301] DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump LIBERATEMINNESOTA! April17,2020[302] DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump LIBERATEVIRGINIA,andsaveyourgreat2ndAmendment.Itisundersiege! April17,2020[303] RetweetingunlicensedLinkinParksong InJuly2020,LinkinParkissuedaceaseanddesistlettertoDonaldTrumpforretweetingacampaignvideothatfeaturedanunlicensedsong.Twittersoondisabledthevideo.[304] CallingTrendingonTwittersectionillegal OnJuly27,2020,PresidentTrumpcriticizedtheTwitterTrendingsectionforspreadingtrendsthatnegativelyportrayedhim,callingit"reallyridiculous,illegal,and,ofcourse,veryunfair!"[305]ManyTwitteruserscondemnedthistweet,claimingthatusersweresimplyexercisingFirstAmendmentrights.Inresponsetothetweet,"#TrumpleThinSkin"and"#ThePresidentIsACrybaby"becametrendinghashtagsintheUnitedStates.[306] DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump SodisgustingtowatchTwitter'sso-called"Trending",wheresooomanytrendsareaboutme,andneveragoodone.Theylookforanythingtheycanfind,makeitasbadaspossible,andblowitup,tryingtomakeittrend.Reallyridiculous,illegal,and,ofcourse,veryunfair! July27,2020[307] Tweetsonillegalimmigrants InanefforttopresshiscampaignfortheborderwallbetweentheU.S.andMexico,Trumprepeatedlypostedtweetsseeking"topaintaportraitofwidespreadcriminalconductbyundocumentedimmigrants."[308]Histweetsonillegalimmigrationcontainednonsensical[309]andexaggeratedfigures,[308]andlackedsignificantcontext.[308]Forexample,inJanuary2019,Trumpcomplainedthat"thecostofillegalimmigration"forthefourweeksoftheyear"is$18,959,495,168"andthatthe"atleast25,772,342illegalaliens"wereintheU.S.;neitherclaimwasaccurate,andtheadministrationdidnotrespondtorequeststoexplainthesefigures.[309]Inothertweets,Trumpexaggeratedthepercentageoffederalprisonimmateswhowereunauthorizedimmigrantsandthenumberoftheillegalborder-crossings(whichhadbeendecliningforalmost20yearsbythetimeTrumptookoffice).[308]Trumpalsoseizeduponhigh-profilecrimescommittedbyillegalimmigrants,suchasWilburErnestoMartinez-Guzman,[310][311]GustavoArriagaPerez,[312]andCristhianBahenaRivera.[313] TweetsabouttheAmericansuburbs OnJuly23,2020,Trumptweetedthatthe"suburbanhousewivesofAmerica"mustreadanarticlefromtheNewYorkPost,claimingthathisDemocraticrivalJoeBidenwould"destroyyourneighborhoodandtheAmericandream"ifelected.[314] AlsoinJuly2020,theTrumpadministrationhadmadechangestotheAffirmativelyFurtheringFairHousingimplementedbytheObamaadministration.Thisactmandatedlocalcommunitiestofixanyprejudicesregardingbuildinglow-incomehousingbeforereceivingfederalfunds.Trumptweetedthat"peoplelivingtheirSuburbanLifestyleDream"would"nolongerbebothered"bylow-incomehousingbeingbuiltintheircommunities.[315] SpreadofCOVID-19misinformation Furtherinformation:MisinformationrelatedtotheCOVID-19pandemic OnOctober5,2020,TrumptweetedthathewouldbeleavingWalterReedArmyMedicalCenter,3daysafterbeingadmittedaftertestingpositiveforCOVID-19,writing"Don'tbeafraidofCovid.Don'tletitdominateyourlife.Wehavedeveloped,undertheTrumpAdministration,somereallygreatdrugs&knowledge.IfeelbetterthanIdid20yearsago!"[316][317]Trump'stweetunderminedpublichealthmessagingandencouragedfollowerstodisregardrecommendationstopreventthespreadofCOVID-19.[317]Scientific,medical,publichealth,andethicalexperts,pandemicsurvivors,andthefamiliesthosekilledbyCOVID-19expressedhorroranddismayatTrump'sattempttodownplaytheCOVID-19pandemicintheUnitedStates,[316][317]whichatthetimeofTrump'stweethadkilledatleast210,000Americans.[317] InTwitterandFacebookpostsearlythenextmorning,TrumpfalselyclaimedthatseasonalfluwasmorelethalthanCOVID-19;Twitterplacedawarningmessageoverthetweet,whileFacebookdeletedinentirely,basedonthesites'policiesagainstthespreadofCOVID-19misinformation.[318][319]Severalhourslater,Trumpreactedbytweeting:"REPEALSECTION230!!!"—areferencetoSection230,thesectionofU.S.lawthatimmunizestechnologycompaniesfromliabilityformoderationdecisions.[318] Tweetsduringfirstimpeachment Trumpmadeseveralcontroversialtweetsduringhisimpeachmentinquiry,firstimpeachmentbytheHouse(December2019),andfirstSenatetrialandacquittal(February2020). "CivilWar"tweet InalateSeptember2019tweet,TrumpcontroversiallyquotedTexaspastorRobertJeffress,whostatedthatifTrumpwasremovedfromoffice,itwouldcausea"CivilWarlikefracture,fromwhichthiscountrywouldneverheal".[320]HiscommentswerecriticizedbySenatorKamalaHarris(DemocratofCalifornia),whourgedTwittertosuspendTrump'saccount,[321]andRepresentativeAdamKinzinger(RepublicanofIllinois),whocalledit"beyondrepugnant."[322]HarvardLawSchoolprofessorJohnCoatesarguedthat"asittingpresidentthreateningcivilwarifCongressexercisesitsconstitutionallyauthorizedpower"constitutedanindependentgroundforimpeachment.[323]MaryB.McCordofGeorgetownUniversityLawSchool,aformerJusticeDepartmentnationalsecurityofficial,saidthatarmedmilitia-movementgroupswerelikelytotakeTrump's"civilwar"tweetsseriously.[320]#CivilWar2trendedonTwittersoonafterTrump'stweet.[324] ThreatsagainstRepresentativeAdamSchiffandwhistleblower TrumprepeatedlyusedTwittertoattackandthreatenU.S.RepresentativeAdamSchiff,thechairmanoftheHouseIntelligenceCommittee,wholedtheinvestigationintotheTrump–UkrainescandalandservedastheleadHouseimpeachmentmanagerduringTrump'sSenatetrial.[325][326]InaSeptember30,2019tweet,TrumpsuggestedthatSchiffbearrestedfortreason.[327]InaJanuary26,2020tweet,duringhisSenatetrial,TrumpcalledSchiff"aCORRUPTPOLITICIAN,andprobablyaverysickman"who"hasnotpaidtheprice,yet,forwhathehasdonetoourCountry!"[326]WhenaskedabouttheapparentveiledthreatonMeetthePress,[328]SchiffsaidhebelievedthatTrumpintendedtothreatenhimandsaidthatTrumpwasa"wrathfulandvindictivepresident"[326]who"wantstoatleastgivethesuggestionthattheretributionshouldbeofakindotherthanattheballotbox."[329] TrumpalsorepeatedlyusedTwittertoattackandthreatenthewhistleblowerwhosubmittedareporttotheIntelligenceCommunityinspectorgeneralaboutTrump'sconduct;TrumpalsousedTwittertospreadconspiracytheoriesaboutthewhistleblower.[325][330]InDecember2019,TrumpretweetedalinktoanunconfirmedWashingtonExaminerstorythatpurportedtoidentifythewhistleblower,althoughwhistle-blowers'identifiesareprotectedbyfederallaw.[331][332]Trumpwascriticizedforthis.[331][332] Lynchingtweet InlateOctober2019,Trumptweetedthattheimpeachmentinquiryagainsthimwas"alynching"andthathelacked"dueprocessorfairnessoranylegalrights."Thetweet,andespeciallyitsraciallychargedlanguage,drewwidespreadbacklash,withDemocratscondemningtheremarksandsomeRepublicansissuingmildcriticism.[333][334](HouseMinorityLeaderKevinMcCarthycalledit"notthelanguageIwoulduse"andSenateMajorityLeaderMitchMcConnellcalleditan"unfortunatechoiceofwords.")[335]SomeRepublicanssupportedTrump'scomparisontoa"lynching"ordefendedhiscomments,suchasSenatorLindseyGrahamofSouthCarolinaandCongressmanJimJordanofOhio.[336][337] BlockingofTwitterusers Furtherinformation:KnightFirstAmendmentInstitutev.Trump The@realDonaldTrumpaccounthasblockedanunknownnumberofTwitteraccountsfromviewinghisTwitterfeed,includingindividualssuchasRosieO'Donnell,AnneRice,ChrissyTeigen,StephenKing,BessKalb,AndySignore,AngeloCarusone,LauraPackardandDanielDale,andorganizationssuchasVoteVets.org.[338][339][340][341] InJuly2017,alawsuitwasbroughtbytheKnightFirstAmendmentInstituteatColumbiaUniversityintheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheSouthernDistrictofNewYork.TheplaintiffsweresevenTwitterusers–PhilipN.Cohen,EugeneGu,HollyFigueroaO'Reilly,NicholasPappas,JosephM.Papp,RebeccaBuckwalter-Poza,andBrandonNeely–whoseaccountshadbeenblockedbyTrump'spersonalTwitteraccount,allegingthatthe@realDonaldTrumpaccountconstitutesapublicforum.[342]Thelawsuitarguedthatblockingaccesstothe@realDonaldTrumpaccountisaviolationofconstitutionalrightsandaviolationoftheplaintiff'sFirstAmendmentrights.[343]ThelawsuitalsonamedasdefendantsWhiteHousepresssecretarySeanSpicerandsocialmediadirectorDanScavino.[344][345] In2018,JudgeNaomiReiceBuchwaldruledthattheplaintiffs"wereindisputablyblockedasaresultofviewpointdiscrimination";thatelementsof@realDonaldTrumpconstituteapublicforum;andthatviewpointdiscriminationinthoseelementsthatarepublicforumsviolatedtheFirstAmendment.[346]Afterthisruling,the7Twitterusersthatwereapartofthelawsuitwereunblocked.[347]InAugust,theKnightFirstAmendmentInstitutesentalettertotheU.S.JusticeDepartmentrequestingthatthePresidentcomplywiththeJudge'srulingandunblockalistof41additionalTwitterusers,includingDannyZuker,MoveOnactivistJordanUhl,healthcareactivistLauraPackard,andjournalistslikeAlexKotchandJulesSuzdaltsev.[348]Thoseuserswerethenunblockedby@realDonaldTrump.[349] In2019,theSecondCircuitupheldBuchwald'sruling,statingthatbecauseTrumphasconductedofficialgovernmentbusinessoverTwitter,hecannotblockAmericansfromtheaccountbasedonviewpoint.[350] InJuly2020,TheKnightFirstAmendmentInstituteatColumbiaUniversitysuedDonaldTrumpagain,onbehalfofusersthatwereblockedbeforeTrump'sinauguration,orwhowerenotabletoidentifywhichtweetpromptedTrumptoblockthem.[351] TrumppetitionedtheSupremeCourtinAugust2020tohearhisappealoftheSecondCircuit'sdecisiontoupholdJudgeBuchwald'sopinion.Trump'spetitionrequestedtheSupremeCourttoanswerthequestion"WhethertheFirstAmendmentdeprivesagovernmentofficialofhisrighttocontrolhispersonalTwitteraccountbyblockingthird-partyaccountsifheusesthatpersonalaccountinparttoannounceofficialactionsandpolicies."[352]Post-election,thiscaseisstillpendingbeforetheSupremeCourt.[353] Effectsonlitigation Trump'sstatementsintweetshavebeencitedincourtchallengesagainsthisactionsaspresident;hisTwitterpostsonMuslimshavebeensignificantinlegalchallengestoExecutiveOrder13769(whichTrumphascalleda"travelban"),ascourtshaveconsideredTrump'sstatementsintheirassessmentsofthemotivationsandpurposeoftheorder.[354]In2017,Trump'stweetswerecitedbyboththeU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFourthCircuitandtheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheNinthCircuit,whichupheldrulingsblockingTrump'sexecutiveorderasunconstitutional.Initsopinion,theFourthCircuitcitedthe"backdropofpublicstatementsbythePresidentandhisadvisersandrepresentatives"asevidencethattheorder"dripswithreligiousintolerance,animus,anddiscrimination";theNinthCircuitwrotethat"throughoutthesejudicialproceedings,thepresidenthascontinuedtomakegeneralized,ofteninflammatory,statementsabouttheMuslimfaithanditsadherents,"includingthroughTweets.[355]PeterJ.Spiro,alegalscholaratTempleUniversity,notedthatTrump'sNovember2017tweetsofanti-MuslimvideoswouldalmostcertainlybecitedbychallengerstoTrump'sthirdversionofatravelbanasevidencethattheorderswereunconstitutionallymotivatedbyanti-Muslimanimus.[356] Trump'stweetswerealsocitedbytheU.S.DistrictCourtfortheDistrictofColumbiainitsrulinginJaneDoev.TrumpissuingapreliminaryinjunctionblockingTrump'sbanonservicebytransgenderpeopleinthemilitaryfromgoingintoeffect.ThecourtdeterminedthatTrump'ssuddenpolicyannouncementonTwittercommentunderminedhisclaimthatthebanwasmotivatedbygenuineconcernformilitaryefficiency.[357][358][359]Thecourtwrote:"[Trump]abruptlyannounced,viaTwitter –withoutanyoftheformalityordeliberativeprocessesthatgenerallyaccompanythedevelopmentandannouncementofmajorpolicychangesthatwillgravelyaffectthelivesofmanyAmericans –thatalltransgenderindividualswouldbeprecludedfromparticipatinginthemilitaryinanycapacity.ThesecircumstancesprovideadditionalsupportforPlaintiffs'claimthatthedecisiontoexcludetransgenderindividualswasnotdrivenbygenuineconcernsregardingmilitaryefficacy."[357][358] Effectsonthestockmarket OnDecember22,2016,Trumpposted:'BasedonthetremendouscostandcostoverrunsoftheLockheedMartinF-35,IhaveaskedBoeingtoprice-outacomparableF-18SuperHornet!'[360]Afterthispost,thestocksofLockheedMartindroppedsignificantlyandthestockpriceofBoeingincreasedslightly.[citationneeded]AnotherexampleistheonAugust17,2017postonAmazon:'Amazonisdoinggreatdamagetotaxpayingretailers.Towns,citiesandstatesthroughouttheU.S.arebeinghurt–manyjobsbeinglost!'[361]Afterwards,themarketcapitalizationofAmazondeclinedby$6billion.[362]However,therearealsocontraryexamples:TheNewYorkTimesstockremainedstableorevenrosewhenTrumppostedabout'failingTheNewYorkTimes.'[363] OnAugust19,2020,PresidentTrumpcalledforaboycottforGoodyearTiresonTwitterafteranimageofaGoodyearemployeetrainingleakeddisplayingaslideshowingthat"BlackLivesMatter"andLGBTgearareallowedtobeworn,however,"BlueLivesMatter,"and"MAGA"geararenotallowedtobeworn.Goodyearstockfell6%shortlyafterthetweet.Inaddition,stocksfromseveralofGoodyear'srivals,suchasBridgestone,gainedvalue.[364]GoodyearlaterreleasedastatementstatingthattheGoodyearcorporationdidnotcreatetheslideandaskedallemployeestoremainapolitical.[365] DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump Don'tbuyGOODYEARTIRES–TheyannouncedaBANONMAGAHATS.Getbettertiresforfarless!(ThisiswhattheRadicalLeftDemocratsdo.Twocanplaythesamegame,andwehavetostartplayingitnow!). August19,2020[366] Deletionoftweets Furtherinformation:CREWandNationalSecurityArchivev.TrumpandEOP WhiletheNationalArchivesandRecordsAdministrationhasrecommendedarchivingallsocialmediapostingstocomplywiththePresidentialRecordsAct,theTrumpadministrationhasdeletedmultiplepublicposts.[367]InJune2017,thewatchdoggroupCREWandtheNationalSecurityArchivefiledsuitagainstTrump,contendingthatdeletionoftweetsisthedestructionofpresidentialrecordsinviolationofthePresidentialRecordsActof1981.[368] FollowingAlabamasenatorLutherStrange'slosstoJusticeRoyMooreintheSeptember2017primaryfortheSenatespecialelection,TrumpdeletedatleasttwotweetspreviouslypostedinsupportofStrange.[369]InNovember2017,followingcriticism[370]fromtheofficeoftheBritishPrimeMinisterregardingTrump'sretweetingofseveralvideosfromfar-rightBritishnationalistgroupBritainFirst(see§ BritainFirstvideos),TrumptweetedatTwitteruser@theresamay,whilepresumablyintendingtotarget@theresa_may;Trumplaterdeletedtheoriginaltweet,[371]andsentanewtweet[372]targeting@theresa_maywiththesamecontent.[373] Cautionontweets Underits"civicintegrity"policycreatedin2018andexpandedinMay2020,[374][375]Twitterscrutinizesstatementsthatmayaffectparticipationindemocracy.Twitterhasinvitedcertainnonprofitstoflagproblematictweetsinthissubjectarea.[376]TwitteralsoannouncedonMay11thatitwouldbegintoflag"misleadinginformation."[377]InNovember2020,Twitterclarifiedthat,whileitmaychoosetomerelyflagtheoffensivetweetsof"currentworldleadersandcandidatesforoffice,"whenthosepeopleleaveofficeandbecome"privatecitizens"again,theywillbetreatedlikeeveryoneelseandtheiraccountscanbesuspended.[378] "Getthefactsaboutmail-inballots" Twitterplacedafact-checkadvisoryonTrump'stweetsforthefirsttimeonMay26,2020.[379][380]Thatmorning,intwotweets,Trumpallegedthatmail-inballotswouldbe"substantiallyfraudulent,"resultingina"RiggedElection."[381][382]Hourslater,Twitterplacedanexclamation-pointicononeachofthesetweetswiththetext"Getthefactsaboutmail-inballots,"linkingtoapagethatsaidthatTrump'sallegationsoffraudwere"unsubstantiated".[383]Thistypeoffact-checkingmoderationhadbeenintroducedearlierinresponsetomisinformationspreadduringtheCOVID-19pandemictohelpTwitterusersgetcorrectinformation,andwasthefirsttimeTwitterstaffoptedtouseitonTrump'stweets.[384] Inresponse,onMay28,Trumpsignedanexecutiveorderchallengingtheliabilityprotectionscurrentlygiventosocialmediaplatforms.[385]Section230oftheCommunicationsDecencyAct,sometimesreferredtoas"the26wordsthatcreatedtheinternet,"treatssocialmediacompaniesas"platforms"ratherthan"publishers"andtherebyreducestheirresponsibilityforwhattheiruserssay.[386][387]Trumpsoughttoincreasethelegalresponsibilityofsocialmediacompaniesforwhattheiruserssay,therebyexposingthemtolawsuits.ExpertschallengedthelegalityofmanysectionsoftheexecutiveorderasrunningafouloftheFirstAmendment,aswellasmakingdemandsofindependentagenciesoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentthatarestatutorilyoutsidepresidentialcontrol.[388] "Glorifyingviolence" Twittermarkedthistweetwitha"publicinterestnotice",deemingitas"glorifyingviolence".[389] DonaldJ.Trump Twitter @realDonaldTrump Replyingto@realDonaldTrump ....TheseTHUGSaredishonoringthememoryofGeorgeFloyd,andIwon'tletthathappen.JustspoketoGovernorTimWalzandtoldhimthattheMilitaryiswithhimalltheway.Anydifficultyandwewillassumecontrolbut,whenthelootingstarts,theshootingstarts.Thankyou! May29,2020[390] ProtestsbrokeoutinMinneapolisandthroughouttheUnitedStatesaftertheMay25murderofGeorgeFloyd,anAfrican-Americanman,byDerekChauvin,awhiteMinneapolispoliceofficer.Trump,inbothTwitterandFacebookpostsinthelateeveningonMay28,saidhehadtalkedtoMinnesotagovernorTimWalzaboutbringingtheNationalGuardtohelpsecurethecity.Hesaidthegovernmentwaspreparedto"assumecontrol.""Whenthelootingstarts,theshootingstarts,"Trumpwarned,usingaphrasemadeinfamousbyMiamiPoliceChiefWalterE.Headleyin1967thatwasbelievedtohaveinflamedviolenceinthatcity.[390][391][392]Twitterdecidedtomarkthetweetwitha"publicinterestnotice"deemingitas"glorifyingviolence";theyacknowledgedtheycouldhaveremovedthetweetentirelybutmaintainedthat"itisimportantthatthepublicstillbeabletoseetheTweetgivenitsrelevancetoongoingmattersofpublicimportance."[389][393]Facebookoptedtotakenoactionabouttheequivalentpostmadeonitsplatform;CEOMarkZuckerbergsaidthatthismessageandsimilaronesdidnotviolateFacebook'sacceptableusepolicies.Journalists[394]andcivilrightsleaders[395]criticizedthecompany'sstandards,andFacebookemployeesstagedavirtualwalkoutonJune1todemandthatmanagementdealwithTrump'sposts.[396] SeveraldayslatertheWhiteHouseTwitteraccountpostedaseriesofvideosfalselyaccusingantifagroupsofplacingbricksonsidewalksinordertoinstigateviolenceduringtheprotests,includingonewhichfalselysuggestedabarriersituatedoutsideasynagogueinShermanOaks,Californiatopreventanti-Semiticattackshadbeenplacedonthestreetbyterrorists.[397][398][399][400]TrumpalsousedTwittertosharealetterbyhisformerlegaladvisorJohnM.Dowd,whichdescribedpeacefulprotestersinWashington,D.C.as"terrorists".[401][402][403] AtweetpostedbyTrump'sreelectioncampaignonJune5,2020(aswellaspostedtoothersocialmediasites)inthewakeoftheFloydprotestshadincludedavideowithseveralsegmentsofTrumpspeakingaboutFloyd'smurder,alongwithseveralotherimages.TwitterwasforcedtoremovethevideoafterithadreceivedaDigitalMillenniumCopyrightAct(DMCA)takedownrequestforoneoftheimagesusedinthevideothoughitwasuncleartojournalistswhichimagethiswas.Trumpcalledouttheactionas"illegal"inafollowingtweetbutJackDorseyofTwitterreiteratedthattheyhadtofollowthelawoftheDMCAinremovingthevideo.[404] "Manipulatedmedia" OnJune18,2020,TrumptweetedasatiricalvideowiththeCNNlogoandthechyroncaption"Terrifiedtodler[sic]runsfromracistbaby;racistbabyprobablyaTrumpvoter."Theimplicationwasthatnewsorganizationsunfairlymalignwhitepeopleandconservatives.CNNhadneverrunthatcaption.Twitterappliedafact-checkadvisorywiththewords"manipulatedmedia."[405] "Abusivebehavior" OnJune23,2020,Trumptweetedthatprotesters"willbemetwithseriousforce."Twitterappliedawarningthatthecomment"violatedtheTwitterRulesaboutabusivebehavior."[406] "Misleadinghealthclaims" OnAugust23,2020,Trumptweetedthat"MailDropBoxes...arenotCovidsanitized."HeclaimedthattheDemocraticPartywas"using"mailboxesdespitealleged"votersecurity"and"fraud"problemswithpostalvoting;heclaimedthatvotingbymailenables"apersontovotemultipletimes,"andhequestioned"whocontrols"mailboxes.Twitterappliedawarningthatthecommentviolated"ourCivicIntegrityPolicyformakingmisleadinghealthclaimsthatcouldpotentiallydissuadepeoplefromparticipationinvoting."[407] "Misleadingaboutanelection" TwitterappliedawarningtooverathirdofTrump'stweetsmadebetweenElectionNight2020(November3)andhisrivalJoeBiden'svictoryspeech(November7),stating:"someorallofthecontentsharedinthisTweetisdisputedandmightbemisleadingaboutanelectionorothercivicprocess."Twitterthensaiditwouldnolongerusethiselection-specificflaggiventhattheelectionhadalreadybeendecided.[408] Suspensionsanddeactivations Seealso:Twittersuspensions 2017 Trump'spersonalTwitteraccountwasdeactivatedforelevenminutesonNovember2,2017.Theofficial@POTUSaccountremainedonlineduringtheperiodthatthepersonalaccountwastakenoffline.TheTwitteremployeewhodeactivatedtheaccountwasBahtiyarDuysak,whodeactivatedtheaccountonhislastdayofworkbeforereturningtohishomecountryofGermany.[409]Inatweetthenextday,Trumpreferredtohimasa"rogueemployee."[410][411]TwitterrespondedbyaddingprotectiontoTrump'saccount.[412] 2021 2021UnitedStatesCapitolattackProtestersgatheredoutsidetheCapitolonJanuary6,2021 Timelineofevents Background 2020presidentialelectionandothercauses 2020–21presidentialelectionprotests 2021ElectoralCollegevotecount Attemptstooverturntheelection QAnon Republican reactions to claims of election fraud SocialmediausebyDonaldTrump Trumpism Relatedgroupsandpersons AliAlexander NickFuentes RudyGiuliani JerichoMarch AlexJones SeditionCaucus DonaldTrump DonaldTrumpJr. Participants List Notablepeople JakeAngeli JoeBiggs DerrickEvans Tim"BakedAlaska"Gionet SimoneGold KleteKeller EthanNordean RickSaccone JonSchaffer JohnEarleSullivan‎‎ Organizations OathKeepers ProudBoys ThreePercenters Lawenforcementresponse CapitolPolice EugeneGoodman BrianSicknick HowardLiebengood StevenSund Dept.ofDefense MichaelC.Stenger PaulD.Irving ChristopherC.Miller RyanD.McCarthy WalterE.Piatt CharlesA.Flynn DanielHokanson WilliamJ.Walker DCNationalGuard D.C. MurielBowser RobertContee JeffreyL.Smith Virginia RalphNortham BrianMoran Aftermath Bideninauguration 2021U.S.inaugurationweekprotests Securitypreparationsfortheinauguration Investigationsandcharges Criminalcharges list January6commission SelectCommittee Corporateactions Companiesthathaltedpoliticalcontributions SocialmediasuspensionsofDonaldTrump permanentsuspension Suspensionsofothersocialmediaaccounts shutdownofParler Reactions Domestic Antifaculpabilityconspiracytheory H.R.3325 International Impeachment SecondimpeachmentofDonaldTrump trial vte OnJanuary6,2021,shortlyafterTrumpuploadedavideomessageinwhichherepeatedthefalseclaimsthatthepresidentialelectionhadbeenstolen,thevideowasremovedbyTwitter,Facebook,andYouTubeforviolatingsitepolicieson"civilintegrity"andelectionmisinformation.[413]FacebookexecutiveGuyRosensaidthevideowasremovedbecause"itcontributestoratherthandiminishestheriskofongoingviolence."[414]TwitterlockedTrump'saccountfortwelvehoursandthreatenedapermanentsuspensionfor"repeatedandsevereviolationsofourCivicIntegritypolicy."Twitteralsorequiredhimtoremovethreeofhistweets.[415][416]Hewaswarnedhisaccountwouldbeterminatedifhecontinuedtomakepoststheydeemedasincitingviolence,orspreadconspiracytheoriesaboutelectionintegrity(falseclaimswhichweresaidtobefuellingtheviolence).[417]Hisaccountwasunlocked,andhetweetedthreemoretimesfromit.SnapchatindefinitelysuspendedTrump'saccountontheplatformthesameday,[418]whileShopifyterminatedshopsthatsoldTrumpcampaignparaphernaliaandmerchandisefromhispersonalTrumpStorebrand.[419] Thefollowingday,Facebookanditsplatforms,includingInstagram,announcedtheyhadbannedTrumpindefinitely,atleastuntiltheendofhispresidentialterm.FacebookCEOMarkZuckerbergwrote,"Theshockingeventsofthelast24hoursclearlydemonstratethatPresidentDonaldTrumpintendstousehisremainingtimeinofficetounderminethepeacefulandlawfultransitionofpowertohiselectedsuccessor."[420]OnJanuary7,TwitchannouncedithaddisabledTrump'schannelontheplatform.[421]TikTokannounceditwouldrestrictvideosoftheCapitolattackandTrump'sJanuary 6address,otherthanthoseprovidingfactualinformation,criticismorjournalisticvalue.[422]Pinterestbeganlimitinghashtagsrelatedtopro-Trumptopicssuchas#StopTheStealsincearoundtheNovemberelection.[423] OnJanuary12,YouTubeannouncedthatithadtemporarilybannedTrump'schannelforsevendays,restrictingitfromuploadinganynewvideosorlive-streams.YouTubesaidthedecisioncameafterthepresidentviolatedtheplatform'spoliciesbypostingcontentthatincitedviolence.Allthepreviouscontentonthechannelwasremoved.YouTubealsosaidthatthebancouldbeextended.[424] AZignalLabsanalysisdeterminedthatintheweekafterseveralsocialmediasites(Twitter,Facebook,Instagram,Snapchat,Twitch,Spotify,Shopify,andothers)suspendedTrump'sandkeyallies'accounts,onlinemisinformationaboutelectionfraudplunged73percent,droppingfrom2.5millionmentionsto688,000mentions.[27] ReactionstoTrump'ssuspension CivilrightsgroupssaidthatTrump'sTwitterandFacebookbanswere"longoverdue"andthatsocialmediacompanieshadexcessivelydelayedintakingstepstocounterpoliticalviolence.[425]Theco-CEOofthecivilrightsandadvocacygroupFreePresssaidthebanswere"adaylateandadollarshort"butwelcomedthemove.[426]ManyDemocraticofficialswelcomedtheban.[426]YaëlEisenstat,aformerCIAofficerwhopreviouslyworkedonelectionpolicyatFacebook,said:"I'mnotgoingtoapplaudthemovenowwhenitispoliticallythemostobvious,easyand –let'sbefrank –goodbusinessdecision.Incitingyourfollowerstoengageininsurrectionisahighformoftreasonandallowingyourplatformtobeusedforthatpurposemakesyoucomplicit."[426]ThebanwasalsocriticisedbymanyUSofficialssupportiveofTrump,withRepublicansenatorTedCruzstatingthebanwas"absurdandprofoundlydangerous",andformerUnitedStatesAmbassadortotheUnitedNationsNikkiHaleylikeningthebantopoliticalcensorshipinChina.[427][428] AsurveyofAmericanstakenaftertheCapitolattackandTwitter'spermanentsuspensionofTrump'saccountshowedthat61%agreedwiththedecisiontobanTrump,while39%wereopposed.[429]Supportwassharplysplitbyparty:80%ofDemocrats,59%ofindependents,and36%ofRepublicanssupportedtheban.[429]Ofthosesurveyed,58%agreedwiththestatement"PresidentTrump'sactionsthisweekweredangerousandremovinghimfromTwitterwasthecorrectthingtodo",while42%agreedwiththestatement"IamconcernedthatTwitterpermanentlysuspendingPresidentTrumpsetsadangerousprecedentwithtechnologycompaniescensoringfreespeechandgovernmentofficials."[429] SomeforeignleaderscriticizedTwitter'sbanofTrump.[430]AspokesmanforGermanChancellorAngelaMerkelsaidthatTwitterwascorrecttoflagfalsestatementsinTrump'sposts,butthatsheviewedthepermanentsuspensionas"problematic"duetoherviewthatrestrictionsonthe"righttofreedomofopinion"shouldbedecidedbygovernmentsratherthanprivatecompanies.[431]MexicanPresidentAndrésManuelLópezObradorblastedthedecisiontobanTrump,sayingthathefavoredprohibitingprivatecompaniesfrombanninggovernmentofficialsandhaddirectedofficialstoexplorethepossibilityofcreatingaMexicanstate-runsocialnetwork;LópezObradorcomparedsuchactionbywebsitestothe"SpanishInquisition"whilePolishPrimeMinisterMateuszMorawieckisaidthatPoland'sconservativegovernmentplannedtointroduceabilltolimithowsocialmediacompaniescouldmoderatecontent.[430]However,MargretheVestager,theExecutiveVicePresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionforAEuropeFitfortheDigitalAge,suggestedthatthebanswerejustifiable,saying:"Thisis,ofcourse,themostextremeofextremesituations,thatthepresidentoftheUnitedStatesisincitingpeopletogotowardCongress.SoIcompletelyacceptthatthisisanextremesituation,andlineshavebeencrossed."[430] AccordingtotheSouthChinaMorningPost,ChinesestatemediacommentatorsandacademicshavealsocriticizedTrumpbeingbannedfromsocialmediaplatforms,callingthebans"acautionarytaleofsocialmediaplatformswieldingtoomuchpower"andhavealsoclaimed"thatthebanhypocriticallygoesagainstUSadvocacyoffreespeech."[432] Satireandmemes InJune2017,thesatiricalnewsprogramTheDailyShowanditsnetwork,ComedyCentral,setupatemporarymuseumspaceonWest57thStreet,nexttoTrumpTowerinManhattan,thatwasdedicatedtoTrump'stweets.[433][434] InJanuary2019,TrumpservedhamburgerstotheClemsonTigerschampionfootballteamduetotheWhiteHouse'scateringstaffbeingfurloughedduringthefederalgovernmentshutdownof2018–2019.[435]HismisspellingonTwitterofhamburgeras"hamberder"wasridiculedontheinternet.[436]Itsoonbecameamemeaswell,andwasparodiedonSaturdayNightLivewithTrump(playedbyAlecBaldwin)competingfor"hamberders"ontheDealorNoDealgameshow.[437] Archival InJune2017,DemocraticU.S.RepresentativeMikeQuigleyfiledlegislationintheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,titledtheCommunicationsOverVariousFeedsElectronicallyforEngagement(COVFEFE)Act(H.R.2883),toPresidentialRecordsActtocoversocialmedia,thusrequiringtweetsandothersocialmediapostsbytheU.S.presidenttobepreservedunderlawandstoredbytheNationalArchives.Thebilldidnotadvanceincommitteeanddiedattheendofthe115thCongress.[438][439][440] Reactionsandanalysis SomecommentatorsviewTrump'stweetsashavingeitherthepurposeoreffectofdistractingfromissues.[441]Suchtweetsaresometimesdescribedas"shinyobjects"intendedtodivertattentionfromothernews.[442][443]DanMahaffeeoftheCenterfortheStudyofthePresidencyandCongressopinedthatTrump'stweetsdistractedfrompressingnationalissues,writingthattodismissTrump'stweets"asintemperateoutburstsormerelystream-of-consciousnessresponsestocurrenteventswouldthusgreatlyunderestimatetheirimpactandreach"andopiningthatTrump'stweetselevated"thetrivialattheexpenseoftheconsequential."[444]FinancialTimescolumnistCourtneyWeaverviewedTrump'sTwitterattacksagainstNFLplayerskneelingduringthenationalanthemas"weaponsofmassdistraction"thatdivertedattentionfromthehumanitariancrisisinPuertoRicofollowingHurricaneMaria,andwrotethat"Themoretimethatisspentdiscussingthepresident'slateststand-offwiththeNFL,thelesstimeisspentdiscussingtheRepublicans'latestfailedeffortstorepealandreplaceObamacare,andotheradministrationshortcomings."[445]AnalystPhilipBumpofTheWashingtonPostviewsTrump'sTweetsasattemptstodistractintimesofunfavorablenewsrelatedtotheinvestigationbyspecialcounselRobertS.MuellerIII.[446] A2020studypublishedinNatureCommunicationsassessedTrump'stweetsinthecontextofagenda-settingtheory,analyzingthehypothesisthatTrumpusestweetsstrategicallytodiverttheattentionofthemediaandthepublicfromissuesandtopicsheconsiderstobepotentiallythreateningorharmfultohim.[447]TheresearchfoundthatincreasedmediacoverageofRussianinterferenceinthe2016electionandtheMuellerinvestigationwas"immediatelyfollowedbyTrumptweetingincreasinglyaboutunrelatedissues"whichledto"areductionincoverageoftheMuellerinvestigation,"providingsupportforthediversionaryhypothesis.[447]Theresearchfoundthatthispatternwas"absentinplaceboanalysesinvolvingBrexitcoverageandseveralothertopicsthatdonotpresentapoliticalrisktothepresident"andthatthefindingwas"robusttotheinclusionofnumerouscontrolvariablesandexaminationofseveralalternativeexplanations,althoughthegeneralityofthesuccessfuldiversionmustbeestablishedbyfurtherinvestigation."[447] EssayistFrankRichofNewYorkmagazinearguedin2017thatTrump'stweetsarenotpurelydistractions,butrather(1)arefrequentlynewsinthemselves;(2)indicateaheightenedinstabilitywithintheTrumpadministration;and(3)arenotaimedatnewsconsumers,butrather"areintendedtorallyhisbase"ofsupporters.[448] InaFebruary2021analysis,MichaelHumphrey,ajournalismandcommunicationsprofessoratColoradoStateUniversity,wrotethatTrump'stweetswerecharacterizedbyanemphasisonstorytellingand"re-scripting"theworld,andwerebasedonfivethemes:"ThetrueversionoftheUnitedStatesisbesetwithinvaders";"RealAmericanscanseethis";"I(Trump)amuniquelyqualifiedtostopthisinvasion";"Theestablishmentanditsagentsarehinderingme";and"TheU.S.isinmortaldangerbecauseofthis."[449]Becausetheseelementswereflexible,"theestablishment"and"theinvaders"couldbeanyone.[449]Trump'stweetswerealsomarkedbycontradiction:forexample,hedepictedChinavariouslyasapartnerandthenafoe.[449] SuspendThePres SuspendThePres,alsoknownasWillTheySuspendMe?,isaTwitteraccountcreatedbyBizzareLazar.[450][451]Theaccountre-postedeverytweetbyDonaldTrump.Theaccountwassuspendedandflaggedmultipletimes.ThereisalsoaSuspendThePresaccountonFacebook.[452]TheTwitteraccountwascreatedbackin2015,butonlystartedpostingonMay29,2020.[453]TheFacebookaccountwascreatedonJune4.[454]LessthanthreedaysaftertheTwitteraccountstarted,itwassuspendedfor12hours.[455][456]Theaccountwassuspendedasecondtimeforanother12hours.OneofthepostsontheFacebookaccountwascensored,butlaterrestored.[457][458] Permanentsuspension Seealso:Socialmediacensorshipcontroversy TwitterSafety Twitter @TwitterSafety AfterclosereviewofrecentTweetsfromthe@realDonaldTrumpaccountandthecontextaroundthemwehavepermanentlysuspendedtheaccountduetotheriskoffurtherincitementofviolence. January8,2021[459] TwitterindefinitelybannedTrumpfromTwitter[27]onJanuary8,2021at6:21 p.m.EST.[23][460][461]AccordingtoTwitter,Trumpwassuspended"duetotheriskoffurtherincitementofviolence"fromhistweets,writingthatspecifictweetsbyTrumpthat"arelikelytoinspireotherstoreplicatetheviolentactsthattookplaceonJanuary6,2021,andthattherearemultipleindicatorsthattheyarebeingreceivedandunderstoodasencouragementtodoso."[462]Thecompanyalsonotedthat"Plansforfuturearmedprotestshavealreadybegunproliferatingonandoff-Twitter,includingaproposedsecondaryattackontheUSCapitolandstatecapitolbuildingsonJanuary17,2021."[462]Twitter'sdecisioncameafterhisaccounthadbeenlockedfor12-hourintervalstwiceandafterhehadhadthreeofhistweetsremovedduringthe2021UnitedStatesCapitolattack.[463]ThesuspensioncausedTrumptoloseover88millionfollowers.[24]Inhisfinaltweetbeforethepermanentban,TrumpannouncedthathewouldnotattendtheinaugurationofJoeBidenonJanuary20,2021.[464] Twittersaiditwouldnotbangovernmentaccountslike@POTUSor@WhiteHouse,butwould"takeactiontolimittheiruse";[462]thecompanysaidthatsockpuppetaccountscreatedforTrumpinanattempttoevadethebanwouldbepermanentlysuspended"atfirstdetection."[465][466]Trumpattemptedtocircumventthebanbyusingthe@POTUSaccount,onJanuary8,butthepostsweredeletedwithinminutesofthem.[467]TrumpalsotriedtocircumventthesuspensionbypostingastatementonhisofficialcampaignTwitteraccount@TeamTrump,inwhichhecomplainedaboutTwitter'ssuspensionandaccusedthesocialmediaplatform,withoutevidence,ofcolludinginaconspiracywiththeDemocraticPartyand"theRadicalLeft"togethimbanned,whilerepeatingtherhetoricthatfirstgothimbannedfromhismainTwitteraccount.[24][468]ThisaccountwasalsosuspendedafterthestatementfromTrumpwasposted.[24][468]TwitteralsosuspendedTrumpcampaigndigitaldirectorGaryCoby'saccountafterheforwardedhisaccountinformationtoTrump'sdeputychiefofstaff,DanScavino,inanattempttotransferitforTrump'suse.[465] OnJanuary14,TwitterCEOJackDorseydefendedbanningTrump,butalsosaidit"setsaprecedentIfeelisdangerous."[469] OnJanuary20,2021,shortlybeforenoon,the@POTUSaccountwastransferredtoBidenasplannedandthefollowercountof@POTUSwasreset.[470] OnFebruary10,2021,TwitterCFONedSegalsaidinaninterviewwithCNNthatthebanoftheTwitteraccountispermanent,evenifTrumprunsforofficeagain.[471] InMarch2021,thechiefexecutiveofficersofAlphabet,Twitter,andFacebookwereannouncedtoappearbeforeaHousepaneltobequestionedaboutsocialmediaplatforms'involvementintheU.SCapitolattackandtheirfollowingdecisiontoremoveorbanTrumpfromtheirplatforms.ThehearingwillplaceSection230intoquestion,alawwhichsomepolicymakers,bothDemocraticandRepublican,wanttochange,concernedthatitgiveslargetechnologycompaniestoomuchpowerindeterminingwhatinformationisallowedontheirplatforms.[472][473][474] OnMay6,2021,Twittersuspendedtheaccountnamed"FromthedeskofDonaldJ.Trump",alsothenameofablogstartedbyTrumpthesameweek.WhileitwasnotconfirmedthatTrumphimselfstartedtheaccount,Twitterruleditabanevasion.[475] OnJuly7,2021,TrumpfiledaclassactionlawsuitagainstTwitteranditsCEO.[476] OnOctober1,2021,TrumprequestedapreliminaryinjunctiontoforceTwittertoreinstatehisaccount.[477] Othersocialmediaplatforms FacebookandInstagram Bannedfrombothplatforms Onceaprolificuser,DonaldTrumphasbeenblockedfrompostingnewcontenttoFacebookandInstagramsinceJanuary6,2021.Thatday,amidstanattackattheCapitolwhileCongresswascountingtheelectoralvotes,Trumppostedashortvideo.FacebookremoveditandblockedTrump'sabilitytopostnewcontenttobothplatforms.Facebook'svicepresidentofintegrity,GuyRosen,explainedthatthevideo"contributestoratherthandiminishestheriskofongoingviolence."(YouTubealsoremovedthesamevideo.Twitteratfirstdisabledcomments;later,theTweetwasdeleted.)[478]Thenextday,FacebooksaidtheblockwouldremainatleastuntiltheendofTrump'stermonJanuary20.[479]OnMay5,2021,afterconsideringwhethertoreinstateTrump'saccount,Facebook'sOversightBoardupheldTrump'ssuspensionsonFacebookandInstagrambutinstructedFacebook,Inc.toreassesstheindefinitebanwithinsixmonths,statingthat"itisnotpermissibleforFacebooktokeepauserofftheplatformforanundefinedperiod,withnocriteriaforwhenorwhethertheaccountwillberestored."[480]Onemonthlater,FacebookdecidedtoextendTrump'sbantotwoyears,ashisactions"meritthehighestpenaltyavailableunderthenewenforcementprotocols,"andreconsiderhiscasenoearlierthanJanuary2023.[481][21]OnJuly7,2021,TrumpfiledaclassactionlawsuitagainstFacebook,GoogleandTwitter,assertingtheyhadengagedin"illegal,shamefulcensorshipoftheAmericanpeople."Legalexpertssaidthesuithadlittlechanceofsuccess.[482] Facebook Duringhis2016campaign,TrumppostedanumberofadsonhisFacebookpageattackingHillaryClinton.TheadsincludedparodiesofPokémonGo[483]andMs.Pac-Man,[484]portrayingHillaryClintonasaPokémonandasMs.Pac-Man.TrumpwaschargedlessperadthanClintonwas,Wiredclaimed,[485]butFacebookcounteredthatTrumphadbeenchargedmore.[486] TrumpalsousedtheplatformtoissueanapologyfortheAccessHollywoodtape.[487]Aspresident,hewascriticizedforpostinganewsstoryaboutapurportedKuwaititravelbansimilartoExecutiveOrder13769;[488]Kuwait'sforeignministerconfirmedthatnosuchbanexisted.[489] In2017,FacebookbriefedtheHouseandSenatecommitteesintheirinvestigationsofRussianinterferenceintheU.S.election.Atthehearings,FacebookrevealedthataccountslinkedtotheRussiangovernmenthadboughtapproximately$100,000ofFacebookadvertisementsduringtheelectioncampaign.[490]Inresponse,TrumpcriticizedFacebookinaseriesoftweetsonSeptember27,2017."Facebookwasalwaysanti-Trump,"hesaid,simultaneouslyextendingthesamecriticismto"theNetworks,"TheNewYorkTimes,andTheWashingtonPost.[491]FacebookCEOMarkZuckerbergpostedastatementtoFacebook:"TrumpsaysFacebookisagainsthim.LiberalssaywehelpedTrump.Bothsidesareupsetaboutideasandcontenttheydon'tlike.That'swhatrunningaplatformforallideaslookslike."[492][493] AlargeFacebookgroupcalled"StoptheSteal"wasdedicatedtotheideathattheNovember2020electionwas"stolen"fromTrumpbysometypeoffraud.Twodaysaftertheelection,Facebookbannedthegroupanditshashtags.[494] Instagram TrumpinitiallyusedhispersonalaccountonInstagram(@realDonaldTrump)primarilytosharepersonalpictures,includingimagesofhimselfwithhisgrandchildren.[495][496]InSeptember2015 –thenwithapproximately377 thousandfollowers[495] –heusedtheplatformtoreleaseapoliticaladvertisement.Thisad,"ActofLove",attackedprimaryopponentJebBushonthetopicofimmigration.AlongwithBush'sresponses,itdemonstratedthatInstagramcouldbeapoliticaltoolratherthanmerelyapersonalphoto-sharingapplication.[495]Trumpalsousedtheplatformtocontributetothecontroversyregardingthe2016filmGhostbustersbypostingavideocriticizingtheall-femalecast.Inresponse,directorPaulFeigclaimedthat"Trumpsupporters"wereresponsibleforsomeofthe"internethate"directedatthefilm.[497] WhenTrumpbecamepresident,hispersonalaccounthadgrowntoover5 millionfollowers.[496]Healsoassumedcontrolofanofficialaccount(@whitehouse),wherehepostedpicturesfromhisinauguration.[496]Atthattime,itwasexpectedthattheofficialaccountwouldprimarilyfeaturetheworkoftheChiefOfficialWhiteHousePhotographeronceonewasselected;[496]however,ShealahCraigheadhascontributedrelativelylittle,especiallyincomparisontoPeteSouza'sworkduringtheObamaadministration.[498] Reddit OnJuly27,2016,TrumptookpartinanAskMeAnything(AMA),whereherespondedtouser-submittedquestionsfromReddit's/r/TheDonaldcommunity.HeofferedrepliesontopicsthatvariedfrommediabiasandvoterfraudtoNASA,includingaquestionaboutH-1Bvisasposedbyfar-right[499]mediapersonalityMiloYiannopoulos.[500][501]Trumpalsopostedseveralpre-debatemessagesonthesubreddit.[502][503] YouTube From2011until2013or2014,Trumpcreatedover80installmentsofavlogonYouTubecalled"FromtheDeskofDonaldTrump".[c]Init,hediscussedavarietyoftopics,rangingfromseriousissuessuchastheLibyanCivilWar,Obamacare,andtheAmericanjobmarkettolessweightymatters,includingtheVanityFairOscarpartyandhisdislikeofMikeMcGlone'sRhetoricalQuestionsadvertisementsforGEICO.[504][505]Inseveralinstallments,hespeculatedonapossiblepresidentialcandidacyin2012thatnevercametopass,[504]butmanyofthethemesfeaturedinthevlogwerepartofhissuccessfulcampaignin2016.[505]ByJune2017,mostofthesevideoswerenolongeravailableonYouTubeunderTrump'saccount.[506][better source needed] Trump'sYouTubeaccountwassuspendedforpolicyviolationsforatleastsevendaysonJanuary13,2021,followingtheattackattheUnitedStatesCapitol;forthisperioditwasnolongerpossiblefornewvideostobeuploadedtothesite.[507]OnJanuary26,2021,YouTubeextendedthebanstating,"Inlightofconcernsabouttheongoingpotentialforviolence,theDonaldJ.Trumpchannelwillremainsuspended.Ourteamsarestayingvigilantandcloselymonitoringforanynewdevelopments."[508]OnMarch4,2021YouTubeCEOSusanWojcickistatedthatYouTubewillliftthesuspensiononDonaldTrump'schannelwhen"theriskofviolencehasdecreased."[509]OnJuly7,2021,TrumpfiledaclassactionlawsuitagainstYouTubeanditsCEO.[476] Snapchat OnJune3,2020,SnapchatannouncedthatitwouldnolongerpromoteTrump'saccountonits"Discover"page,whichcuratesstoriesfromcelebritiesandpoliticians.ThisfollowedthePresident'ssharingofhiscontroversialJune1photooutsideSt.John'sChurch(towhichhehadwalkedafterpeacefulprotestersinLafayetteSquarewereteargassedtomakewayforhim).Hehadalsosharedscreenshotsofseveraltweets.[510]Threedaysearlier,co-founderandCEOEvanSpiegelhadsentacompanymemostatingthat"wesimplycannotpromoteaccountsinAmericathatarelinkedtopeoplewhoinciteracialviolence,whethertheydosoonoroffourplatform."[511] OnJanuary6,2021,followingtheattackattheUnitedStatesCapitol,SnapchatlockedTrump'saccount.[512]ThecompanyannouncedonJanuary13,2021thatitwouldkeephisaccountblockedpermanently.[513] Twitch TrumphasaTwitchaccountusedprimarilytobroadcasthisrallies.OnJune29,2020,hisaccountwastemporarilybanned.Twitchstatedthebanwasmadebecauseofviolationsintheirrulesagainsthatespeech.Theypointedoutanincidentin2016whereTrumpmadecommentsaboutrapists,drugdealers,andcriminalscomingtoAmericafromMexicoandanincidentinhisrallyinTulsa,Oklahomain2020wherehetoldafictionalstoryofa"toughhombre"breakingintosomeone'shomeasproofoftheseviolations.[514][515][516]Thisbanwaslifted2weekslater. OnJanuary7,2021,Trump'sTwitchaccountwasdisabledindefinitely.ThiswasdoneinresponsetoTrump'sallegedincitementoftheCapitolattack.Whilehisprofileandarchivedvideosarestillviewable,hewillnotbeabletostreamaslongashisaccountisdisabled.[517] Triller InAugust2020,TrumpjoinedTrillerandwasimmediatelyverifiedandpromotedontheapp.[518][519]HisactionwasinterpretedbymanyasamoveagainstTikTok,aChinesecompetitorofTriller's.[520][518]TrumphadpreviouslythreatenedtobanTikTok.[521][522] Parler Parler,asocialmediaplatformthatlaunchedin2018,attractedsupportersofDonaldTrumpfromitsbeginning.TheTrumpcampaignhasaParleraccount,althoughTrumphimselfdoesnothaveapersonalaccountasofearlyJanuary2021.[523]OtherParlerusersincludeTrump'sformercampaigndirectorBradParscale;Trump'sson,EricTrump;SenatorTedCruz;andWhiteHousepresssecretaryKayleighMcEnany.[524]AfterFacebookbannedthe"StoptheSteal"groupseveraldaysaftertheNovember2020election,[525]manyofthosepeoplemovedtoParler.[526]TherehadbeenspeculationthatDonaldTrumpmightmovetoParler,althoughtheplatformremainedrelativelysmallcomparedtotheTwitterplatformhewasaccustomedto.[527]OnJanuary13,2021,CNNreportedthatTrump'sson-in-lawJaredKushnerhadpreventedTrump'sofficialsfromgivingTrumpapresenceonParlerandGabafterTrumpwassuspendedonTwitterandothermajorsocialmediaplatforms.[528] Gab InearlyFebruary2021,multiplemediaoutletsfalselyreportedthatformer-PresidentTrumphadjoinedGabunderthehandle@realdonaldtrump.[529][530][531][532]TheIndependentspeculated"thatconfusionarosefromthepresenceofabluecheckmarkindicatingtheaccountwasverified"andViceNewsspeculatedthatthebiooftheaccount,whichread"45thPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Uncensoredpostsfromthe@realDonaldTrumpFeed."hadalsocausedconfusion.[530][531]TheGabpostthatwasmistakentobefromTrumpwasactuallyfromGabCEOAndrewTorbaandfeaturedacopyofagenuinelettersentbyTrump'slawyerstoDemocraticRepresentativeJamieRaskin,whohadcalledonTrumptotestifyathissecondimpeachmenthearing.[529][530][532]ThousandsofusersonGab,includingQAnoninfluencers,werealsoledtobelieveafterthepostwasmadethatTrumphadjoinedtheplatformunderthehandle.[531][532]TorbarespondedtothefalsereportsinapostonGab,sayingthat"@realdonaldtrumpisandalwayshasbeenamirrorarchiveofPOTUS'tweetsandstatementsthatwe'verunforyears.We'vealwaysbeentransparentaboutthisandwouldobviouslyletpeopleknowifthePresidentstartsusingit."[529][530]HealsocriticizedthemediaoutletsthatfalselyreportedthatTrumphadjoinedtheplatform.[529]Alsoinresponsetothefalsereports,the@realdonaldtrumpGabaccountmadeapostthatwaspinnedsayingthattheaccountisreservedforTrumpandurgedusersofGabtosendmessagestoTrumpaskinghimtojointheplatform.[532] Rumble OnJune26,2021,TrumpjoinedvideohostingplatformRumbleinpreparationofrecordinghisOhiorally.[533] Gettr AnewplatformcalledGettrwaslaunchedonJuly4,2021withTrump'sadvisorMillerasCEO.TrumpwasreportedlynotinvolvedinGettr,thoughMillerhopedhewouldjointheplatform.[534][535] Trump'sownsocialmedianetworks ShortlyafterTrumpleftoffice,hequietlyincorporatedTrumpMediaandTechnologyGroupinFebruary2021,acompanythathadnosignificantfunding.[536]OnMarch21,Trumppostedastatementonhisnewwebsite,45office.com,whichwas"likedandshared"hundredsofthousandsoftimesonFacebookandTwitter.Thatsameday,TrumpadvisorJasonMillerclaimedonFoxNewsthatTrumpwouldbe"returningtosocialmediainprobablyabouttwoorthreemonths"byfoundinganewnetworkthatwould"completelyredefinethegame."Hesaidheexpected"tensofmillions"ofusers.[537][538][539]OnOctober20,2021,TrumpMediaandTechnologyGroupobtainedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsinfundingbyagreeingtomergewithDigitalWorldAcquisition,andtheanticipatedcreationofasocialmediaappcalled"TruthSocial"wasannouncedthatsameday.[536] 45office.com OnMarch21,2021,TrumppostedastatementabouttheU.S.-Mexicobordertohiswebsite45office.comthatwas"likedandsharedmorethan661,000times"onFacebookandTwitter,althoughhehimselfwasalreadybannedfromthoseplatforms.[540]Theexistenceofthewebsite45office.comwasformallyannouncedaweeklateronMarch29.[541]ItincludesabiographyandphotosofTrumpandhiswife.Visitorscanmakerequestsforpersonalizedgreetingsorattendanceatanevent.[542]ThesitecentersaroundahistoryofDonaldTrump'spresidencythatdoesnotmakementionoftwoimpeachments,ofanyCOVID-19deathtoll,oftheeconomiccrashthatfollowedthepandemic,oroftheCapitolattackthatmarkedtheendofhisterm.[543] FromtheDeskofDonaldJ.Trump OnMay4,2021,Trumplaunchedanewwebpage,"FromtheDeskofDonaldJ.Trump,"[544]onthesiteofhisSaveAmericapoliticalactioncommitteeDonaldJTrump.com,[545]wherehewaspostingmessagesunder280charactersthatvisitorscouldsharetoFacebookorTwitter(platformsthathadbannedTrumpfromhavinghisownaccountsthere).Althoughthesiteclaimedtobea"communicationsplatform"wherehissupporterscould"freelyandsafely"speak,therewasnowayforuserstopostanycontentoftheirownnortoreplytoTrump'sposts.[544]Thedaythebloglaunched,ithad159,000socialmediainteractions;onthesecondday,lessthanone-fifththatamount;andonsubsequentdays,atleastforthenexttwoweeks,itneverreached10%oftheinteractionofitsfirstday.[546]AccordingtoanestimatebyTheWashingtonPost,inmid-May,"Trump’swebsite—includinghisnewblog,fundraisingpageandonlinestorefront—attractedfewerestimatedvisitorsthanthepet-adoptionservicePetfinderandtherecipesiteDelish."[547]Thesitewaspermanentlyclosedlessthanamonthafteritslaunch.[548] TruthSocial Mainarticle:TruthSocial OnOctober20,2021,itwasannouncedthatTrumpwouldbelaunchinganewsocialmediawebsitecalledTruthSocial.[549][550]ItistoberunbyTrumpMedia&TechnologyGroup,acompanyincorporatedinFebruary2021andwhichonOctober20,2021madeadealtomergewithaspecialpurposeacquisitioncompany,DigitalWorldAcquisition,thatwillfundit.TheRepublicanNationalCommitteesentanemailthenextdayaskingsupporterstojoinTruthSocial.[536]TheplatformwasslatedtoenterlimitedbetainNovember2021oniOSviaApple'sAppStorebeforeafullpubliclaunchin2022.[551][552] OntheChineseinternet HistoricallyinChinesepublicationsTrumpwasknownasChuānpǔ(Chinese:川普),basedonthepronunciationofhissurname,whilerecent[when?]officialpublicationsuseTèlǎngpǔ(特朗普).UsersontheChineseinternetrefertoTrumpasChuānpǔ,insteadofTèlǎngpǔ,and/orvariousparodynicknames.JiSiqioftheSouthChinaMorningPostwrotethattheinformaluseisbecauseChuānpǔ"justhastwocharacterssoit'seasiertosayortype."[553] Trump'sassertionofhisunderstandingofCOVID-19resultedinthenicknameDǒngWáng(Chinese:懂王;pinyin:DǒngWáng;lit.'kingofknowledge').AperceptionthatTrumpisharmingtheUnitedStatestothebenefitofChinagavehimthenicknameChuānJiànguó(川建国;川建國)meaning"TrumpBuildingCountry"withthecountrybeingChina.AdditionallyheisknownasChuānBǎo(川宝;川寳;'TrumptheBaby'),whichJiSiqicomparedtotheinsult"OrangeBaby".[553]AnothernicknamereferringtotheChineseperceptionofTrumpbeinganauthoritarian,whichJiSiqistates"contradictsAmericandemocracyasperceivedbyChinesepeople",isChuānHuáng(川皇;'TrumptheEmperor'),andDàTǒnglǐng(大统领;大統領;'GreatCommander').[553]TheperceptionofTrumpbeing,inJiSiqi'swords,"anavariciousbusinessmanrunning[theUnitedStatesas]acompany"resultedinthenameChuānZǒng(川总;川總;'TrumptheBoss').[553]The,inJiSiqi'swords,"veryfrequentflip-flops",resultedinTèMéipǔ(特没谱)with"mei"being"no";thereforetheliteralmeaningof"TeMeipu"is"verycapricious".[553] AccordingtotheSouthChinaMorningPost,reactionstoTrump'spermanentTwittersuspensionontheChineseinternetweremixed.ManywereshockedthatU.S.socialmediaplatforms"hadtheaudacitytosilencethecountry'spresident."SomesupportedTrump'ssuspension,whileothersweresympathetictowardsTrumpduetoalsobeingbannedoffofsocialmediaplatforms.[432] Seealso UnitedStatesportal Politicsportal Internetportal BarackObamaonsocialmedia Fakenews HistoryofcommunicationbypresidentsoftheUnitedStates ListofInternetphenomena Listofmost-followedTwitteraccounts ListofnicknamesusedbyDonaldTrump Microtargeting Socialmediainthe2016UnitedStatespresidentialelection Socialmediauseinpolitics TrumpadministrationcommunicationduringtheCOVID-19pandemic Trumpderangementsyndrome Twitterdiplomacy UseofTwitterbypublicfigures VeracityofstatementsbyDonaldTrump Volfefeindex 1600Daily Notes ^abTheoriginaltweetsaboutwiretappingare,inchronologicalorder: 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TrumpTweetsatCNN ListofDonaldTrumpdeletedtweetsonFactbase TrumpTwitterarchive Shanahan,Mark(October19,2020)."The'crazyuncle'intheOvalOffice:howDonaldTrump'ssocialmediausechangedUSpolitics".theconversation.com.TheConversation(website).RetrievedJanuary18,2021.Trumpisthefakenewspresident.Hehassetthenewsnarrativeonanalmostdailybasisbysayingsomethingoutrageousandthensittingbackandwatchinghisopponents,themedia–andindeedallofAmerica–dissectwhateverbrag,lieorslanderhe'slaunchedthatday. vteDonaldTrump 45thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(2017–2021) Presidency Election Reactions Transition Inauguration Timeline first100days 2017 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2018 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2019 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2020 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 January2021) domestictrips 2017 2018 2019 2020–2021 internationaltrips Polls 2017 2018 2019 Cabinet formation withdrawn Appointments ambassadors economicadvisors federaljudges SupremeCourtcandidates NeilGorsuch BrettKavanaugh AmyConeyBarrett U.S.Attorneys controversies shorttenures Dismissals U.S.Attorneys InspectorsGeneral JamesComey Pardonsandcommutations JoeArpaio Executiveactions proclamations Governmentshutdowns January2018 2018–2019 Trumpwall Firstimpeachment firsttrial COVID-19pandemic Trump–Raffenspergerphonecall 2020–21UnitedStateselectionprotests 2021UnitedStatesCapitolattack Secondimpeachment(secondtrial) Lifeandpolitics Businesscareer legalaffairs wealth taxreturns Mediacareer TheApprentice Golf Honorsandawards Politicalpositions Trumpism Economy tariffs Environment Pariswithdrawal Foreignpolicy positionsascandidate AmericaFirst China–UnitedStatestradewar Israel–Palestine Jerusalemrecognition GolanHeightsrecognition Peaceplan AbrahamAccords UAE Bahrain Sudan Morocco Kosovo–Serbiaagreement Irannucleardealwithdrawal Russiasummit Helsinki NorthKoreasummits Singapore Hanoi DMZ DeathofAbuBakral-Baghdadi AssassinationofQasemSoleimani Immigration familyseparation travelban wall Socialissues cannabis Spacepolicy Protests timeline assassinationattempt effortstoimpeach Lawsuits Racialviews Veracityofstatements PhotoopatSt.John'sChurch Politicalinterferencewithscienceagencies NationalGardenofAmericanHeroes Books Trump:TheArtoftheDeal(1987) Trump:SurvivingattheTop(1990) Trump:TheArtoftheComeback(1997) TheAmericaWeDeserve(2000) TheWaytotheTop(2004) Trump101(2006) WhyWeWantYoutoBeRich(2006) ThinkBigandKickAss(2007) TimetoGetTough(2011) MidasTouch(2011) CrippledAmerica(2015) Speeches Inauguraladdress(2017) JointsessionofCongress(2017) Riyadhsummit(2017) Warsawspeech(2017) NationalScoutJamboree(2017) StateoftheUnionAddress 2018 2019 2020 OvalOfficeaddress 2019 2020 Farewelladdress(2021) CPAC(2021) Campaigns 2000presidentialcampaign 2016presidentialcampaign "MakeAmericaGreatAgain" rallies 2016Republicanprimaries endorsements debates runningmateselection convention 2016generalelection endorsements debates NeverTrumpmovement RepublicanVotersAgainstTrump Republicanoppositionin2016 Republicanoppositionin2020 MittRomneyspeech Sexualmisconductallegations 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IvankaTrump(daughter) EricTrump(son) TiffanyTrump(daughter) Parents FredTrump(father) MaryAnneMacLeodTrump(mother) Siblings MaryanneTrumpBarry(sister) FredTrumpJr.(brother) RobertTrump(brother) Grandparents FrederickTrump(grandfather) ElizabethChristTrump(grandmother) In-laws JaredKushner(son-in-law) LaraTrump(daughter-in-law) VanessaTrump(formerdaughter-in-law) BlaineTrump(formersister-in-law) Others JohnG.Trump(uncle) MaryL.Trump(niece) JohnWhitneyWalter(cousin) Trumpfamily(ancestors) ←BarackObama JoeBiden→ Category vte2021UnitedStatesCapitolattackBackgroundU.S.Capitol UnitedStatesCapitolPolice EugeneGoodman StevenSund Timelineofpriorsecurityincidents Election 2020–21presidentialelectionprotests 2021ElectoralCollegevotecount Attemptstooverturnthe2020presidentialelection RepublicanreactionstoDonaldTrump'sclaimsof2020electionfraud Events Timeline Lawenforcementresponse ShootingofAshliBabbitt DeathofBrianSicknick Participants JakeAngeli JoeBiggs DerrickEvans Tim"BakedAlaska"Gionet SimoneGold KleteKeller EthanNordean RickSaccone JonSchaffer JohnEarleSullivan‎‎ Aftermath 2021U.S.inaugurationweekprotests Companiesthathaltedpoliticalcontributions Reactions domestic international SecondimpeachmentofDonaldTrump trial January6commission HouseSelectCommittee Criminalcharges JusticeforJ6rally Related AlexJones AliAlexander DonaldTrump JerichoMarch NickFuentes OathKeepers ProudBoys QAnon RudyGiuliani SeditionCaucus SocialmediausebyDonaldTrump Trumpism Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump&oldid=1061188201" 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