Alzheimer's disease - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. COVID-19:Advice,updatesandvaccineoptions FindoutaboutCOVID-19,COVID-19vaccines,andMayoClinicpatientandvisitorupdates. Skiptositenavigation SkiptoContent ThiscontentdoesnothaveanEnglishversion.ThiscontentdoesnothaveanArabicversion. SectionsforAlzheimer'sdiseaseSymptoms&causesDiagnosis&treatmentDoctors&departmentsCareatMayoClinic Print OverviewAlzheimer'sdiseaseisaprogressiveneurologicdisorderthatcausesthebraintoshrink(atrophy)andbraincellstodie.Alzheimer'sdiseaseisthemostcommoncauseofdementia—acontinuousdeclineinthinking,behavioralandsocialskillsthataffectsaperson'sabilitytofunctionindependently. Approximately5.8millionpeopleintheUnitedStatesage65andolderlivewithAlzheimer'sdisease.Ofthose,80%are75yearsoldandolder.Outoftheapproximately50millionpeopleworldwidewithdementia,between60%and70%areestimatedtohaveAlzheimer'sdisease. Theearlysignsofthediseaseincludeforgettingrecenteventsorconversations.Asthediseaseprogresses,apersonwithAlzheimer'sdiseasewilldevelopseverememoryimpairmentandlosetheabilitytocarryouteverydaytasks. Medicationsmaytemporarilyimproveorslowprogressionofsymptoms.ThesetreatmentscansometimeshelppeoplewithAlzheimer'sdiseasemaximizefunctionandmaintainindependenceforatime.DifferentprogramsandservicescanhelpsupportpeoplewithAlzheimer'sdiseaseandtheircaregivers. ThereisnotreatmentthatcuresAlzheimer'sdiseaseoraltersthediseaseprocessinthebrain.Inadvancedstagesofthedisease,complicationsfromseverelossofbrainfunction—suchasdehydration,malnutritionorinfection—resultindeath.Products&ServicesAssortmentofProductsforIndependentLivingfromMayoClinicStoreBook:MayoCliniconAlzheimer'sDiseaseShowmoreproductsfromMayoClinic SymptomsMemorylossisthekeysymptomofAlzheimer'sdisease.Earlysignsincludedifficultyrememberingrecenteventsorconversations.Asthediseaseprogresses,memoryimpairmentsworsenandothersymptomsdevelop. Atfirst,apersonwithAlzheimer'sdiseasemaybeawareofhavingdifficultyrememberingthingsandorganizingthoughts.Afamilymemberorfriendmaybemorelikelytonoticehowthesymptomsworsen. BrainchangesassociatedwithAlzheimer'sdiseaseleadtogrowingtroublewith: MemoryEveryonehasoccasionalmemorylapses,butthememorylossassociatedwithAlzheimer'sdiseasepersistsandworsens,affectingtheabilitytofunctionatworkorathome. PeoplewithAlzheimer'smay: Repeatstatementsandquestionsoverandover Forgetconversations,appointmentsorevents,andnotrememberthemlater Routinelymisplacepossessions,oftenputtingtheminillogicallocations Getlostinfamiliarplaces Eventuallyforgetthenamesoffamilymembersandeverydayobjects Havetroublefindingtherightwordstoidentifyobjects,expressthoughtsortakepartinconversations ThinkingandreasoningAlzheimer'sdiseasecausesdifficultyconcentratingandthinking,especiallyaboutabstractconceptssuchasnumbers. Multitaskingisespeciallydifficult,anditmaybechallengingtomanagefinances,balancecheckbooksandpaybillsontime.Eventually,apersonwithAlzheimer'smaybeunabletorecognizeanddealwithnumbers. MakingjudgmentsanddecisionsAlzheimer'scausesadeclineintheabilitytomakereasonabledecisionsandjudgmentsineverydaysituations.Forexample,apersonmaymakepoororuncharacteristicchoicesinsocialinteractionsorwearclothesthatareinappropriatefortheweather.Itmaybemoredifficulttorespondeffectivelytoeverydayproblems,suchasfoodburningonthestoveorunexpecteddrivingsituations. PlanningandperformingfamiliartasksOnce-routineactivitiesthatrequiresequentialsteps,suchasplanningandcookingamealorplayingafavoritegame,becomeastruggleasthediseaseprogresses.Eventually,peoplewithadvancedAlzheimer'softenforgethowtoperformbasictaskssuchasdressingandbathing. ChangesinpersonalityandbehaviorBrainchangesthatoccurinAlzheimer'sdiseasecanaffectmoodsandbehaviors.Problemsmayincludethefollowing: Depression Apathy Socialwithdrawal Moodswings Distrustinothers Irritabilityandaggressiveness Changesinsleepinghabits Wandering Lossofinhibitions Delusions,suchasbelievingsomethinghasbeenstolen PreservedskillsManyimportantskillsarepreservedforlongerperiodsevenwhilesymptomsworsen.Preservedskillsmayincludereadingorlisteningtobooks,tellingstoriesandreminiscing,singing,listeningtomusic,dancing,drawing,ordoingcrafts. Theseskillsmaybepreservedlongerbecausetheyarecontrolledbypartsofthebrainaffectedlaterinthecourseofthedisease. WhentoseeadoctorAnumberofconditions,includingtreatableconditions,canresultinmemorylossorotherdementiasymptoms.Ifyouareconcernedaboutyourmemoryorotherthinkingskills,talktoyourdoctorforathoroughassessmentanddiagnosis. Ifyouareconcernedaboutthinkingskillsyouobserveinafamilymemberorfriend,talkaboutyourconcernsandaskaboutgoingtogethertoadoctor'sappointment.MoreInformationAlzheimer'sdiseasecareatMayoClinicAlzheimer'sstagesMemoryloss:WhentoseekhelpSundowning:Late-dayconfusionShowmorerelatedinformation   Thereisaproblemwith informationsubmittedforthisrequest.Review/updatethe informationhighlightedbelowandresubmittheform. FromMayoClinictoyourinbox Signupforfree,andstayuptodateonresearchadvancements,healthtipsandcurrenthealthtopics,likeCOVID-19,plusexpertiseonmanaginghealth. Email ErrorEmailfieldisrequired ErrorIncludeavalidemailaddress LearnmoreaboutMayoClinic’suseofdata. Toprovideyouwiththemostrelevantandhelpfulinformation,andunderstandwhich informationisbeneficial,wemaycombineyouremailandwebsiteusageinformationwith otherinformationwehaveaboutyou.IfyouareaMayoClinicpatient,thiscould includeprotectedhealthinformation.Ifwecombinethisinformationwithyourprotected healthinformation,wewilltreatallofthatinformationasprotectedhealth informationandwillonlyuseordisclosethatinformationassetforthinournoticeof privacypractices.Youmayopt-outofemailcommunicationsatanytimebyclickingon theunsubscribelinkinthee-mail. Subscribe! Thankyouforsubscribing OurHousecalle-newsletterwillkeepyouup-to-dateonthelatesthealthinformation. Sorrysomethingwentwrongwithyoursubscription Please,tryagaininacoupleofminutes Retry RequestanAppointmentatMayoClinic CausesTheexactcausesofAlzheimer'sdiseasearen'tfullyunderstood.Butatabasiclevel,brainproteinsfailtofunctionnormally,whichdisruptstheworkofbraincells(neurons)andtriggersaseriesoftoxicevents.Neuronsaredamaged,loseconnectionstoeachotherandeventuallydie. Scientistsbelievethatformostpeople,Alzheimer'sdiseaseiscausedbyacombinationofgenetic,lifestyleandenvironmentalfactorsthataffectthebrainovertime. Lessthan1%ofthetime,Alzheimer'siscausedbyspecificgeneticchangesthatvirtuallyguaranteeapersonwilldevelopthedisease.Theserareoccurrencesusuallyresultindiseaseonsetinmiddleage. Thedamagemostoftenstartsintheregionofthebrainthatcontrolsmemory,buttheprocessbeginsyearsbeforethefirstsymptoms.Thelossofneuronsspreadsinasomewhatpredictablepatterntootherregionsofthebrains.Bythelatestageofthedisease,thebrainhasshrunksignificantly. ResearcherstryingtounderstandthecauseofAlzheimer'sdiseasearefocusedontheroleoftwoproteins: Plaques.Beta-amyloidisafragmentofalargerprotein.Whenthesefragmentsclustertogether,theyappeartohaveatoxiceffectonneuronsandtodisruptcell-to-cellcommunication.Theseclustersformlargerdepositscalledamyloidplaques,whichalsoincludeothercellulardebris. Tangles.Tauproteinsplayapartinaneuron'sinternalsupportandtransportsystemtocarrynutrientsandotheressentialmaterials.InAlzheimer'sdisease,tauproteinschangeshapeandorganizethemselvesintostructurescalledneurofibrillarytangles.Thetanglesdisruptthetransportsystemandaretoxictocells. MoreInformationAlzheimer'sdiseasecareatMayoClinicMayoClinicMinute:WomenandAlzheimer'sDisease RiskfactorsAgeIncreasingageisthegreatestknownriskfactorforAlzheimer'sdisease.Alzheimer'sisnotapartofnormalaging,butasyougrowolderthelikelihoodofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdiseaseincreases. Onestudy,forexample,foundthatannuallytherewerefournewdiagnosesper1,000peopleages65to74,32newdiagnosesper1,000peopleages75to84,and76newdiagnosesper1,000peopleage85andolder. FamilyhistoryandgeneticsYourriskofdevelopingAlzheimer'sissomewhathigherifafirst-degreerelative—yourparentorsibling—hasthedisease.MostgeneticmechanismsofAlzheimer'samongfamiliesremainlargelyunexplained,andthegeneticfactorsarelikelycomplex. OnebetterunderstoodgeneticfactorisaformoftheapolipoproteinEgene(APOE).Avariationofthegene,APOEe4,increasestheriskofAlzheimer'sdisease.Approximately25%to30%ofthepopulationcarriesanAPOEe4allele,butnoteveryonewiththisvariationofthegenedevelopsthedisease. Scientistshaveidentifiedrarechanges(mutations)inthreegenesthatvirtuallyguaranteeapersonwhoinheritsoneofthemwilldevelopAlzheimer's.Butthesemutationsaccountforlessthan1%ofpeoplewithAlzheimer'sdisease. DownsyndromeManypeoplewithDownsyndromedevelopAlzheimer'sdisease.Thisislikelyrelatedtohavingthreecopiesofchromosome21—andsubsequentlythreecopiesofthegenefortheproteinthatleadstothecreationofbeta-amyloid.SignsandsymptomsofAlzheimer'stendtoappear10to20yearsearlierinpeoplewithDownsyndromethantheydoforthegeneralpopulation. SexThereappearstobelittledifferenceinriskbetweenmenandwomen,but,overall,therearemorewomenwiththediseasebecausetheygenerallylivelongerthanmen. MildcognitiveimpairmentMildcognitiveimpairment(MCI)isadeclineinmemoryorotherthinkingskillsthatisgreaterthannormalforaperson'sage,butthedeclinedoesn'tpreventapersonfromfunctioninginsocialorworkenvironments. PeoplewhohaveMCIhaveasignificantriskofdevelopingdementia.WhentheprimaryMCIdeficitismemory,theconditionismorelikelytoprogresstodementiaduetoAlzheimer'sdisease.AdiagnosisofMCIencouragesagreaterfocusonhealthylifestylechanges,developingstrategiestomakeupformemorylossandschedulingregulardoctorappointmentstomonitorsymptoms. HeadtraumaPeoplewho'vehadasevereheadtraumahaveagreaterriskofAlzheimer'sdisease.Severallargestudiesfoundthatinpeopleage50yearsorolderwhohadatraumaticbraininjury(TBI),theriskofdementiaandAlzheimer'sdiseaseincreased.Theriskincreasesinpeoplewithmore-severeandmultipleTBIs.SomestudiesindicatethattheriskmaybegreatestwithinthefirstsixmonthstotwoyearsaftertheTBI. AirpollutionStudiesinanimalshaveindicatedthatairpollutionparticulatescanspeeddegenerationofthenervoussystem.Andhumanstudieshavefoundthatairpollutionexposure—particularlyfromtrafficexhaustandburningwood—isassociatedwithgreaterdementiarisk. ExcessivealcoholconsumptionDrinkinglargeamountsofalcoholhaslongbeenknowntocausebrainchanges.Severallargestudiesandreviewsfoundthatalcoholusedisorderswerelinkedtoanincreasedriskofdementia,particularlyearly-onsetdementia. PoorsleeppatternsResearchhasshownthatpoorsleeppatterns,suchasdifficultyfallingasleeporstayingasleep,areassociatedwithanincreasedriskofAlzheimer'sdisease. LifestyleandhearthealthResearchhasshownthatthesameriskfactorsassociatedwithheartdiseasemayalsoincreasetheriskofAlzheimer'sdisease.Theseinclude: Lackofexercise Obesity Smokingorexposuretosecondhandsmoke Highbloodpressure Highcholesterol Poorlycontrolledtype2diabetes Thesefactorscanallbemodified.Therefore,changinglifestylehabitscantosomedegreealteryourrisk.Forexample,regularexerciseandahealthylow-fatdietrichinfruitsandvegetablesareassociatedwithadecreasedriskofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease. LifelonglearningandsocialengagementStudieshavefoundanassociationbetweenlifelonginvolvementinmentallyandsociallystimulatingactivitiesandareducedriskofAlzheimer'sdisease.Loweducationlevels—lessthanahighschooleducation—appeartobeariskfactorforAlzheimer'sdisease. ComplicationsMemoryandlanguageloss,impairedjudgmentandothercognitivechangescausedbyAlzheimer'scancomplicatetreatmentforotherhealthconditions.ApersonwithAlzheimer'sdiseasemaynotbeableto: Communicatethatheorsheisexperiencingpain Explainsymptomsofanotherillness Followaprescribedtreatmentplan Explainmedicationsideeffects AsAlzheimer'sdiseaseprogressestoitslaststages,brainchangesbegintoaffectphysicalfunctions,suchasswallowing,balance,andbowelandbladdercontrol.Theseeffectscanincreasevulnerabilitytoadditionalhealthproblemssuchas: Inhalingfoodorliquidintothelungs(aspiration) Flu,pneumoniaandotherinfections Falls Fractures Bedsores Malnutritionordehydration Constipationordiarrhea Dentalproblemssuchasmouthsoresortoothdecay PreventionAlzheimer'sdiseaseisnotapreventablecondition.However,anumberoflifestyleriskfactorsforAlzheimer'scanbemodified.Evidencesuggeststhatchangesindiet,exerciseandhabits—stepstoreducetheriskofcardiovasculardisease—mayalsoloweryourriskofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdiseaseandotherdisordersthatcausedementia.Heart-healthylifestylechoicesthatmayreducetheriskofAlzheimer'sincludethefollowing: Exercisingregularly Eatingadietoffreshproduce,healthyoilsandfoodslowinsaturatedfatsuchasaMediterraneandiet Followingtreatmentguidelinestomanagehighbloodpressure,diabetesandhighcholesterol Askingyourdoctorforhelptoquitsmokingifyousmoke StudieshaveshownthatpreservedthinkingskillslaterinlifeandareducedriskofAlzheimer'sdiseaseareassociatedwithparticipatinginsocialevents,reading,dancing,playingboardgames,creatingart,playinganinstrument,andotheractivitiesthatrequirementalandsocialengagement.MoreInformationAlzheimer'sdiseasecareatMayoClinicAlzheimer'sdisease:Canexercisepreventmemoryloss?Alzheimer'sprevention:Doesitexist?VitaminD:CanitpreventAlzheimer's&dementia?Showmorerelatedinformation ByMayoClinicStaff Alzheimer'sdiseasecareatMayoClinic RequestanAppointmentatMayoClinic Diagnosis&treatment Feb.19,2022 Print Shareon:FacebookTwitter Showreferences DaroffRB,etal.Alzheimer'sdiseaseandotherdementias.In:Bradley'sNeurologyinClinicalPractice.7thed.Philadelphia,Pa.:SaundersElsevier;2016.https://www.clinicalkey.com.AccessedNov.23,2020. Alzheimer'sdiseasefactsheet.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-disease-fact-sheet.AccessedNov.23,2020. WolkDA,etal.ClincalfeaturesanddiagnosisofAlzheimer'sdisease.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.AccessedNov.23,2020. KeeneCD,etal.Epidemiology,pathology,andpathogenesisofAlzheimer'sdisease.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.AccessedNov.23,2020. AlbertMS,etal.ThediagnosisofmildcognitiveimpairmentduetoAlzheimer'sdisease:RecommendationsfromtheNationalInstituteonAging-Alzheimer'sAssociationworkgroupsondiagnosticguidelinesforAlzheimer'sdisease.Alzheimer'sandDementia.doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008. Alzheimer'sdisease:Commonmedicalproblems.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-disease-common-medical-problems.AccessedNov.23,2020. Whatisdementia?Symptoms,types,anddiagnosis.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/diagnosing-dementia.AccessedNov.23,2020. Biomarkersfordementiadetectionandresearch.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/biomarkers-dementia-detection-and-research.AccessedNov.23,2020. Cholinesteraseinhibitorsinthetreatmentofdementia.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.AccessedNov.23,2020. PressD,etal.Treatmentofdementia.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.AccessedNov.23,2020. HomesafetychecklistforAlzheimer'sdisease.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/home-safety-checklist-alzheimers-disease.AccessedNov.23,2020. Early-stagecaregiving.Alzheimer'sAssociation.https://www.alz.org/help-support/caregiving/stages-behaviors/early-stage.AccessedNov.23,2020. Alzheimer'sdiseaseataglance.NationalCenterforComplementaryandIntegrativeHealth.https://nccih.nih.gov/health/alzheimer/ataglance.AccessedNov.23,2020. StayingphysicallyactivewithAlzheimer's.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/staying-physically-active-alzheimers.AccessedNov.23,2020. Copingwithlate-stageAlzheimer'sdisease.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/coping-late-stage-alzheimers-disease.AccessedNov.23,2020. HealthyeatingandAlzheimer'sdisease.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/healthy-eating-and-alzheimers-disease.AccessedNov.23,2020. AdaptingactivitiesforpeoplewithAlzheimer'sdisease.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/adapting-activities-people-alzheimers-disease.AccessedNov.23,2020. Middle-stagecaregiving.Alzheimer'sAssociation.https://www.alz.org/help-support/caregiving/stages-behaviors/middle-stage.AccessedNov.23,2020. Alzheimer'scaregiving:Caringforyourself.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-caregiving-caring-yourself.AccessedNov.23,2020. PressD,etal.Preventionofdementia.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.AccessedNov.23,2020. ShakersainB,etal.Anactivelifestylereinforcestheeffectofahealthydietoncognitivefunction:Apopulation-basedlongitudinalstudy.Nutrients.doi:10.3390/nu10091297. DauvilliersY,etal.REMsleepbehaviourdisorder.NatureReviewsDiseasePrimers.2018;doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0016-5. SpiraAP,etal.Impactofsleepontheriskofcognitivedeclineanddementia.CurrentOpinioninPsychiatry.2014;27:478. RigginEA.AllscriptsEPSi.MayoClinic.Oct.23,2020. 2020Alzheimer'sdiseasefactsandfigures.Alzheimer'sAssociation.https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures.AccessedNov.24,2020. Graff-RadfordJ(expertopinion).MayoClinic.Dec.4,2020. AskMayoExpert.Alzheimer'sdiseasedementia(adult).MayoClinic;2020. LivingstonG,etal.Dementiaprevention,intervention,andcare:2020reportoftheLancetcommission.TheLancet.2020;doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6. PalmqvistS,etal.Discriminativeaccuracyofplasmaphospho-tau217forAlzheimerdiseasevsotherneurodegenerativedisorders.JAMA.doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12134. Alzheimer'sdiseaseresearchcenters.NationalInstituteonAging.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-disease-research-centers.AccessedDec.3,2020. Dementia.WorldHealthOrganization.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia.AccessedDec.8,2020. FDA'sdecisiontoapprovenewtreatmentforAlzheimer'sdisease.U.S.FoodandDrugAdministration.https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fdas-decision-approve-new-treatment-alzheimers-disease.AccessedJune8,2021. Related Alzheimer's101 Alzheimer'sdisease:Canexercisepreventmemoryloss? Alzheimer'sdrugs Alzheimer'sgenes Alzheimer'snosespray:NewAlzheimer'streatment? Alzheimer'sprevention:Doesitexist? Alzheimer'sstages Alzheimer's:Newtreatments BrainatrophyandAlzheimer's CanmusichelpsomeonewithAlzheimer's? DiagnosingAlzheimer's IsthedefinitionofAlzheimer'sdiseasechanging? MayoClinicMinuteNewdefinitionofAlzheimer'schanges MayoClinicMinute:3tipstoreduceyourriskofAlzheimer'sdisease MayoClinicMinute:Alzheimer'sdiseaseriskandlifestyle MayoClinicMinute:WomenandAlzheimer'sDisease Memoryloss:Whentoseekhelp NewAlzheimersResearch Sundowning:Late-dayconfusion Understandingthedifferencebetweendementiatypes Video:Alzheimer'sdrugshowsearlypromise VitaminD:CanitpreventAlzheimer's&dementia? Young-onsetAlzheimer's Showmorerelatedcontent AssociatedProcedures CTscan MRI Positronemissiontomographyscan NewsfromMayoClinic ScienceSaturday:Inneurodegenerativediseases,MayoClinicresearchfindssharedgenepatterns,widespreaddamage May28,2022,11:00a.m.CDT NewcomputationalmodelproposedforAlzheimer'sdisease March28,2022,03:30p.m.CDT Plasmabiomarkerscreeningcouldimproveaccuracy,healthequityinAlzheimer'sdiseasediagnosis March17,2022,03:00p.m.CDT SharingMayoClinic:AllhandsondeckforJillMcElroy Feb.27,2022,12:00p.m.CDT MayoClinicMinute:FamilyriskofAlzheimer'sdisease Nov.24,2021,04:00p.m.CDT MayoClinicQ&Apodcast:MayoClinicexpertsdiscussnewAlzheimer'streatmentoption June15,2021,02:26p.m.CDT FDAapprovesaducanumabtotreatAlzheimer'sdisease June07,2021,05:38p.m.CDT Mayoresearchers,collaboratorsidentify'instigator'geneassociatedwithAlzheimer'sdisease April19,2021,03:00p.m.CDT Mitochondriavs.Alzheimer's Feb.24,2021,05:43p.m.CDT MayoClinicRadiopodcast:12/26/20 Dec.26,2020,03:40p.m.CDT ScienceSaturday:10non-COVIDconversationstartersforyourvirtualholidayget-togethers Dec.26,2020,07:00a.m.CDT LivingwithAlzheimer'sdisease Nov.11,2020,09:00p.m.CDT Alzheimer'sbookoffersupdatedresourceforpatients,carepartners Oct.13,2020,03:00p.m.CDT ShowmorenewsfromMayoClinic Products&Services AssortmentofProductsforIndependentLivingfromMayoClinicStore Book:MayoCliniconAlzheimer'sDisease ShowmoreproductsandservicesfromMayoClinic Alzheimer'sdiseaseSymptoms&causesDiagnosis&treatmentDoctors&departmentsCareatMayoClinic Advertisement MayoClinicdoesnotendorsecompaniesorproducts.Advertisingrevenuesupportsournot-for-profitmission. Advertising&Sponsorship Policy Opportunities AdChoices MayoClinicPress Checkoutthesebest-sellersandspecialoffersonbooksandnewslettersfromMayoClinicPress. NEW–TheEssentialDiabetesBook-MayoClinicPressNEW–TheEssentialDiabetesBookCookSmart,EatWell–2FREErecipes-MayoClinicPressCookSmart,EatWell–2FREErecipesNEW–MayoCliniconHearingandBalance-MayoClinicPressNEW–MayoCliniconHearingandBalanceFREEMayoClinicDietAssessment-MayoClinicPressFREEMayoClinicDietAssessmentMayoClinicHealthLetter-FREEbook-MayoClinicPressMayoClinicHealthLetter-FREEbook CON-20155101 PatientCare&HealthInformation Diseases&Conditions Alzheimer'sdisease