Impermanence - Wikipedia

Impermanence, also known as the philosophical problem of change, is a philosophical concept addressed in a variety of religions and philosophies. Impermanence FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Philosophicalconcept Forotheruses,seeImpermanence(disambiguation). Thisarticle'sfactualaccuracyisdisputed.Relevantdiscussionmaybefoundonthetalkpage.Pleasehelptoensurethatdisputedstatementsarereliablysourced.(April2022)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ABuddhistpaintingdisplayingImpermanence Impermanence,alsoknownasthephilosophicalproblemofchange,isaphilosophicalconceptaddressedinavarietyofreligionsandphilosophies.InEasternphilosophyitisnotableforitsroleintheBuddhistthreemarksofexistence.ItisalsoanelementofHinduism.InWesternphilosophyitismostfamouslyknownthroughitsfirstappearanceinGreekphilosophyinthewritingsofHeraclitusandinhisdoctrineofpantarhei(everythingflows).InWesternphilosophytheconceptisalsoreferredtoasbecoming. Contents 1Indianreligion 1.1Buddhism 1.2Hinduism 2Westernphilosophy 2.1TheEleatics 2.2ResponsestotheEleatics 2.3Pyrrhonism 3Inartsandculture 4Seealso 5References 6Externallinks Indianreligion[edit] ThePaliwordforimpermanence,anicca,isacompoundwordconsistingof"a"meaningnon-,and"nicca"meaning"constant,continuous,permanent".[1]While'nicca'istheconceptofcontinuityandpermanence,'anicca'referstoitsexactopposite;theabsenceofpermanenceandcontinuity.ThetermissynonymouswiththeSanskrittermanitya(a+nitya).[1][2]TheconceptofimpermanenceisprominentinBuddhism,anditisalsofoundinvariousschoolsofHinduismandJainism.ThetermalsoappearsintheRigveda.[3][4] Buddhism[edit] PartofaseriesonBuddhism History Timeline GautamaBuddha Pre-sectarianBuddhism Councils SilkRoadtransmissionofBuddhism DeclineintheIndiansubcontinent LaterBuddhists Buddhistmodernism DharmaConcepts FourNobleTruths NobleEightfoldPath Dharmawheel FiveAggregates Impermanence Suffering Not-self DependentOrigination MiddleWay Emptiness Morality Karma Rebirth Saṃsāra Cosmology Buddhisttexts Buddhavacana EarlyBuddhistTexts Tripiṭaka MahayanaSutras PāliCanon Tibetancanon Chinesecanon Practices ThreeJewels BuddhistPathstoliberation Fiveprecepts Perfections Meditation Philosophicalreasoning Devotionalpractices Meritmaking Recollections Mindfulness Wisdom Sublimeabidings AidstoEnlightenment Monasticism Laylife Buddhistchant Pilgrimage Vegetarianism Nirvāṇa Awakening FourStages Arhat Pratyekabuddha Bodhisattva Buddha Traditions Theravāda Pāli Mahāyāna Hinayana Chinese Vajrayāna Tibetan Navayana Newar Buddhismbycountry Bhutan Cambodia China India Japan Korea Laos Mongolia Myanmar Russia SriLanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Glossary Index Outline  Religionportalvte TranslationsofImpermanenceEnglishImpermanenceSanskritअनित्य,anityaPaliअनिक्का，AniccaBurmeseအနိစ္စ(MLCTS:anicca)Chinese無常(Pinyin:wúcháng)Japanese無常(Rōmaji:mujō)Khmerអនិច្ចំ(UNGEGN:ânĭchchâm)Korean무상(RR:musang)Tibetanམི་རྟག་པ་(mirtagpa)TagaloganissaThaiอนิจจัง(RTGS:anitchang)VietnamesevôthườngGlossaryofBuddhism AccordingtoBuddhism,livingbeingsgothroughmanybirths.Buddhismdoesnotteachtheexistenceofapermanent,immutablesoul.Thebirthofoneformfromanotherispartofaprocessofcontinuouschange[citationneeded]. Impermanence,calledanicca(Pāli)oranitya(Sanskrit),appearsextensivelyinthePaliCanon[1]asoneoftheessentialdoctrinesofBuddhism.[1][5][6]Thedoctrineassertsthatallofconditionedexistence,withoutexception,is"transient,evanescent,inconstant".[1]Alltemporalthings,whethermaterialormental,arecompoundedobjectsinacontinuouschangeofcondition,subjecttodeclineanddestruction.[1][2]Allphysicalandmentaleventsarenotmetaphysicallyreal.Theyarenotconstantorpermanent;theycomeintobeinganddissolve.[7] AniccaisunderstoodinBuddhismasthefirstofthethreemarksofexistence(trilakshana),theothertwobeingdukkha(suffering,pain,unsatisfactoriness)andanatta(non-self,non-soul,noessence).[6][5][8]ItappearsinPalitextsas,"sabbesankharaanicca,sabbesankharadukkha,sabbedhammaanatta",whichSzczurektranslatesas,"allconditionedthingsareimpermanent,allconditionedthingsarepainful,alldhammasarewithoutSelf".[9] Allphysicalandmentalevents,statesBuddhism,comeintobeinganddissolve.[10]Humanlifeembodiesthisfluxintheagingprocess,thecycleofrepeatedbirthanddeath(Samsara),nothinglasts,andeverythingdecays.Thisisapplicabletoallbeingsandtheirenvirons,includingbeingswhohavereincarnatedindeva(god)andnaraka(hell)realms.[11][12] Aniccaisintimatelyassociatedwiththedoctrineofanatta,accordingtowhichthingshavenoessence,permanentself,orunchangingsoul.[13][14]TheBuddhataughtthatbecausenophysicalormentalobjectispermanent,desiresfororattachmentstoeithercausessuffering(dukkha).UnderstandingAniccaandAnattaarestepsintheBuddhist'sspiritualprogresstowardenlightenment.[15][7][16] Everything,whetherphysicalormental,isaformation(Saṅkhāra),hasadependentoriginationandisimpermanent.Itarises,changesanddisappears.[17][18]AccordingtoBuddhism,everythinginhumanlife,allobjects,aswellasallbeingswhetherinheavenlyorhellishorearthlyrealmsinBuddhistcosmology,isalwayschanging,inconstant,undergoesrebirthandredeath(Samsara).[11][12]Thisimpermanenceisasourceofdukkha.Thisisincontrasttonirvana,therealitythatisnicca,orknowsnochange,decayordeath.[1] RupertGethinonFourNobleTruthssays:[19] Aslongasthereisattachmenttothingsthatare unstable,unreliable,changingandimpermanent, therewillbesuffering– whentheychange,whentheyceasetobe whatwewantthemtobe. (...) Ifcravingisthecauseofsuffering,thenthecessation ofsufferingwillsurelyfollowfrom'thecomplete fadingawayandceasingofthatverycraving': itsabandoning,relinquishing,releasing,lettinggo. Hinduism[edit] ThetermAnitya(अनित्य),inthesenseofimpermanenceofobjectsandlife,appearsinverse1.2.10oftheKathaUpanishad,oneofthePrincipalUpanishadsofHinduism.[20][21]Itassertsthateverythingintheworldisimpermanent,butimpermanentnatureofthingsisanopportunitytoobtainwhatispermanent(nitya)astheHinduscripturepresentsitsdoctrineaboutAtman(Self).[9][21][22]ThetermAnityaalsoappearsintheBhagavadGitainasimilarcontext.[9] BuddhismandHinduismsharethedoctrineofAniccaorAnitya,thatis"nothinglasts,everythingisinconstantstateofchange";however,theydisagreeontheAnattadoctrine,thatiswhetherSelfexistsornot.[7]Eveninthedetailsoftheirrespectiveimpermanencetheories,stateFrankHoffmanandDeegalleMahinda,BuddhistandHindutraditionsdiffer.[23]ChangeassociatedwithAniccaandassociatedattachmentsproducessorroworDukkhaassertsBuddhismandthereforeneedtobediscardedforliberation(nibbana),whileHinduismassertsthatnotallchangeandattachmentsleadtoDukkhaandsomechange–mentalorphysicalorself-knowledge–leadstohappinessandthereforeneedtobesoughtforliberation(moksha).[23]TheNicca(permanent)inBuddhismisanatta(non-soul),theNityainHinduismisatman(Self).[9] Westernphilosophy[edit] PartofaseriesonPhilosophyPlatoKantNietzscheBuddhaConfuciusAverroes Branches Aesthetics Axiology Cosmology Epistemology Ethics Legal Linguistic Logic Mental Metaphilosophy Metaphysics Political Religious Scientific Social Periods Ancient Medieval Modern Contemporary Traditions Analytic Neopositivism Ordinarylanguage Aristotelian Buddhist Abhidharma Madhyamaka Pramāṇavāda Yogacara Cārvāka Christian Augustinian Humanist Scotist Thomist Occamist Confucian Neo New Continental Existentialism Phenomenology Hegelian Hindu Mīmāṃsā Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika Sāṃkhya Yoga Vedanta KashmirShaivism Navya-Nyāya Neo-Vedanta Integralyoga Islamic Ash'arism EarlyIslamic Averroist Avicennist Illuminationist Ismāʿīlism Sufi Jain Jewish Judeo-Islamic Kantian Neo Legalism Marxist Criticaltheory FrankfurtSchool Platonist Neo Pragmatism Skepticism Taoistphilosophy Traditionsbyregion African Ethiopia Eastern Chinese Indian Indonesia Japan Korea Vietnam Middle-Eastern Egyptian Iranian Western Greece Germany Italian OldNorse Americas Literature Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Politicalphilosophy Philosophers Aestheticians Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Socialandpoliticalphilosophers Womeninphilosophy Lists Index Outline Years Problems Publications Theories Glossary Philosophers  Philosophyportalvte ImpermanencefirstappearsinGreekphilosophyinthewritingsofHeraclitusandhisdoctrineofpantarhei(everythingflows).Heraclituswasfamousforhisinsistenceonever-presentchangeasbeingthefundamentalessenceoftheuniverse,asstatedinthefamoussaying,"Nomaneverstepsinthesamerivertwice"[24]Thisiscommonlyconsideredtobeakeycontributioninthedevelopmentofthephilosophicalconceptofbecoming,ascontrastedwith"being",andhassometimesbeenseeninadialecticalrelationshipwithParmenides'statementthat"whateveris,is,andwhatisnotcannotbe",thelatterbeingunderstoodasakeycontributioninthedevelopmentofthephilosophicalconceptofbeing.Forthisreason,ParmenidesandHeraclitusarecommonlyconsideredtobetwoofthefoundersofontology.ScholarshavegenerallybelievedthateitherParmenideswasrespondingtoHeraclitus,orHeraclitustoParmenides,thoughopiniononwhowasrespondingtowhomhasvariedoverthecourseofthe20thand21stcenturies.[25]Heraclitus'positionwascomplementedbyhisstarkcommitmenttoaunityofoppositesintheworld,statingthat"thepathupanddownareoneandthesame".ThroughthesedoctrinesHeraclituscharacterizedallexistingentitiesbypairsofcontraryproperties,wherebynoentitymayeveroccupyasinglestateatasingletime.This,alongwithhiscrypticutterancethat"allentitiescometobeinaccordancewiththisLogos"(literally,"word","reason",or"account")hasbeenthesubjectofnumerousinterpretations. ImpermanencewaswidelybutnotuniversallyacceptedamongsubsequentGreekphilosophers.Democritus'theoryofatomsentailedthatassemblagesofatomswereimpermanent.[26]Pyrrhodeclaredthateverythingwasastathmēta(unstable),andanepikrita(unfixed).[27]Plutarchcommentedonimpermanencesaying"Andifthenaturewhichismeasuredissubjecttothesameconditionsasthetimewhichmeasuresit,thisnatureitselfhasnopermanence,nor"being,"butisbecomingandperishingaccordingtoitsrelationtotime.[28]TheStoicphilosopher,MarcusAurelius'Meditationscontainsmanycommentsaboutimpermanence,suchas“Bearinmindthateverythingthatexistsisalreadyfrayingattheedges,andintransition,subjecttofragmentationandtorot.”(10.18)[29] Platorejectedimpermanence,arguingagainstHeraclitus:[30]Howcanthatbearealthingwhichisneverinthesamestate?...foratthemomentthattheobserverapproaches,thentheybecomeother...sothatyoucannotgetanyfurtherinknowingtheirnatureorstate....butifthatwhichknowsandthatwhichisknownexistever...thenIdonotthinktheycanresembleaprocessorflux.... SeveralfamousRomanLatinsayingsareaboutimpermanence,includingOmniamutantur,Sictransitgloriamundi,andTemporamutantur. TheEleatics[edit] Thissectionpossiblycontainsoriginalresearch.Pleaseimproveitbyverifyingtheclaimsmadeandaddinginlinecitations.Statementsconsistingonlyoforiginalresearchshouldberemoved.(April2022)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ChangewasoneofthechiefconcernsoftheEleaticschoolofthoughtfoundedbyParmenides.Parmenidesconsiderednon-existencetobeabsurd,andthusassertedthatitwasimpossibleforsomethingtocomeintoexistenceoutofnothing,orforsomethingtopassoutofexistenceintonothing.By"something",hewasreferringnotjusttomaterial,buttoanygeneralpredicate;rejecting,forinstance,changesofcolor,astheyinvolvedthenewcolorarisingfromnothingandtheoldcolourpassingintonothing.Hethereforerejectedallchangeasimpossible,andclaimedthatrealitywasanundifferentiatedandunchangingwhole. TheseideasweretakenupbyvariousfollowersofParmenides,mostnotablyMelissusandZeno,whoprovidedadditionalarguments,specificallyfortheimpossibilityofmotion.Melissusclaimedthatrealitywas"full"(nonexistencebeingimpossible),andthatthereforenothingcouldmove.Zenogaveaseriesofargumentswhichwereparticularlyinfluential.AmongthesimplestwashisobservationthattomovefromAtoB,onemustfirstreachthehalfwaypointbetweenAandB;buttheninordertodothis,onemustgethalfwayfromAtothishalfwaypoint;andsoon.Thusallmotioninvolvesaninfinitenumberofsteps,whichZenoheldtobeimpossible.AsimilarargumentinvolvedafootracebetweenAchillesandatortoise.Thetortoiseisgivenaheadstart.Achillesquicklyreachesthepointwherethetortoisestood,butbythistimethetortoisehasmovedonalittle,soAchillesmustnowreachthisnewpoint,andsoon.Adifferentargumentinvolvedtheflightofanarrow.Zenoobservedthatifoneconsidersasinglemomentoftime,thearrowisnotmovinginthatmoment.Hethenclaimeditwasimpossiblethatanarrowinmotioncouldariseastheresultofasequenceofmotionlessarrows. ResponsestotheEleatics[edit] Thissectionpossiblycontainsoriginalresearch.Pleaseimproveitbyverifyingtheclaimsmadeandaddinginlinecitations.Statementsconsistingonlyoforiginalresearchshouldberemoved.(April2022)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) TheatomismofDemocritusandLeucippuscanbeseenasaresponsetotheEleaticdenialofchange.Theatomistsconcededthatsomethingcomingfromorbecomingnothingwasimpossible,butonlywithrespecttomaterialsubstance,nottogeneralqualities.Theyhypothesizedthateveryvisibleobjectwasinfactacompositeofunseenindivisibleparticlesofdifferentshapesandsizes.Theseparticleswereheldtobeeternalandunchanging,butbyrearrangingthemselves,thecompositeobjectswhichtheyformedcouldcomeintoandgooutofbeing.Thesecompositeobjectsandtheirpropertieswerenottakenastrulyreal;inthewordsofDemocritus,"byconventionsweet,byconventionbitter;byconventionhot,byconventioncold;byconventioncolor:butinrealityatomsandvoid."Anyperceivedchangeinanobject'spropertieswasthereforeillusoryandnotsusceptibletotheobjectionsofParmenides. Anaxagorasprovidedasimilarresponse,butinsteadofatoms,hehypothesizedanumberofeternal,primal"ingredients"whichweremixedtogetherinacontinuum.Nomaterialobjectwasmadeofapureingredient;rather,ithaditsmaterialcharacterduetoapreponderanceofvariousingredientsovereveryother.Inthisway,Anaxagorascouldassertthatnowheredidanyingredienteverfullycomeintoorgooutofbeing. Pyrrhonism[edit] PartofaseriesonPyrrhonism Precursors Heraclitus Democritus Buddha ZenoofElea Anaxarchus Xenophanes Philosophy Acatalepsy Adiaphora Aporia Ataraxia Astathmēta Impermanence Dependentorigination Dogma Epoché Agrippa'strilemma Phantasiai Problemofinduction Problemofthecriterion Reductioadabsurdum Regressargument Relativism Circularreasoning Dissent TenModesofAenesidemus FiveModesofAgrippa Pyrrhonists Pyrrho Aenesidemus AgrippatheSkeptic Arcesilaus MicheldeMontaigne SextusEmpiricus TimonofPhlius Similarphilosophies AcademicSkepticism MadhyamakaBuddhism Empiricschool Cyrenaicism Cynicism Contraryphilosophies Stoicism Aristotelianism Epicureanism  Philosophyportalvte Seealso:SimilaritiesbetweenPyrrhonismandBuddhism AccordingtotheSilkRoadphilologist,ChristopherI.Beckwith,theancientGreekphilosopher,Pyrrho,basedhisnewphilosophy,Pyrrhonism,onelementsofEarlyBuddhism,mostparticularlytheBuddhistthreemarksofexistence.[31]PyrrhoaccompaniedAlexandertheGreatonhisIndiancampaign,spendingabout18monthsinTaxilastudyingIndianphilosophy.DiogenesLaërtius'biographyofPyrrho[32]reportsthatPyrrhobasedhisphilosophyonwhathelearnedthere: ...heevenwentasfarastheGymnosophists,inIndia,andtheMagi.Owingtowhichcircumstance,heseemstohavetakenanoblelineinphilosophy,introducingthedoctrineofacatalepsy(incomprehensibility),andofthenecessityofepoche(suspendingone'sjudgment).... AsummaryofPyrrho'sphilosophywaspreservedbyEusebius,quotingAristocles,quotingPyrrho'sstudentTimon,inwhatisknownasthe"Aristoclespassage." "Whoeverwantstolivewell(eudaimonia)mustconsiderthesethreequestions:First,howarepragmata(ethicalmatters,affairs,topics)bynature?Secondly,whatattitudeshouldweadopttowardsthem?Thirdly,whatwillbetheoutcomeforthosewhohavethisattitude?"Pyrrho'sansweristhat"Asforpragmatatheyarealladiaphora(undifferentiatedbyalogicaldifferentia),astathmēta(unstable,unbalanced,notmeasurable),andanepikrita(unjudged,unfixed,undecidable).Therefore,neitheroursense-perceptionsnorourdoxai(views,theories,beliefs)tellusthetruthorlie;sowecertainlyshouldnotrelyonthem.Rather,weshouldbeadoxastoi(withoutviews),aklineis(uninclinedtowardthissideorthat),andakradantoi(unwaveringinourrefusaltochoose),sayingabouteverysingleonethatitnomoreisthanitisnotoritbothisandisnotoritneitherisnorisnot.[33] AccordingtoBeckwith'sanalysisoftheAristoclesPassage,PyrrhotranslatedtheBuddhistconceptofaniccaintoGreekasanepikrita,i.e.,thatpragmata(issues,things,dharmas)areunfixed.Theykeepchanging,andassuchcannotbejudged.[34] Inartsandculture[edit] AkioJissoji'sBuddhistauteurfilmMujo(alsoknownasThisTransientLife)owesitstitletothedoctrineofImpermanence. ImpermanenceisthetitleofanovellabyDanielFrisano. Impermanenceisthetitleofthe7thtrackonForThoseThatWishToExistbyArchitects. Seealso[edit] RealityinBuddhism Hōjōki Mononoaware TheTaleoftheHeike Wabi-sabi Philosophyofspaceandtime Processphilosophy Temporality Vanitas References[edit] ^abcdefgThomasWilliamRhysDavids;WilliamStede(1921).Pali-EnglishDictionary.MotilalBanarsidass.pp. 355,ArticleonNicca.ISBN 978-81-208-1144-7. ^abRobertE.BuswellJr.;DonaldS.LopezJr.(2013).ThePrincetonDictionaryofBuddhism.PrincetonUniversityPress.pp. 47–48,ArticleonAnitya.ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. ^A.C.Paranjpe(2006).SelfandIdentityinModernPsychologyandIndianThought.SpringerScience&BusinessMedia.p. 172.ISBN 978-0-306-47151-3. ^MartinG.Wiltshire(1990).AsceticFiguresBeforeandinEarlyBuddhism:TheEmergenceofGautamaastheBuddha.WalterdeGruyter.pp. 136note14.ISBN 978-3-11-009896-9. ^abRichardGombrich(2006).TheravadaBuddhism.Routledge.p. 47.ISBN 978-1-134-90352-8.,Quote:"Allphenomenalexistence[inBuddhism]issaidtohavethreeinterlockingcharacteristics:impermanence,sufferingandlackofsouloressence." ^abRobertE.BuswellJr.;DonaldS.LopezJr.(2013).ThePrincetonDictionaryofBuddhism.PrincetonUniversityPress.pp. 42–43,47,581.ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. ^abcRayBillington(2002).UnderstandingEasternPhilosophy.Routledge.pp. 56–59.ISBN 978-1-134-79348-8. ^AniccaBuddhism,EncyclopædiaBritannica(2013);AnattaBuddhism,EncyclopædiaBritannica(2013);GrantOlson(Translator);PhraPayutto(1995).Buddhadhamma:NaturalLawsandValuesforLife.StateUniversityofNewYorkPress.pp. 62–63.ISBN 978-0-7914-2631-9.{{citebook}}:|author1=hasgenericname(help) ^abcdRichardFrancisGombrich;CristinaAnnaScherrer-Schaub(2008).BuddhistStudies.MotilalBanarsidass.pp. 209–210.ISBN 978-81-208-3248-0. ^AniccaBuddhism,EncyclopædiaBritannica(2013) ^abDamienKeown(2013).Buddhism:AVeryShortIntroduction.OxfordUniversityPress.pp. 32–38.ISBN 978-0-19-966383-5. ^abPeterHarvey(2012).AnIntroductiontoBuddhism:Teachings,HistoryandPractices.CambridgeUniversityPress.pp. 32–33,38–39,46–49.ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4. ^AnattaBuddhism,EncyclopædiaBritannica(2013) ^[a]ChristmasHumphreys(2012).ExploringBuddhism.Routledge.pp. 42–43.ISBN 978-1-136-22877-3.[b]BrianMorris(2006).ReligionandAnthropology:ACriticalIntroduction.CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 51.ISBN 978-0-521-85241-8.,Quote:"(...)anattaisthedoctrineofnon-self,andisanextremeempiricistdoctrinethatholdsthatthenotionofanunchangingpermanentselfisafictionandhasnoreality.AccordingtoBuddhistdoctrine,theindividualpersonconsistsoffiveskandhasorheaps-thebody,feelings,perceptions,impulsesandconsciousness.Thebeliefinaselforsoul,overthesefiveskandhas,isillusoryandthecauseofsuffering."[c]RichardGombrich(2006).TheravadaBuddhism.Routledge.p. 47.ISBN 978-1-134-90352-8.,Quote:"(...)Buddha'steachingthatbeingshavenosoul,noabidingessence.This'no-souldoctrine'(anatta-vada)heexpoundedinhissecondsermon." ^BrianMorris(2006).ReligionandAnthropology:ACriticalIntroduction.CambridgeUniversityPress.pp. 51–53.ISBN 978-0-521-85241-8. ^JohnWhalen-Bridge(2011).WritingasEnlightenment:BuddhistAmericanLiteratureintotheTwenty-firstCentury.StateUniversityofNewYorkPress.pp. 154–155.ISBN 978-1-4384-3921-1. ^PaulWilliams(2005).Buddhism:BuddhisminChina,EastAsia,andJapan.Routledge.pp. 150–153.ISBN 978-0-415-33234-7. ^DamienKeown(2004).ADictionaryofBuddhism.OxfordUniversityPress.p. 15.ISBN 978-0-19-157917-2. ^RupertGethin(1998).TheFoundationsofBuddhism.OxfordUniversityPress.p. 74.ISBN 978-0-19-160671-7. ^KathaUpanishad1.2.10,Wikisource;Quote:जानाम्यहंशेवधिरित्यनित्यंनह्यध्रुवैःप्राप्यतेहिध्रुवंतत्।ततोमयानाचिकेतश्चितोऽग्निःअनित्यैर्द्रव्यैःप्राप्तवानस्मिनित्यम्॥१०॥ ^abPaulDeussen,SixtyUpanishadsoftheVeda,Volume1,MotilalBanarsidass,ISBN 978-8120814684,page283withfootnote1 ^MaxMuller(1884).TheUpanishads.OxfordUniversityPress(ReprintedDoverPress,2012).p. 9,verse1.2.10.ISBN 978-0-486-15711-5. ^abFrankHoffman;DeegalleMahinda(2013).PaliBuddhism.Routledge.pp. 162–165.ISBN 978-1-136-78553-5. ^ThisishowPlatoputsHeraclitus'doctrine.SeeCratylus,402a. ^JohnPalmer(2016).Parmenides.StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.MetaphysicsResearchLab,StanfordUniversity. ^"Democritus".TheStanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.MetaphysicsResearchLab,StanfordUniversity.2016. ^Beckwith,ChristopherI.(2015).GreekBuddha:Pyrrho'sEncounterwithEarlyBuddhisminCentralAsia(PDF).PrincetonUniversityPress.pp. 22–23.ISBN 9781400866328. ^Plutarch,Onthe“E”atDelphi ^https://www.phillipwells.com/2015/04/marcus-aurelius-on-impermanence.html[bareURL] ^CratylusParagraph440sectionsc-d. ^Beckwith,ChristopherI.(2015).GreekBuddha:Pyrrho'sEncounterwithEarlyBuddhisminCentralAsia(PDF).PrincetonUniversityPress.p. 28.ISBN 9781400866328. ^"TheLivesandOpinionsofEminentPhilosophers".Peithô'sWeb.RetrievedMarch23,2016. ^Beckwith,ChristopherI.(2015).GreekBuddha:Pyrrho'sEncounterwithEarlyBuddhisminCentralAsia(PDF).PrincetonUniversityPress.pp. 22–23.ISBN 9781400866328. ^Beckwith,ChristopherI.(2015).GreekBuddha:Pyrrho'sEncounterwithEarlyBuddhisminCentralAsia(PDF).PrincetonUniversityPress.p. 28.ISBN 9781400866328. Externallinks[edit] Thisarticle'suseofexternallinksmaynotfollowWikipedia'spoliciesorguidelines.Pleaseimprovethisarticlebyremovingexcessiveorinappropriateexternallinks,andconvertingusefullinkswhereappropriateintofootnotereferences.(June2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoImpermanence. LookupimpermanenceinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. TheBuddhistPhilosophyofUniversalFlux(1935)bySatkariMookerjee AllAboutChangebyThanissaroBhikkhu QuantitativeandqualitativechangeintextPhilosophicalResearch ThreemarksofexistencebyNyanaponikaThera TimeandTemporality:ABuddhistApproach,KennethK.Inada(1974),PhilosophyEastandWest Whatisimpermanence?BuddhismforBeginners vteTopicsinBuddhism Outline Glossary Index Foundations FourNobleTruths ThreeJewels Buddha Dharma Sangha NobleEightfoldPath Nirvana MiddleWay TheBuddha Tathāgata Birthday Foursights GreatRenunciation Physicalcharacteristics Footprint Relics IconographyinLaosandThailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna(father) Māyā(mother) MahapajapatiGotamī(aunt,adoptivemother) Yaśodharā(wife) Rāhula(son) Ānanda(cousin) Devadatta(cousin) PlaceswheretheBuddhastayed Buddhainworldreligions Bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Mañjuśrī Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Kṣitigarbha Samantabhadra Vajrapāṇi Skanda Tārā Metteyya/Maitreya Disciples Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Ānanda Mahākassapa Aṅgulimāla Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhūti Punna Upāli MahapajapatiGotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Keyconcepts Avidyā(Ignorance) Bardo Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Dhammatheory Dharma Enlightenment Fivehindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mentalfactors Mindstream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā(Craving) Tathātā TenFetters Threemarksofexistence Anicca Dukkha Anatta Twotruthsdoctrine Cosmology Tenspiritualrealms Sixrealms Devarealm Humanrealm Asurarealm HungryGhostrealm Animalrealm Naraka Threeplanesofexistence Branches Mahayana Zen ChineseChan JapaneseZen KoreanSeon VietnameseThiền PureLand Tiantai Huayan Risshū Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Vajrayana TibetanBuddhism ChineseEsotericBuddhism Shingon Dzogchen Theravada Navayana EarlyBuddhistschools Pre-sectarianBuddhism BasicpointsunifyingTheravādaandMahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiṣeka Dāna Devotion Deityyoga Dhyāna Faith 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