Can someone explain the ontology and epistemology in ...

Ontology deals with what kinds of things exist. Epistemology deals with what we can know and how we can know it (the means and conditions for knowledge), ... QuestionAnswers136SimilarquestionsRelatedpublicationsQuestionAsked17thFeb,2017ChamilaWijethissaUniversityofKelaniyaCansomeoneexplaintheontologyandepistemologyinsimpleway?theontologyandepistemologyiscomplexphenomenontounderstandthenatureofresearch.Inmycaseineedtounderstandbothregardingwithmyresearch.SoneedtounderstandthesimplemeaningofthesetwowordsOntologyEpistemologyGethelpwithyourresearchJoinResearchGatetoaskquestions,getinput,andadvanceyourwork.JoinforfreeLoginMostrecentanswer13thJun,2021SergeyShevchenkoInstituteofPhysicsoftheNationalAcademyofScienceofUkraine“Cansomeoneexplaintheontologyandepistemologyinsimpleway?”-theanswerseetheSSpostJune3inathisthreadsisterhttps://www.researchgate.net/post/What-is-the-difference-between-Ontology-and-Epistomology,thethreadisn’tspammed.Thoughforthose,whowanttounderstand–whatphilosophyis-itcanbeusefultoreadotherSSpostsinthelinkedthreadaswell;andSSpostsinhttps://www.researchgate.net/post/A_limit_of_logic_or_a_clever_language_trick,though.CheersCite1RecommendationPopularAnswers(1)17thFeb,2017MichaelBerginWaterfordInstituteofTechnologyIwilltryandansweryourquestionfromtheperspectiveofcarryingoutsocialresearchasthisoftenraisesanumberofmetatheoreticalquestionsthatrelatetoontologyandepistemology.Ontologyreferstowhatsortofthingsexistinthesocialworldandassumptionsabouttheformandnatureofthatsocialreality.Itisconcernedwithwhetherornotsocialrealityexistsindependentlyofhumanunderstandingandinterpretation;forinstance,isthereasharedsocialrealityor‘multiplecontext-specificrealities’. Broadlyspeaking,threedistinctontologicalpositionsidentifiedarerealism,idealismandmaterialism(Snape&Spencer2003).Realismclaimsthatthereisanexternalrealityindependentofwhatpeoplemaythinkorunderstandittobe,whereas,idealismmaintainsthatrealitycanonlybeunderstoodviathehumanmindandsociallyconstructedmeanings.Similartorealism,materialismalsoclaimsthatthereisarealworldbutitisonlythematerialorphysicalworldthatisconsideredtobereal.Otherphenomena,forinstance,beliefs,valuesorexperiencesarisefromthematerialworldbutdonotshapeit.Epistemologyisconcernedwiththenatureofknowledgeandwaysofknowingandlearningaboutsocialreality.Twomainperspectivesforknowingarepositivismandinterpretivism.Constructivismand‘naturalistic’aretermscommonlyreferredtointheliteratureandsometimesinaninconsistentwayforinterpretivism(Guba&Lincoln1994).Thetermconstructivismishelpfulbecauseitidentifiesthebasicprinciplethatrealityissociallyconstructed;arelativistpositionthatholdstheviewthatthereisnoexternalrealityindependentofhumanconsciousness(Robson2002).Cite191RecommendationsAllAnswers(136)1217thFeb,2017MichaelBerginWaterfordInstituteofTechnologyIwilltryandansweryourquestionfromtheperspectiveofcarryingoutsocialresearchasthisoftenraisesanumberofmetatheoreticalquestionsthatrelatetoontologyandepistemology.Ontologyreferstowhatsortofthingsexistinthesocialworldandassumptionsabouttheformandnatureofthatsocialreality.Itisconcernedwithwhetherornotsocialrealityexistsindependentlyofhumanunderstandingandinterpretation;forinstance,isthereasharedsocialrealityor‘multiplecontext-specificrealities’. Broadlyspeaking,threedistinctontologicalpositionsidentifiedarerealism,idealismandmaterialism(Snape&Spencer2003).Realismclaimsthatthereisanexternalrealityindependentofwhatpeoplemaythinkorunderstandittobe,whereas,idealismmaintainsthatrealitycanonlybeunderstoodviathehumanmindandsociallyconstructedmeanings.Similartorealism,materialismalsoclaimsthatthereisarealworldbutitisonlythematerialorphysicalworldthatisconsideredtobereal.Otherphenomena,forinstance,beliefs,valuesorexperiencesarisefromthematerialworldbutdonotshapeit.Epistemologyisconcernedwiththenatureofknowledgeandwaysofknowingandlearningaboutsocialreality.Twomainperspectivesforknowingarepositivismandinterpretivism.Constructivismand‘naturalistic’aretermscommonlyreferredtointheliteratureandsometimesinaninconsistentwayforinterpretivism(Guba&Lincoln1994).Thetermconstructivismishelpfulbecauseitidentifiesthebasicprinciplethatrealityissociallyconstructed;arelativistpositionthatholdstheviewthatthereisnoexternalrealityindependentofhumanconsciousness(Robson2002).Cite191Recommendations17thFeb,2017BradJesnessastartingpointforEnlightenedBehavioralScience/HumanEthologyIbelieveIcanprovideshortanswers:(1)ontologyishowwecometoknow.(2)epistemologyishowweknow. Theyshouldbe2relatedthings(butyoumightknowthewaypeopleare).YoumightcheckoutmyProject,"HumanEthologyandDevelopment". Itrytodealwithontology,epistemology,andontogeny(theunfoldingduringdevelopment(childdevelopment)).(Allthreeshouldberelated!!)Cite4Recommendations18thFeb,2017KarlPfeiferUniversityofSaskatchewanOntologydealswith whatkindsofthingsexist.Epistemologydealswithwhatwecanknowandhowwecanknowit (themeansandconditionsforknowledge),includinghowwecanknowwhatexists.Thetwoareinterconnected,sincehowwecanknowdependsonthenatureoftheobjectsofknowledge,anddeterminingwhatexistsanditsnaturedependsonhowwecanknow.Ourontology(orinventory)oftheworldmightincludephysicalobjects,minds,events,properties,values,andabstractentitiessuchasnumbersandsets.Orsomeofthesemightbereducedtoothers.(e.g.anominalistontologymightsaytherearenonumbers,only symbolsorinkmarks;aphysicalistmightsaytherearenomindsonlybrains).Epistemologymightclaimthatsomeorallofthesearemeanstoknowledge:perception,sensation,intuition,reason(deduction,induction,abduction)—evenfaithassomereligiousbelieversclaim. Epistemologymightalsoattempttodefine whatitistoknow:e.g.toimproveonthetraditionalviewofknowledgeas"justifiedtruebelief".Cite92Recommendations23rdFeb,2017SurangaLakmalWewalwalaGampahaWickramarachchiAyurvedaInstitute,UniversityofKelaniyaOntologymeansthestudyofthingsaroundusinsimpleandEpistemologyisthemethodsofobtainingthetrueknowledgeoftheabove"things".AccordingtomostoftheEasternphilosophies,weuseperception(Pratyaksha),inference(Anumana),Scripturaltestimony/maxims(Aptopadesha),Analogy(Upamana),reasoning(Yukti)etc.asthemethodsofobtainingtrueknowledge.Wecallit"PramanaVijnana"orEpistemology.Byusingthosemethods,weobtainthetrueknowledgeaboutthe"Padartha"aroundus.Means,intheuniverse.DifferentphilosophieshavebeenintroducedvariouskindsofPadartha(s).Theyaretheobjectsoftheabovecalledtrueknowledge.Asforaexample,inVaisheshikaPhilosophy,sixPadartha(s)havebeenintroduced.Matter(Dravya),Attributes(Guna),Action(Karma),SaamaanyaandVishesha.(Nopointofexplaininglattertwointhisstage).InNyayathereare16ofthem.Accordingtotheirphilosophy,youhavetounderstandabove"Padartha(s)"ifyouneedtoobtain"Moksha"orthereality. So,insimple,OntologyisthestudyofthingsintheuniverseandEpistemologyisthemethodsyouusetostudythem. Pleasecontactmeifyouneedanyfurtherclarifications.Dr.Suranga.0716018107Cite2RecommendationsDeletedprofileNo,notreally.Theybelongamongthemostdifficultandfar-reachingconceptsinphilosophy.Don'tthinkyouunderstandtheirmeaningbasedontheanswersgivenabove.Iwouldrecommendthatifyouwanttounderstandalotaboutontology,readHeideggerandifyouwanttounderstandalotaboutepistemology,readHume.Cite2Recommendations3rdAug,2017AnuradhaIddagodaUniversityofSriJayewardenepuraBurrell&Morgan(1979)namedepistemology,ontology,humannatureandmethodologyasphilosophicalassumptions.Slevitch(2011)statesthatontology(ontoinGreek‘being’andlogia‘science,study,theory’)canbedefinedasthestudyofrealityorthingsthatcomprisereality.TheviewofGuba&Lincoln,(1994)isthattheontologicalconsiderationiswhatistheformandnatureofrealityandtherefore,whatcanbeknownaboutitis“howthingsreallyare”and“howthingsreallywork”.AccordingtoBryman&Bell(2013)anepistemologicalissueconcernsthequestionofwhatis(orshouldbe)regardedasacceptableknowledgeinadiscipline.Theyalsostatethataparticularlycentralissueinthiscontextisthequestionofwhetherornotthesocialworldcanandshouldbestudiedaccordingtothesameprinciples,proceduresandethosasthenaturalsciences.MeanwhileAllison&Hobbs(2006)mentionthatontologicalconsiderationisabout“Whatisthenatureoftheknowable,orwhatisthenatureofreality?”andtheepistemologicalconsiderationisabout“Whatisthenatureoftherelationshipbetweentheknower(theinquirer)andtheknown(orknowledge)?”ReferencesAllison,H.E.andHobbs,R.J.,2006.Scienceandpolicyinnaturalresourcemanagement:Understandingsystemcomplexity.CambridgeUniversityPress.Burrell,G.andMorgan,G.,1979.Sociologicalparadigmsandorganisationalanalysis.Elementsofthesociologyofcorporatelife.Slevitch,L.,2011.Qualitativeandquantitativemethodologiescompared:ontologicalandepistemologicalperspectives.JournalofQualityAssuranceinHospitality&Tourism,12(1),pp.73-81.Guba,E.G.andLincoln,Y.S.,1994.Competingparadigmsinqualitativeresearch.Handbookofqualitativeresearch,2(163-194),p.105.Bryman,A.andBell,E.,2011.Businessresearchmethods.OxfordUniversityPress,USA.Cite1Recommendation10thOct,2018ElizabethKwakyeUniversityofEnergyandNaturalResourcesAllyouexplanationshavereallybeenofgoodhelptomeaswell.ThanksCite20thDec,2018MichaelLarbiUniversitatObertadeCatalunyaMostgratefulfortheinsights.Cite29thDec,2018AndréKarliczekThuringianUniversityandStateLibraryOntologyisthebeeingofthings.Itmeansthebeeingitselfforexampleofmatterandnothowmatterappearstohuman.Soifyouaretalkingaboutanontologicaltheoryofxyyoutrytoexplainhowxyisbroughttobeintheworldindependentlyfromhowitisperceivedbyus.Epistemologyinsteadissomethingdifferent.Itmeansattemptsmadebyhumantogainknowledgeabouttheworld.Ashumanswehaveseveralsensestorealisetheworldweliveinandwehavebrainthatisusedtointerpratestimuliinaspecificway(thewayissetbyexperienceswemakeasindividualsduringourlifetime).Sothewayweseetheworldashumansisnotthestateofbeeingofthisworld.ForexampleashumanswecannotseeUV-waveleghtsbuttheyareintheworld.Thatiswhyscientists-whoarehumans-trytofindawayofgainingobjectiveknowledgeabouttheworldthatisindependentofthehumanperception.Epistemologythereforeisthetheoryofgainingobjectiveknowledge.Butthequestionismoreifwe-ashumans-willbeableatalltoproducethatkindofobjectivityorif-asIassume-willbeboundforeverontheevolutionarystringsofhumanthinkingabouttheworld.Cite2Recommendations31stDec,2018AnthonyClancyAustralianCatholicUniversity"Me":Thetermsusedinresearcharestaggeringlymind-boggling.Withthe'legend'"lessismore"expertresearchersthenwritecumulativelythousandsofpagesproposingclarificationofacarnivalof'researchmethods'..andsucceedinfurtherfrustration,evenobfuscation,inmyview.Theexplanationofontologyandepistemologyaboveisnotmuchdifferent(forme)..itisvagueandhardtograsp.I'lltrymyway,letmeknowifIhaveheresy.Bythewayontology,epistologyandaxiologygenerally‘co-parade’inresearchdiscussions.1).‘ology’inferringaknowledge-ofanything…..andwhichmaybesubjectofdiscussion.2).Scientistsmayprovefactualrealityof'existence'throughcomparisonwithotherobjects,chemicalconstructsortheoreticalsituationsfromwhicheffectsemergeandindicateapresence.Byconnectingoneexistencewithanother...forsimpleexampleasacompound,averifiable'newexistence'whichlessened'anolderexistence'.3).Beforewewerebornthingsexisted.Duringourlife'things'.....,existences....aremaintained,varied,createdanddestroyedwhetherwesensethemofnot.Thissituationcontinuesafterourabilitytosensethemhasgoneforexamplethroughdeathofanyorallsenses.4).Scientistsmayprovefactualrealityof'existence'throughcomparisonwithotherobjects,chemicalconstructsortheoreticalsituationsfromwhicheffectsemergeandindicateapresence.Byconnectingoneexistencewithanother...forsimpleexampleasacompound,averifiable'newexistence'whichlessened'anolderexistence'5).Ontologyisessentiallyadescriptivewordconcerningaformof'knowledge',realisingoracceptingthatthingsdoexist,whetherabletobesensedornot(e.genergyforms).Thatmightincludeourpurposeinexisting.Weexist.Why?6).Kickingarocktellsuslittleofthe'existence'butitletsusknowitexists..oroursensesletusknowatleastonenatureofitsexistenceleadingtousrealisingitisa'rock'.7).Epistologyis‘knowledgethroughoursensorsforknowledge’…whichmaybesubjectofdiscussion.Weknowfromwhatwesenseabout,say,afactualexistence.Apersondescribingabox,forotherstodrawwillalmostcertainlyseeavarietyofsketches….Theirepistologyisindividualandbasedontheirownconstructionandexperiences.8).Itcanbefactualthatourplanetexists.Wecanshowthatinapplied-science,butdotheotherplanetsandcosmicvisionsweseeactuallyexist?Scientistsseemcertainthatblackholesexists,areareality,thatcosmicmaterialissuckedintothem…awayfromus.Thereisnoabsoluteprooftheyexistandiftheydo,whichsideofthe‘blackhole’areweactually‘on’.9).Formetheresearchforblackholesispresentlyepistemological.Acertaintyofexistenceowingtoobservationbyoursenses,howeverargued,isnotanontology.10).AxiomaticandaxiologycomefromthesameGreekrootpertainingtoworth(worthiness)whichwemaycall‘value’…thevalueofourresearchselection,theethicsandfulnessweapplyduringtheresearch…exhaustivelyseekingappropriateliterature,interviewsandothermethodsofgatheringmaterialforananswertotheR.Q.,…forexamplenotleaving-outinformationwhichdoesn’tsuitanassumptionwewanttosustainor‘getsintheway’,oraddinginformationto‘facilitate’anoutcomeor‘makesense’.Oneshouldnotavoidcontraryinformationuncovered,butdiscussit.Axiologyisalsotheethicalandunsulliedvalueappliedtoourresearchdiscussionsandconclusions.11).Doesthatexplanationhelp?Cite1Recommendation20thJan,2019PaulNnodimMassachusettsCollegeofLiberalArtsWecanstartbyexplainingeachtermseparately.Let'sbeginwithepistemology,whichisalsocalledtheoryofknowledge.Itanswersthequestionsrelatingtothescopeandmethodsofknowing.Forexample,howwedistinguishfactfromfictionoropinionisepistemological.Someopinionsarefact,whilesomefactsarefallibleuponfurtherexamination.Thisisthedomainofepistemology.Nowlet'stalkaboutontology.It'sthepartofmetaphysicsthatdealswiththeexistence,nature,andcausationofthings.Forexample,tosaythatsomethingexistsordoesnotexistsisontological.Inmyhumbleopinion,thisishowontologyrelatestoepistemology:IfforexampleyousaytomethattheappleinyourhandisredandIask,"...howdoyouknowitisred?Infact,Ithink,itisgreen."Wehavestartedanepistemologicalargument.Themomentyousay,"...waitasecond,does"green"existindependentoftheapple?-wehaveenteredintothe"ontologico-epistemological"horizon.Ihopethisissimpleenough.ForwardedfromananswerIgaveelsewhereonRGacoupleofdaysago.Cite6Recommendations21stJan,2019AnthonyClancyAustralianCatholicUniversityHiPaul.Iscolourarealityoraperception?Doesargumentlegitimateontologicalclaims?...Factsexistwhetherweknowofthemornot.Factsdon'texistjustbecausewebelievetheydo.Peoplewhowerewellreadknewthereisanewworldorderinthefinalthroesoftakingcontroloftheworld....othersmockeditasaconspiracytheory....doesn'texist....Bush,oneofitsbullyboygenocidalistflunkeysthenadvisedusoftheexistenceoftheNWO...ok..nowitexists,hesaidit'soktobelieveinit....hangonbutfiveminutesagoitdidn'texist...?...thatchangedfromnotexisting,toexisting(oktobelieveitnow...)becauseofmind-wiring.Husseinhadtogo...buthangonofcoursehehadtogo,hehadtogobecauseofallthoseWMD'sandtubesandthingsthreateningtheworldsotheywerereallytrulyfactsthatbroughtcatastrophicresultsandthedeathsofhundredsofthousandsofpeople.........Wellhedidn'thavethem....Whaaaaat??….wellwhydidhehavetogo?.....HehadtogotoallowIStoflourishsotheUSAandit'sbestmatewho'snameshallnotbesquokencouldbeginanewroleinelevatingthepoliticsoftensionandfear..releasingthenewwindmillsforRocket-cinantetoattack….UnliketheWMD'sandtherefinerytubes.ISisafanaticistsfascistWMD....Really???I'mmohammedansoIdon'tagree...that'syourimagination,Yanquipropaganda....theyarealwaysatit....it'snotreality.....I'mCharlieBrownandwheneversomethingisamatterofopinion...I'malwaysright!!Aaaaaaarrrrggghhhh!!….where'sSchroeder.Well...whatISreality?Isitsobecauseit'sso?orisitsobecausethePopesaysit'sso?WeretheWMD'sarealitybecausepeoplebelievedtheyexisted?DidtheNWObecomearealityonlybecauseitwasadmitted?Ifitisretractedtomorrow,willitstillexist?DoesthewayeachofussaworseesthesepoliticalmachinationsemanatingfromBingerMileikowskysayathingcanexistandnotexist?atthesametime?Well...Ontologyiskindofabstract....it's...it's...it'sanassumptionabouttheverynatureofwhatexists...Yourreplyisontological,it'sthewayyouseethings,somethingidentifiedalso..othersusetheconcept...it'sjustaworddescribingareality.Epistemologyrelatesustoacceptableknowledgeanditscommunication.Ifyouheldtheapplewaswhiteyoumightbestrugglingtohaveanyoneseethatasvalid,orlegitimatebutcouldseeitasacceptablebecausetheydon'tgiveatossaboutwhatcolouryouthinkitis.Thatword"whatever"!!IjustthoughtyoumightlikeabriskstarttothenewyearPaul.....Cite21stJan,2019PaulNnodimMassachusettsCollegeofLiberalArts"Factsexistwhetherweknowofthemornot.Factsdon'texistjustbecausewebelievetheydo."Anthony,Iagreefullywithyourstatementasquotedabove.Whethercolorisarealityoraperception,asyouasked,maybeexplainedbythesametoken.Isaperceptionnotareality?RememberBishopBerkeley'sdebunkedidea:"Tobeistobeperceived."Thanks,andbestwishestoyou.Cite21stJan,2019AnthonyClancyAustralianCatholicUniversityHiPaultheultimatepointofmyself-amusingbutontologicallybaseddissertationisthatanontologycanberightorwronggoodorevilandsoonandthatit'sthecauseoftheworld'sproblems.Idon'tagreeperceptionisareality,unlessplacingitamongstothers.I'dseeitas,say,'myreality'ifIincludeitinmyliferatherthanjusttheorisinginargumentordebate.Ithinkontologyhasaprovisoinasenseofgenuine-nessaboutit,evenifonlymomentary.Lastnight....aftersomefailedinternetlecturearrangements,oneeventuated.IaskedattheoutsetoftheResearchlecturer"isthisreallyhappening?...orisitjustmyontology?...Hedidhavealaughasdidtheothersbutthatsimplequestionmayhaveliftedtheveilon'ontology'forsomeone.It'sadifficultperception.GeorgeBerkeley,gliboftongueasaBishop...and'perceptions'?...George,ofthelandofbrogue,proposedthattheonlythingsweperceiveareourperceptions."EringoBragh"George.Cite28thJan,2019Md.ShahadatHossainKhanIslamicUniversityofTechnologyCananyoneprovidemeanexamplefromeducationalresearch(titleoftwoproblems)toclarifyontologyandEpistemology?Cite28thJan,2019AnthonyClancyAustralianCatholicUniversityIthoughtithadbeenbeenclarifiedandwewerehavingalittlefunwiththedefinitions,andwearespeakingfromeducationalresearch,howeverthat'smyontology.MrKhantrythisitmaybeclearerforyou,theURListhecitation;https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/engl257/classical/ontology_and_epistemology.htmIfnotenough,pleasegetbacktomeandI'llreferyoutoagoodlectureonbothOntologyandEpistemologyOntology:Thebranchofmetaphysics(philosophyconcerningtheoverallnatureofwhatthingsare)isconcernedwithidentifying,inthemostgeneralterms,thekindsofthingsthatactuallyexist.Inotherwordsaddressingthequestion:Whatisexistence?andWhatisthenatureofexistence?Whenweaskdeepquestionsabout"whatisthenatureoftheuniverse?"or"Isthereagod?"or"Whathappenstouswhenwedie?"or"Whatprinciplesgovernthepropertiesofmatter?"weareaskinginherentlyontologicalquestions.Epistemology:Thebranchofphilosophyconcernedwiththenatureofknowledgeitself,itspossibility,scope,andgeneralbasis.Morebroadly:Howdowegoaboutknowingthings?orHowdoweseparatetrueideasfromfalseideas?orHowdoweknowwhatistrue?or"Howcanwebeconfidentwhenwehavelocated'truth'?""Whatarethesystematicwayswecandeterminewhensomethingisgoodorbad?"Soontologyisaboutwhatistrueandepistemologythenisaboutmethodsoffiguringoutthosetruths.Cite22ndFeb,2019MichaelEldredartefacttext&translationBothterms,ontologyandepistemology,derivefromtheGreek,asdotheirmeaningasinvestigationsthattheancientsGreeks,aboveall,Aristotleengagedin.ForAristotle,ontologyisanythingotherthanmerelythestudyof"whatkindsofthingsexist".Thisisitsdegeneratemeaningintoday'sanalyticphilosophy.ForAristotle,ontologyisthestudyofbeingssimplyinsofarastheyarebeings(entities).Henceitinvestigatesthemodesofbeingofbeings.Forexample,abeing's(categorial)modeofbeingcanbewhatitis(itsessenceor'whatness'),howitis(itsqualityor'howness'),howmuchitis(itsquantityor'how-much-ness),etc.Acompletelydifferentmodeofabeing'sbeingiswhetheritrevealsitselfinitstruthoronlyfalsely.Forexample,fakegoldrevealsitselfonlyfalselyinafalseappearanceofgold.Epistemology,ontheotherhand,concernstheknowledge(epistaemae)ofbeings,especiallyhowtheycomeabout.TheparadigmofknowledgeforAristotleistheknow-howofhowtoproducethem,thatis,howtobringthemaboutthroughcauseandeffect.Forexample,acarpenterhastheknow-howofhowtobringforth,say,atable,i.e.hisknowledgeistheefficientcauseforbringingforthatable,etc.Thereforerelationsofcauseandeffectarefrontandcentreforanyknowledge(i.e.science),eventoday.Allknowledgepresupposesalready,andtakesforgranted,anunderstandingofbeingsinsofarastheybeings.Inotherwords,ontologyisadeeperinvestigationoftheworldthananyknowledgeorsciencecaneverbe,sincethelatterpresupposetheformer.Ontologylivesfromthedifferencebetween(modesof)beingandbeings(entities),theso-calledontologicaldifferencethatissuppressedeverywhereintoday'sanalyticphilosophy.That'senoughfortoday.Cite3Recommendations5thMay,2019MudasarAliiQuaid-i-AzamUniversityInthatslides,bestanswerisgiven.PhilosophicalFoundations1.pptx75.33KBCite3Recommendations21stAug,2019TonyYeighSouthernCrossUniversityGreatquestionChamila,andwhatafundiscussionithasspawned!Itseasytogetcaughtupinthelanguagearoundhighlyabstractconcepts(suchasontologyandepistemology),butifweareabletosimplifythelanguagedowntoitsunderlyingideasandintentions,itseemsthatontologyisabouthowweexperience"truth-value"inrelationtotheworld(howwemakedistinctionsbetweenwhatisrealtousandwhatisnotrealtous),andepistemologyisabouthowwecanthen"know"thedifferencebetweenthesevaluestates(howwecanderive"true"informationinrelationtotheworld).Thus,inquitesimpleterms,ontologyreferstowhatrealityis,andepistemologyreferstohowwecanthenknowthatreality.I'mnotsurewhatareayouareresearching,norwhetheryouwanttoperformmoreappliedormoretheoreticalresearch,butIresearchineducation(helloMrKhan!),andinthisarea(inmostsocialresearch,really)wetendtouseaconstructivistontology(truth-valuecomesfromwhatmyminddoeswithinformationfromtheworld)coupledtoaninterpretistepistemology(Icanthereforeonlyknowtruthfromasubjectiveperspective)formoretheoreticalresearch;andaPragmatismontology(truth-valueisdeterminedbytheappliedusefulnessofinformation-doesitworkornot?)coupledtoaproblem-based"functional"epistemology(Iknowwhatistruebysolvingaresearchproblemsuccessfully)formoreappliedresearch.Thereare,infact,multiplevariancesonthese,witha"critical"ontologyalsobeingquitecommonineducationalresearch(emphasisesthesocially-constructednatureofreality),butIdon'twishtogetintomorecomplicatedexplanationshere,sohopewhatIhaveprovidedishelpfultoyou.TheonlyotherbitIwouldaddisthatinterpretistepistemologiestendtofocusonqualitativeresearchmethods,andfunctionalepistemologiestendtofocusonquantitativeandmixedmethodsresearchmethods.Allthebestwithyourownresearch...TonyCite10Recommendations28thOct,2019MariaMeredithUniversityofGloucestershireHelloeveryone.Thanksforyourcontributions.Igetwhatepistemologyandontologyare,butIwouldappreciateanexplanationofhowtheywouldimpactontheresearchintermsofmethodandanalysis.So,Iamapsychologystudentandmydissisabouthowteachersinaparticularcommunity,perceivetheiridentity.Ihavechosenformyontology,criticalrealism,andformyepistemology,socialconstructionism.Ihaveusedsemi-structuredinterviewsandamusinganinductivethematicanalysis,followingBraunandClarke(2006,2012).Iconceiveduetotheaforementionedontologicalandepistemologicalchoices,whenIamanalysingwhatmyparticipantshavesaid,Iwillanalysefortheextra-discursive,e.g.valuesandstructuresinsocietythathaveinfluencedmyparticipantsdescriptionsandactions.Thus,mypraxisiscriticalrealist.Frommyunderstanding,asIhavechosensocialconstructionismasmyepistemology,thisisabouthowIhaveusedthe'livedexperiences'ofmyteachers,butthisisnotonlycontextualised,butalsosubjecttotheirindividualinterpretations.Cansomeonehelpmetounderstandplease,ifIamontherighttrack,asIhaveencounteredconflictinginterpretationsoftheabove.Thankyouforyourhelpinadvance.Cite1Recommendation29thOct,2019TonyYeighSouthernCrossUniversityHiMaria.Notwishingtoover-simplify,butontologicallyyouwouldneedtocheckyourthematicandextra-discursiveanalyseswitheachparticipanttomakesureyouhaverepresentedthe"truthvalue"ofthesecorrectlyfromtheparticipant'sPOV,andepistemologicallyyourdatagatheringprocessisalreadymovingintherightdirectionbyusinginterviews.Howeveryoumightliketoaddfocusgroups,orparticipantmindmapping,etc.togatherfurtherinductiveinformationaroundthenotionofteacheridentityinrelationtosocialvaluesandstructuresasperceivedbytheteachers.Also,akeygoalofcriticalrealismistoperformresearchthat"makesadifference",soperhapscollectingpreandpostinformationalongtheselineswouldprovideonewayofidentifyingany"thematicmovement"thatmightoccuracrossthespanofyourresearch?Focusgroupdiscussionswouldbeonewaytoidentifypossiblegroup-levelthemesrelativelyquickly,forwhatitsworth.Hopethisishelpful,andallthebestwithyourresearch.Cite2Recommendations18thNov,2019SonT.H.PhamStephenF.AustinStateUniversityOntologicalquestion:whatexists?Epistemologicalquestion:whatisstructureofit?Causalquestion:whyexists?Thosequestionsworkwelltoexplorethematerialworldwhereweacceptthedualismofobjectiveandsubjectiveposition.Thosequestionsbecomenon-senseinthesocialworldwherehumanbeingscannotbereducedfurther.Hopesuchsimplenesscanhelp.Cite1Recommendation9thDec,2019KarlPfeiferUniversityofSaskatchewanRajaMuhammadShoaibYouhavesimplycopiedandpastedmyanswerfrom"PopularAnswers"above.ThatisplagiarismandIamreportingittoRG.Cite5Recommendations21stDec,2019TauhidHossainKhanUniversityofWaterlooThanks,Guys.thediscussionalsohelpedmealot.Cite25thFeb,2020SalifuOsmanKwameNkrumahUniversityOfScienceandTechnologyChamila,Ontomologyisthesystemofbelieforbeingaboutwhatconstitutesafactandtheprocedureofhowthisestablishedfact(knowledge)isobtainediscalledEpistemology.Cite1Recommendation25thFeb,2020SalifuOsmanKwameNkrumahUniversityOfScienceandTechnologyChamila,Ontologyisthesystemofbelieforbeingaboutwhatconstitutesafactandtheprocedureofhowthisestablishedfact(knowledge)isobtainediscalledEpistemology.Cite1Recommendation27thFeb,2020GulBaharChacharSukkurInstituteofBusinessAdministrationOntologyisthestudyofrealityandepistemologyisthestudyofknowledgeCite5Recommendations29thMar,2020YasirAshrafBharathiarUniversityIfeelthediscussionaboveisusefulThankyouollCite13thApr,2020VuyisileNkonkiFortHareUniversityOntologyrefersto"reality"andEpistemologyconcerns"knowledge"and"knowing".Dependingonone'sparadigmchoice,whatisreality,whatcountsasknowledge,andwaysofknowing,differ.Disciplinesalsohavepreferredwaysofknowingandconceiveofrealitydifferently.Cite2Recommendations28thApr,2020EnéasArraisNetoUniversidadeFederaldoCearáAssumingthatyouareresearchingintheareaofhumanities,iwouldsaythat,asonthologyreferstoreality(thewayortheformsthatthesocialbeingofthesocialprocessexists)andepistemologyreferstohowweshouldstudythisrealitymakingscience,Onthologypreceedsepistemology.Inotherways,theonthologyofthesocialbeingthatyoustudythrowslightandgivesthemaindirectionstochooseoudevelopepistemology.Cite1Recommendation28thApr,2020RajaMuhammadShoaibUniversityofManagementandTechnology(Pakistan)ontologyisthestudyofbeing,youtrytofindthethingsveryfirsttime,orplentyofworkisdonebutyouarelookingatanotherparadigmofthat.butinbothcasestherealityofthatexistsbeforeyoufind.likewhydoyouresearchaboutMasculinityasConnellandMichaelkimmelandmanyotherdoneandwrotealotofmaterialforthecitation.andwhydoyouwanttostudyagainandagainDivorceratio?whydoyouwanttostudymaritalsatisfactionagainandagain?divorceexistssomewhere.maritalsatisfactionexistssomewhereevenintangiblybutyoustillwanttostudy?butalltheseissuesallthesesocialproblemexistsaroundyou.youarenottheonetocreateit.thatexistenceistheontology.nowhowdoyouexecutethatstudy?eitherwithpositivistsapproachorinterpretivistsapproach.?ifyouliketofollowpositivistthenyouwilladoptQuantitativeresearchdesign.ontheotherifyouwouldliketogoin-depththenyouwilljoininterpretivistapproachorQualitativeresearchdesign.Cite1Recommendation1stMay,2020YasirAshrafBharathiarUniversityhowcanwewritethisinourresearchmethodologyCite1Recommendation1stMay,2020EnéasArraisNetoUniversidadeFederaldoCearáApplyingtheanswer,wecanimagineapositivist,functionalistortechnicistresearch(generallyensambledorarticulatedunderuniqueperspective),towhichreallityisseenas"things"(socialfactsmalybeconsideredthings-EmileDurkheim),therefore,articulatedwiththesetheoriesthatconsidertheimobilityofreality,itssystemic-organizedcharacterthatisalreadypresented(positum-given),notsubjecttotransformationorintrinsecallyproblematic,thushavingcontradictionsandconflictas"problems"thatshouldbeanulatedorerased,emergesthenecessaryMETHODOLOGICALAPPROACH.Asreallityisconsideredasensambleofsystemiclyorganized"things",knowingreallity-makingscience(researching)isthedescriptionofisobjective(corporal-embodied(phisically)characteristics:substance,form,measures(varied).Theemergingconflictsbetweengroups,individuals,classes,orwhatever"problems"appearwhenanalysing-describingtheobject,areregardedaserrors(social,grupalorindividual)thathavetobesolvedordismantled.Theseonthologicalandmethodologicalperspectives(asexemples)definetheverystructureofthecitedresearch.Ontheotherhand,andinoppositiontothat,anyDialectictheorywillarticulateepisthemologytoonthologicalunderstandingofthecomplex,contradictory,articulated(part-wholeandsingular-singular)andunderpermanentetransformation-humancreated(historical)characterofsocialreality(eitherconsideredunderglobalapproach-totalities,oraspartsarticulatedunderwholephenomena.eneas.neto@ifce.edu.brCite1Recommendation7thMay,2020MariaAnastasiaRonanWaterfordInstituteofTechnologyHi,foranyonestillunclearaboutontologyandepistemology,therearesomeexcellentYouTubevideosbyaCanadiannurseeducator,LauraKillam,includingoneonthedifferencebetweenontologyandepistemology.YouwillfindthemundernursekillamonYouTube.Ihopethishelpsanyonewhoisstillunclear.Cite3Recommendations12thMay,2020RomaWickramanayakeUniversityofMoratuwaYoumightalsofindProf.TaraBrabazon'svideosonYoutuberelatedtoontology,epistemologyveryhelpful.Cite1Recommendation14thMay,2020ElizabethAdegokeAngliaRuskinUniversityOntologyisaboutparticularsanduniversals.therearetwopositions:RealismandNominalism.RealismbelievesinparticularsandUniversals,Nominalismbelievesinparticularsalone.Forexampleparticularsarephysicalthingswecanseelike(Man,animalsetc)andUniversalsarethingsthatoccurinthoughtslikewisdom,love,generousetcCite1Recommendation15thMay,2020MorganSpencerMrdLifesciencesepistemologyisthestudyofstudyingasisontologyCite1Recommendation16thMay,2020KuteesaHappyKyambogoUniversityThesetwogentlemenhaveexplainedtheminsimplelanguage,youmaywanttomakeuseoftheirarticle.ArticleAnintroductiontoresearchparadigmsCite2Recommendations18thMay,2020ReinaldoRequeiroUniversityofCienfuegosReliabledefinitionscanbefoundquicklyatthefollowinglinkhttps://www.iep.utm.edu/Cite2Recommendations27thMay,2020JohnMendyUniversityofLincolnChamila,theissueaboutontologyandepistemologyhasoccupiedresearchersandothersforquitesometimenow.Insimplelayman'sterms,ontologyfocusesonthenatureofreality(ofdailylife)whilstepistemologycentresonthenatureofknowledge(i.e.thetoolsweusetofacilitateourunderstandingofourdailylivedrealities).Hopethishelps.Cite2Recommendations29thMay,2020ProgyaDeyAalborgUniversityOntologyistheexplanationtoanyoccurrenceorsituation,epistemologyistheprocessoftheexplanation,asGeorgeFloydkilling-hasitbeenanoccurrenceorintentionalactivity?Ifitistobeexplainedincontexttoobjectivistapproach(ontology)-itisasadoccurrence,noninfluencedindividualactivity,fromconstructivistapproach(ontology)ithastheconnectiontothecurrentauthorizedpowerfulpeople'sinfluence.Epistemologicallyyoumayexplaintheconstructiviststandpointinmanymannerslikeinterpretivismorconstructivism.Notsogood,justtriedtoportraitmyunderstanding..appreciatecritics..:)Cite3rdJun,2020PhilipAdamsUniversityoftheWestofScotlandOntologyisone'sconceptionofreality---theworldthatwelivein;Epistemologyisourideaoftheknowledgewhichwecangleanfromourconceptionofreality.Simple---orascomplexasonemight(needlessly)wanttomakeit.Cite1Recommendation12thJun,2020TonyYeighSouthernCrossUniversityYoumayfindthishelpfultoo.IfounditonasitebySalmaPatel:http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explained-in-simple-language/Itseemstoloadverylarge,butifyouclickonit,theimageshouldopeninadifferentwindowandyoucanseeallofit...Cheers:-)OntologicalHierarchy.JPG86.01KBCite4Recommendations5thJul,2020BhagawotiSharmabhagawoti.sharma2tucded.edu.npOntologyisthestudyofbeing.itisthestartingpointofallresearch,afterwhichone'sepistemologicalandmethodologicalpositionlogicallyfollow.Ontologicalassumptionsareconcernedwithwhatwebelieveconstitutessocialreality.Epistemologyisbranchesofphilosophyconcernwiththenatureandformsofknowledge,howitcanbeacquiredandhowcommunicatedtoanotherhumanbeings.Cite3Recommendations26thJul,2020TonyYeighSouthernCrossUniversityOntologyissuchaninterestingareaofreseachtoconsider,ascanbeseenfromthewidevarietyofreponsestothisquestion.Becauseofthis,andforwhatitsworth,IthoughtI'dshareapersonalpositiononit.Isuggestaninteractiveontology(evolvingview),basedonfunctionsofhumancommunication(verbal&non-verbal),thatpositsanontologywhereininformationfromtheenvironmentinteractswithwhatwealreadyknow,believe,value,etc.,tochangeourknowledge,oranattitude,abelieformindset,etc.Inthisunderstanding,ontologyisnotsimplymind-dependentormind-independent(asnormallycategorised),butboth,andinanongoing,inter-relationalprocessthatdoesnotseparatethe'knower'fromthe'known'incategoricalterms.Examplesofthistypeofontologicalinteractioninclude:•Debate•Exposition•Provocation•Propaganda/Persuasion/Advertising•TherapeuticCounsellingsituations•DevelopmentalLearning•CognitiveDissonanceCite30thJul,2020ZacharyOchuodhoUniversityofNairobiThetermslistedbelowareusedofteninresearchandacademics.Butwhileinresearchtheyareusedsparingly,theyinformtheresearchstudy.Interestingly,mostpeoplewhousethetermsincludingacademicianshardlyexplainthembetterorprovideexamplestoenablethereaderstoknowthedifference.Forexample,whenonedescribesOntologyasthestudyofbeing?InmyeverydayEnglishIknowbeingisalivingthing.Whatdoesthatmeaninthiscontext?Pleasetrytousesimplelanguageandprovideanexampletoelucidatetheexample?Arethetermsverydifficulttherebyforcingresearchersandlecturerstopushthemovertostudentsevenwhentheyhardlyunderstandthemandhowandwhentheycanbeusedinresearch?Pleaseexplainthemandprovideanexampletoenablemetoseethedifference?ParadigmAxiologyOntologyEpistemologyMethodologyParadigmshiftPositivismModernismPost-modernismPost-positivismCriticalTheoryConstructivismCite2Recommendations30thJul,2020PhilipAdamsUniversityoftheWestofScotlandZachary,asasimpleexplanationof2ofthetermsyoulist,IreferyoutomyJune3rdpost,above.Everythingcanbeexplainedsimply.AsthephysicistAlbertEinsteinisallegedtohaveremarked:"Ifwecan'texplainsomethingsimply,thenwedon'tunderstandit."Cite9thAug,2020VishalRajFlick2knowInmyunderstanding..ontologyiscategorisationonknowledge.Epistemologyistheknowledgeobtainedfromthatcategorisation.Cite13thAug,2020PumelaMsweliGraduateSchoolofBusinessLeadershipOntologyisabranchofphilosophythatlooksatthetheoryofbeing;inotherwordshowwelookatissuesrelatedrelatedtothesourceofbeing,theidentityofbeingandpurposeofbeing.Ontologyalsolooksatthenatureofreality,andhowweviewreality.Cite3Recommendations13thAug,2020TaraGhimireDeMontfortUniversityOntology,whichcanseeandalreadythereexistedtouse.Cite16thAug,2020SaurabhTewariSchoolofPlanningandArchitecture,BhopalAnother'simplification'attempt.Ontologies:Viewsaboutthenatureofexistence.Epistemologies:Views/relationshipsabouthowwecanknowaboutexistence.Cite1Recommendation31stAug,2020OpaninKofiHansenMensahUniversityofProfessionalStudiesOntology:whatweconsiderasrealityEpistemology:waysofknowingwhatisrealityCite7Recommendations15thSep,2020SidaliSelamaEcoleSupérieuredesSciencesAppliquéesd'AlgerWhenyou,asaresearcher,conductastudy,youactuallyarelookingforagivenrealityorknowledgewithinyourfieldofresearch.Ifyouconceivethisrealitysubjectively,itmeansyoubelievethatitiscreatedinyourconsciousness.However,ifyouconceivethesamerealityobjectively,youbelievethatitexistsoutthere,dependentofyou,i.e.youjustobservedit;youdidnotcreateit.Thisisontology,howresearchersconceptualizethenatureofknowledge.Epistemology,ontheotherhand,isconcernedwiththewayhowtheygainthisknowledge.Thatis,howtheyapproachtherealitytheyarelookingforanditentirelydependsonyourontologicalworldview.Ifyouareobjectivist,youfollowthepositivist/scientificapproach.Ifyouaresubjectivist,youfollowtheinterpretivist/constructivistapproach.Whetheryourealizeitornot,whetheryouareusingthisorthatapproach,youareadoptingagivenontologicalassumptionandfollowingagivenepistemologicalparadigm,likeitornot:)Cite10Recommendations29thSep,2020TamiAlikhaniTavistockandPortmanNHSFoundationTrustCananyoneclarifywithreal-liferelatableexamples?Ithinkpartoftheproblemisthatthelanguageusedtotalkaboutthemobfuscatesthesimpleressences....soIgetlost!TIACite2Recommendations30thSep,2020TonyYeighSouthernCrossUniversityIacknowledgethisissimplified,butareallifeexampleofamind-dependentontology(qualitativeresearch)wouldbeconstructivism,whereinthesubjectiveexperiencesofparticipantsareinaccessibletotheresearcherandthereforeepistemologicallyknowableonlyasindividuallycontextualisedexpressions.Theseexpressions(anunderstanding,opinion,belief,personalinsightorposition,etc.)representqualitativedatathatareindirectlyaccessedviainterviewsandthelike,andthenanalysedlinguisticallytodeterminethemes,keyterms,narrative,etc.Generallyspeaking,thissortofresearchishelpfulwhenyouwanttoexploreparticipantunderstandingofasituation,investigateaphenomenon,uncoversocialrelationships,andsuch.Itisgenerallyusefulifyouwanttouncoverpersonalopinions,beliefs,expressionsandthelike,butnotgenerallyusefulifyouwanttobeabletogeneralisefromtheresearch.Anexampleofamind-independentontology(quantitativeresearch)wouldbeascientificorpsuedo-scientificexperiment,whereintheobservedresponsesofparticiantsareobjectivelyaccessibletotheresearcherandthereforeepistemologicallyknowableassituationallycontextualisedbehaviours.Thesebehaviours(aratingresponse,%response,agreementlevel,observedbehaviour,physicalmarker,etc.)areaccessedviasurveys,questionnaires,directobservationandinstrumentmeasures,andthenanalysedviaquantitativecodingtodetermineindividualandgrouplevelprofiles,averages,ranges,etc.Generallyspeakingthissortofresearchishelpfulwhenyouwanttotestahypothesisoramodel,comparegroups,evaluateaprogramorintervention,andsuch.Itisgenerallyusefulifyouwanttobeabletogeneralisefromtheresearchfindings,butnotgenerallyusefulforuncoveringpersonalopinions,beliefs,expressionsandthelike.Aninteractiveontologywouldbewhereyouwantedtoinvestigatebothaspectsofaresearchsituation,andwillgenerallyinvolvetheuseofamixedmethodsresearchapproach.Thistypeofontologicalinvestigationissupportedbytheadoptionofpragmatismastheoverarchingresearchparadigm.Cite14Recommendations30thSep,2020TamiAlikhaniTavistockandPortmanNHSFoundationTrustThatisbrilliant!JustwhatIwaslookingforandsoveryclearlyexplained.Thankseversomuch.@TonyYeighCite1Recommendation18thOct,2020MdMafizulIslamRashedKing'sCollegeLondonThankyou@TonyYeighCite4thNov,2020ImtiazSajidBaigAsiaPacificUniversityofTechnologyandInnovationOntologyiswhatexistsinrealthatcannotbelied.Epistemologyiswhatandhowwecanknowreality/knowledge(concernedwiththenatureofknowledgeandwaysofknowing).Cite4thNov,2020Khin-WeeChenGulfUniversityforScienceandTechnology(Kuwait)Mytakewouldbe,Ontologyistheassumptionswemakeaboutwhatisreal.Doesrealityexistindependentofus?Orisrealityonlyasrealaswhatweperceive,think,feel?Epistemologywouldbethewaysweshowordeterminethatreality.Itishowweknowwhatisreal.Throughobservationsusingoursenses?Throughlogicalreasoning?Cite1Recommendation8thNov,2020JimohIbrahimUniversityofOxford...muchdependsonthereflectionoftheenvironmentinterceptingwiththephenomenon.Yes,ontologyisaboutwhatwealreadyknowbutepistemologyonthesourceofknowledgewithinsocialinteractions.Epistemology,inamethodologicalsense,involvessociety'sreflectiononwhatsourceofknowledge.Weknowthatswansareblacktogeneralizetheabstractconceptsthatallswansareblack!EpistemologicallywesawbrownswansattheChurchillCollegeoftheUniversityofCambridge!Whatweknowontologicallymaynotevenbeabsolutelycorrectinrealpractice.Itisnolongeraccuratetosaythatallswansareblackepistemologically;wesawbrownswansatChurchillcollege!Cite11thNov,2020TonyYeighSouthernCrossUniversityHiNurul.Everystudyhasanepistemology,andthussodoesyourstudy.Yourepistemologysimplyreferstohowyouwill'know'thattheinformationyoucollectisactuallygivingyouanauthenticandaccurateunderstandingofthesecommunityperceptions.Thus,whenitcomestoplanningyourstudy,theimportantthingistoconsiderhowtheinformationor'data'youaimtocollectiscapableofprovidingclearandtrustworthyinformationabouttheseperceptions.Inthisrespect,youneedtobeginbydecidingwhatyourontologyis.Seekingtounderstandtheperceptionsofotherssuggeststhatyourontologyismoremind-dependent,thatis,morequalitativebynature.Youmay,however,beabletouseamixed-methodsapproachifyoualsowishtoincludesomeinitialquantitativemeasures(surveyorquestionnaire-butthereshouldbeagoodreasonforthis,notsimplybecauseyouwanttoaddthissortofmeasurearbitrarily).Yourunderlyingpositionconcerningthenatureofreality(ontology),coupledtothespecificresearchquestionsforyourstudy,arewhatwilldriveyourdecisionsconcerningthetrustworthinessorvalidityofyourdata-yourepistemologyinotherwords.PleasereadthroughthemanydifferentresponsestoChamila'soriginalquestionfromotherstogetabetterideaofhowthesesortsofconsiderationscanbeapproached,andwishingyouasuccessfulstudymovingforward...:))Cite2Recommendations12thNov,2020TonyYeighSouthernCrossUniversityNurul,we(everyresearcher)isautomaticallydoingbothontologyandepistemologyeverytimeweimplementastudy.Thepointistobeawareofwhatyourontologyandepistemologyis,notwhetherornotyoumightbedoingthesethings...Cite2Recommendations12thNov,2020TonyYeighSouthernCrossUniversityUnderstandableNurul,thesewordsrepresentveryabstractphilosophicalconceptsaboutthenatureofrealityandhowto'know'thatreality.ItgenerallytakesafairbitoftimegoingbackandforththroughdifferentwritingsandPOVsabouttheseconceptsbeforetheystarttotrulymakesense.Don'tgiveupthough.Giveyourselftimeandpatience,andkeepworkingtowardsaclearerunderstandingofthemasbestyoucan.Weallhadtostartthisway,forwhatit'sworth...Cite2Recommendations19thNov,2020DeidréKleynhansUniversityofJohannesburgHiCananyonegiveabitmoreinsightastowhyrelativistontologyismoresuitedforqualitativeresearch?Cite19thNov,2020TaraGhimireDeMontfortUniversityHello,insummary,qualitativeresearchneedstherealknowledgetoknowhowsomethingistrueorhowweknowitistrueandwherecameitfromthenwecanknowthatweknowwhatissaying.Tofindoutthatrootoftheknowledgeresearcherneedtouserelativistontologybecauseitstudieseverysinglefactaswell.Cite20thNov,2020ImtiazSajidBaigAsiaPacificUniversityofTechnologyandInnovationOntologymeans'What'isthereinreal.Inresearchyoutrytoseewhatwastheproblemthatreallyexists.Howdoyoudothat?Firstyouhavetoknowthedifferencebetween"problemreallyexist"vs"problemcreatedorthoughtoexists".Theknowledgeofknowingtherealproblemcanbethroughwhatreallyexists-throughreports,statistics,previousresearches,sourcesthroughnewspapers,etc.Epistemologyis-'How'dowegetknowledge?(What'stheprocessbywhichknowledgeisobtained?Understandingthephilosophicaltermsofthesetermsinresearchisquitechallenging.Readingonedefinitioncanleadtosearchfordefinitionofanotherresearchtermandsoon.Simpleanswerstoyourquestionsaredifficult.Pleasekeepreadingandwritedownallthedefinitionsandtrytoinfer.Cite2Recommendations20thNov,2020TonyYeighSouthernCrossUniversityHiDeidré.Arelativistontologyismoresuitedforqualitativeresearchbecauseitassumesthatwhatwecanknow(ontology)islimitedtowhatourmindsareabletoperceiveviaconstructivism,thatis,viaindirectknowledge/understandingasconstructedfromthesensoryinformationourmindshaveaccessto.Theunderlyingassumptionisthatthe'outside'worldcanneverbeknowndirectly,andthereforeonlytherelativeunderstandingthateachofusconstructcaneverbethesubjectof'knowing'whenitcomestoaresearchinvestigation.Iwouldurgeyoutobeginreadingthisthreadfromitsverybeginning,becausetherearealotofreallyinsightfulpostsalongthewaythatyouarelikelytofindhelpful.Allthebestwithit...Cite25thNov,2020TaraGhimireDeMontfortUniversityHello,couldanybodyexplainaboutresearch?Paradigm?Cite26thNov,2020PhilipAdamsUniversityoftheWestofScotlandTara,Inlightofthequestionforthisdiscussionthread,aresearchparadigmistheacceptedwayofdoingsciencebyascientificcommunityataparticulartime---stemmingfromontologyandepistemology.Discussionof'paradigm'usuallybringsintheworkofthephilosopherofscience,ThomasKuhn,especially,TheStructureofScientificRevolutionsinwhich,addressing'hard'sciencelikephysics,heputforwardthenotionthateventually,aparticularwayofdoinghardscience(aparadigm)failstoansweragrowingnumberofquestions,leadingtothedevelopmentofanewparadigmwhichcan.However,socialscience,unlikehardsciences,hasmanyco-existingwaysofdoingresearch,andindeed,Kuhnthereforestatedthatsocialscience---fromtheperspectiveofhardscience---was'pre-paradigmatic'(implyinglesserdevelopmentthanhardscience)basedonhisobservationthatsocialscientistsseemingcouldn'tagreeononewayofdoingsocialscienceataparticulartime.Myownopinionnonetheless,isthatsocialscienceatanyonetimeismulti-paradigmatic.Cite1Recommendation27thNov,2020TaraGhimireDeMontfortUniversityThankyousomuchSir,soitmeansitdependsontheparticulartime.Cite27thNov,2020PhilipAdamsUniversityoftheWestofScotlandYes---atleastforhardnaturalsciencelikephysics---andaccordingtoKuhn(who,aswithmanywriters,hasbeenchallenged).Broadly,socialscience,lookedatinparadigmaticterms,operateswithinacontinuumof3keyparadigms:positivism;post-positivism;andinterpretivism----movingfromexplanationoftopicstounderstandingofthem.Cite8thDec,2020RanjanDattaMountRoyalUniversityYoumayfindthefollowingtwopapersuseful:Datta,R.(2015).Arelationaltheoreticalframeworkandmeaningsofland,nature,andsustainabilityforresearchwithIndigenouscommunities.LocalEnvironment:TheInternationalJournalofJusticeandSustainability,20(1),102-113.Tolinktothisarticle:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.818957HartMA.Indigenousworldviews,knowledge,andresearch:thedevelopmentofanindigenousresearchparadigm.JIndigenousVoicesSocWork.2010;1(1):1–16.GoogleScholarCite19thDec,2020SamEltahanUniversityofAucklandOntology=ONTO"being"orexistence,reality,theworldinthemindandoutside.Logyisthestudy.Sothestudyofbeing/existence.What/how/why/where/who/howmuch/whenis(reality?existence?being?).Now!insocialscience,therearetwoontologicalstances.Wherescientistsusetoconductresearch.Someclaimtobepositivistandstatethatrealityisindependentofhumanperception"Thepositivistontologybelievesthattheworldisexternal(Carsonetal.,1988)andthatthereisasingleobjectiverealitytoanyresearchphenomenonorsituationregardlessoftheresearcher'sperspectiveorbelief(HudsonandOzanne,1988)".Youcanlookatpositivismorobjectivismbythenotionofbeautyisintheeyesofthebeholderandrejectit.Sinceonceuponthetimefat,womenweredrawnasbeautifulandclassy,whilethinwomenaspoor,emaciatedanduncultured.Nowitistheopposite.Oryoucanlookatitfromthelensofpeopleseeingthemoonallagreeingitisoutthere,roundluminousandappearsatnight.Youremoveoneviewerbringanothertheywilldescribeitasthesamething.Realityisoutthere.Singleobjectiverealityregardlessifonepersonsaysit'salargeplateofcheesecake.Ontheotherhand,arelativistwhichisthefarendoftheparadigmclaimthat"Theknowledgeacquiredinthisdisciplineissociallyconstructedratherthanobjectivelydetermined(Carsonetal.,2001,p.5)andperceived(Hirschman,1985,BergerandLuckman,1967,p.3:inHudsonandOzanne,1988)."Whichbeautyisindeedintheeyesofthebeholder,whatisbeautifulforonepersonmightbeuglytoanother.Beautyissociallyconstructed.Forinstance"LincolnandGuba(1985)explainthatthesemultiplerealitiesalsodependonothersystemsformeanings,whichmakeitevenmoredifficulttointerpretintermsoffixedrealities(Neuman,2000)"andRelativistontologyisthebeliefthatrealityisafinitesub-subjectiveexperience(Denzin&Lincoln,2005)andnothingexistsoutsideofourthoughts.Therealityfromarelativistperspectiveisnotdistinguishablefromthesubjectiveexperienceofit(Guba&Lincoln,2005).Soiftherewasonehumanonthisplanet,andhedies,realityorexistenceisirrelevant.Howweseethemoondependentonoursubjectiveexperience.Inotherwords,atribeonafarawayislandmightnotseethemoonasaplanetbutasaGod?Tothem,itisnotaround-shapedluminousrock.AsforEpistemology=Epistasthai(Toknow-how-do,know)andEpistemeis(Knowledge).Logyisthestudyof.Thestudyofknowinghowtogainknowledge.inotherwords,therelationshipbetweenrealityandresearch.Anobjectivistepistemologicalpositionwouldsay:Ifweseethemoonasaroundluminousrock,thentostudyitistoobjectivelytrytomeasureisindependentoftheresearchersownperspectiveandbeliefs,placesanemphasisonmeasurement,numbersandharddata.Notonwordsandtheirmeanings.Usingatelescopeorotherdevices,measureitsdiameterandradius,distance,studyitinrelationtootherrocksandmakeconclusions,withoutyourownbeliefs.Lettingevidencespeakforitself.Whilebeautycanbemeasuredwithexperimentsandsurveys.Hypothesisingthatabeautifulpersonhassymmetricalfeatures,thereareacauseandeffect,symmetryinthefacemakesthepersonattractive.Babiesfromdifferentnationsreactiontodifferenttypesoffacewhatisconsidereduglyandwhatisuniversallyconsideredbeautiful.Soforanobjectivistepistemologicalposition,itispossibletoobtainhard,secureobjectiveknowledge.Researchfocusongeneralizationandabstraction.Thoughtgovernedbyhypothesesandstatedtheories.Howdoweknow?Weknowbymeasuringobjectiveknowledge,whichisoutthere,outsideourpersonalbeliefsandsubjectivity.Wecangainknowledgebymeasuringcauseandeffect,knowledgeisindependentofus,anyonecanobjectivelyandscientificallymeasureitandobtainit.Beautyissymmetryasurveyshows,themoonisaluminouslargeroundrockthescientificmeasurementevidenceshows,anyonewhomeasuresitandcomparesittoanotherwhiterockwillsaythesamething.Ontheotherhand,thereisthesubjectivistepistemologicalposition.HEYYYthereisnoobjectivereality,therearemultiplerealities(Goodforsocialstudiesandsocialstructuresandentities,regulation,businessmanagement,psychologyetc).Beautyisinfluencebymagazines,TV,Media,thisiswhywhiteisconsideredmorebeautifulthanblack,reinforcementfromsociallearningandmedia.Oneblackswanisenoughtofalsifytheobjectivemeasurement.WhiteisnotbeautifultoanindigenoustribeintheAmazonortheIndianisland.Awhitegirlormanmightbeperceivedasghostsorfadedtothesecultures.Whiteteetharenotalwaysbeautiful,someIndonesiantribeschewbeetlenutstomaketheirteethblackandbeautiful.Themoonisnotjustawhiteroundrock,itisagodtosomepeople.Theshapeandmaterialofitareirrelevanttothesecultures.Youcannotconvincethemitsarock.Itssymbolicmeaningismoreimportant.IFweaskedwhatisthemoon,orwhatisbeauty?Thus,howdoweknow,howdowegainknowledge?understoodthrough‘perceived’knowledge.Researchfocusesonthespecificcontexts,doesnotseektogeneralise,seekstoexplain,interpret,theworldishowweinterpretit.Forthattribe,blackteetharebeautifulthisishowtheknowledgeofbeautyissociallyconstructedforthem.Emphasisewordsanditsmeaning.Knowledgeisco-createdbetweentheresearcherandtheresearched.Peopleandtheirnarrativeareimportant.Asforsubjective-objective,takeforexampleifatreefallsintheforestdoesitmakeasound?Inreality,itdoes,butwithoutthehumanperceptionofsound,thereisnosound,whatissound?Perceptionisourfivesenses,cognitionisprocessingthesesignalsforinstancesoundtoconcludesomethingfalling.Subjectivistsaywithoutourownperceptionandcognitionsoundisnotsound.Objectivistsaysnosoundissounddoesnotmatterofourownperceptionandcognition.Sayingalltheabove,intheontologicallensesofwhatisexistenceandtheepistemologicalpositionofhowdowegainknowledgebymeasuringindependentofourbeliefsorbyconstructingandinterpretingitbyourperceptionsandcognitionsubjectivelydependingonmanyfactors,oureducation,age,intelligence,capacity.Ifyouthinktoodeepyouwillquestioneverything.Therearepositionsthattakefrombothsides.WhichIpersonallybelievein.DependingonthecontextIcanleanabittowardseachside.Somethingscanbestudiedobjectively,somethingsmustbestudiedsubjectively.Whileothersdependonbothourperceptionandcognition,beliefsandtheobjectiverealitiesoutsideofus."Campbell(2002)arguedthat“allscientistsareepistemologicalconstructivists andrelativists”inthesensethattheybelievethatboththeontologicalworld andtheworldsofideology,values,etc.playaroleintheconstructionofscientificknowledge(p.29).Conversely,Schwandt,inhisSAGEDictionaryof QualitativeInquiry(2007),statedthat onadailybasis,mostofusprobablybehaveasgarden-varietyempiricalrealists—thatis,weactasiftheobjectsintheworld(things,events,structures, people,meanings,etc.)existasindependentinsomewayfromourexperiencewiththem.Wealsoregardsociety,institutions,feelings,intelligence, poverty,disability,andsoonasbeingjustasrealasthetoesonourfeetand thesuninthesky.(p.256)".Arealiststancetoqualitativeresearch.WhyItakethisperspectivebecauseIknowthatrealityisnotonlybasedonsubjectiveexperiencebutalsoobjective.Thisexcerptwillexplainmore."Likemostofus,Iassumethatthereisareal-worldoutthere—butthatourrepresentationsofthatworldareconstructions.Peoplecreateandapplytheseconstructionsinastruggletograsptheworld,relatetoit,andmanipulateitthroughconcepts,knowledge,andacts.Intheprocess,realityimpinges;andtheeventsthatoccurconsequentlyarenotpredicatedontheculturalsystemofrepresentationsemployedbythepeople,althoughtheymaylargelybeinterpretablewithinit. Apeople’swayoflifeisthusnotaclosedsystem,containedwithintheirownculturalconstructions.Thatpartoftherealworldonwhichweasanthropologistsneedtofocusiscomposedofthiswidestcompass:anaturalworld,ahumanpopulationwithallitscollectiveandstatisticalsocialfeatures,andasetofculturalideasintermsofwhichthesepeopletrytounderstandandcopewiththemselvesandtheirhabitat.(p.87)".Finally,whatisouttheredependsonhowweperceiveit,howeverthatdoesnotchangethefactthatitisoutthere.WhetherIseeatreeasasymboloflifeorachairthatissubjectivetomyperceptionandcognition,yetit'spresenceisundeniable. Cite14Recommendations24thDec,2020MuhammadShahzadAslamXiamenUniversityTheterm“epistemology”comesfromtheGreekwords“episteme”and“logos”.“Episteme”canbetranslatedas“knowledge”or“understanding”or“acquaintance”,while“logos”canbetranslatedas“account”or“argument”or“reason”.JustaseachofthesedifferenttranslationscapturessomefacetofthemeaningoftheseGreekterms,sotoodoeseachtranslationcaptureadifferentfacetofepistemologyitself.Althoughtheterm“epistemology”isnomorethanacoupleofcenturiesold,thefieldofepistemologyisatleastasoldasanyinphilosophy.[1]Indifferentpartsofitsextensivehistory,differentfacetsofepistemologyhaveattractedattention.Plato’sepistemologywasanattempttounderstandwhatitwastoknow,andhowknowledge(unlikemeretrueopinion)isgoodfortheknower.Locke’sepistemologywasanattempttounderstandtheoperationsofhumanunderstanding,Kant’sepistemologywasanattempttounderstandtheconditionsofthepossibilityofhumanunderstanding,andRussell’sepistemologywasanattempttounderstandhowmodernsciencecouldbejustifiedbyappealtosensoryexperience.Muchrecentworkinformalepistemologyisanattempttounderstandhowourdegreesofconfidencearerationallyconstrainedbyourevidence,andmuchrecentworkinfeministepistemologyisanattempttounderstandthewaysinwhichinterestsaffectourevidence,andaffectourrationalconstraintsmoregenerally.Inallthesecases,epistemologyseekstounderstandoneoranotherkindofcognitivesuccess(or,correspondingly,cognitivefailure).Thisentrysurveysthevarietiesofcognitivesuccess,andsomerecenteffortstounderstandsomeofthosevarieties.Cite4Recommendations30thDec,2020ZaidAminUniversitasBinaDarmaSimply,Ontologywhatweknow...Epistemologyhowweknow....Cite8Recommendations6thJan,2021SimonWeirTheUniversityofSydneyIrecommendLeeBraver'sbook,AThingofThisWorld:AHistoryofContinentalAnti-Realism.Cite29thJan,2021PhaaneSerokaUniversityofSouthAfricaMyunderstandingofontologyisaboutwhatexistsaroundusandepistemologyquestionshowthesecameintobeingofcoursethroughsenses,perceptions,observations,etc.Cite29thJan,2021BradJesnessastartingpointforEnlightenedBehavioralScience/HumanEthologyEpistemologyishowwecometoKNOW_(asopposedtobelieve)withgoodspecifiedperspectives_andmethods,leadingtovalidity:_discoveringworthwhile"things"andrelatingthingsintherealworld(dependentonthedomain;e.g.biologywouldbeonegranddomain,includingdecent,well-basedandtrue-groundedbehavioralscience--withALLconceptsultimatelyfounded,butclearlyso,INovertOBSERVABLES(thatisempiricism)).Basically:Ontologyissupposedtobetheultimate"ingredients"ofreality("nature-of-'being'"typeof"stuff").Ontologyismetaphysics,soitisreallynothingonemustworryabout.Itisofphilosophersandnotofscience.Itsupposedlyis"asetofconceptsandcategoriesinasubjectareaordomainthatshowstheirpropertiesandtherelationsbetweenthem"--butthatisEXACTLYwhatyouwouldfindwithgoodepistemology.So,anythingmaybegoodaboutthiswordwouldbecoveredbyepistemology;therestishighlypresumptuousorsuperstitiousnonsense(asisallmetaphysics)--"offthetrack".[Evaluatethingsforyourself;Iwillnever,andlikeothers,shouldnevereverjust"spoutoff"'definitions'--i.e.whatonewas"taught",sooftenreallybeingjust"stuff"MEMORIZED(deadends).ThewayIdescribeisliving(actual)existentialism.]P.S.DearZaidAmintheisNO"whatweknow"withoutHOWweknow.Cite2Recommendations29thJan,2021OliverLeisUniversityofLeipzigTomFryerrecentlyprovidedashortandeasy(access-free)guidetoontologyandepistemology:https://bit.ly/33lXU5gCite10Recommendations20thFeb,2021SabaMalikUniversityofAgricultureFaisalabadIwillexplainontologyasasortofthingthatexistsinthesocialworldandassumptionsabouttheformandnatureofthatsocialreality.AscomparedtospeakingaboutEpistemology,itisconcernedwiththenatureofknowledgeandwaysofknowingandlearningaboutsocialreality.Cite2Recommendations22ndFeb,2021TomFryerTheUniversityofManchesterIhopethisopen-access(andshort!)guidetoontologyandepistemologyhelps:http://tinyurl.com/y3sz3ut9Therearelotsofgreatanswersabove,buthere'sasillywaytorememberthedifference:Ontologysoundslike‘ontoelogy’,orthestudyofwhatyoujustdroppedonyourtoe.Now,ifyoujustdroppedahammeronyourtoe,Iguaranteeyou’regoingtobethinkingaboutreality.You’regoingtobethinkingaboutrealhammersandrealpain,intherealworld.There’snowayyou’regoingtobeinthemind-frametoask:“HowdoIproduceknowledgeaboutthishammer?”You’llbeprettyfocusedonitsreality.That’sontology.Epistemologysoundsabitlike‘epicstemology’,orthestudyofepicstems.Imagineyourmate,whoisaplantscientist,comesuptoyouandsays:“Heybuddy,lookattheepicstemonthisplant,howcool”.I’mguessingyourfirstreactionwillbe:Isthatreallyanepicstem?HowdoesDaveknowthat’sanepicstem?WhydoesDavehavesomerightweirdopinions?Youcanseetheseareallquestionsaboutknowledge,ieepistemology.Cite14Recommendations9thMar,2021FatemaMiahOntologyisbranchofmetaphysicsdealingwiththenatureofbeing.Asetofconceptsandcategoriesinadomainshowstheirpropertiesandtherelationsbetweenthem.OntologyisBeingexisting,epistemologyistheabstractthoughwhattheabstractisexplained,learningthrough.Cite20thMar,2021SelmaDoganUniversityofLondonEpistemologyseekstounderstandknowledgewhereasontologyisconcernedwiththenatureandpropertiesofthestateofbeingorexisting.EpistemeisGreekmeaningknowledgeandology,asubjectofstudy.Cite3rdMay,2021LukeLaariUniversityofGhanaepistem.hastodowiththenatureofknowledgeandwaysofknowing,whereasontologydealswithexistence,beingandbecoming.Cite9thMay,2021RezaSanayeShirazUniversityofMedicalSciencesSinceontologyandepistemologyareinextricablylinked,itisevidentlydifficultto"putonandtakeoff"theseresearchfoundationshowevertheresearchdesires.Thisillustratestheanalyticalimplicationsofmultiplepositionsandsuggeststhatresearchersneedavarietyofpositionsinordertoaccountfortheirchosenapproach.However,intermsoftheinterrelationshipbetweenepistemologyandmethodology,ontologicalpositionsareveryimportant,anditmaybesaidthatsuchontologicalpositionsleadtoepistemologicalpositions.Thefoundationalist'svalues(ontology)serveasabasisforpositivistorrealistsciencetraditions(epistemology),whiletheanti-opinionsfoundationalist'sleadtoaninterpretivistrole.Thismeansthatallaspectsofscienceareinextricablylinked,makingitcriticaltoapproachthesemainresearchblocksasawhole.Cite31stMay,2021ManojPushpaKumaraJinadasaUniversityofKelaniyaOntologyishowtheresearcherbelievesabouttheworld.thisismeantashowhe/shethinkabouthisphenomenontobeexplored.So,Ontologyisabouthowresearchersestimatetheirsubjects/data.onceOntologyisdetermined,theresearchermovesto,how,thenhe/shecreateknowledgeon...So,hecantakeadesigntoexploretheproblem.Cite2Recommendations2ndJun,2021RuwangiChandrasekaraUniversityofColomboExample:Ontology-Beliefthatthereisonetruthwaitingtobecaptured.Epistemology-Inordertocapturethattruth,theresearchermaintainadetachedstance.Ontology-Beliefthattherearemultipletruthswhicharesubjecttochange.Epistemology-Theresearchercanbeinvolvedintheprocessofcapturingdifferenttruths.Cite3rdJun,2021G.T.MadhubhashiniGalagedarageTheOpenUniversityofSriLankaOntologydealswithwhatkindsofthingsexist.Epistemologydealswithwhatwecanknowandhowwecanknowit(themeansandconditionsforknowledge),includinghowwecanknowwhatexists.Readthisarticle.https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED504903.pdfCite3Recommendations4thJun,2021SherBahadurGurungTribhuvanUniversitygoodquestion.Cite5thJun,2021RezaSanayeShirazUniversityofMedicalSciencesSherBahadurGurungOnlygoodquestion???Yourownopinion??Cite9thJun,2021RezaSanayeShirazUniversityofMedicalSciencesTomFryerNotthateverybodyisnecessitatedtobecomearealist....ImyselfamanepistemologistANDanidealistOntologist...Cite12Canyouhelpbyaddingananswer?AnswerSimilarquestionsanddiscussionsWhatisthedifferencebetweenOntologyandEpistomology?Question102answersAsked23rdJul,2015ChaudryBilalAhmadKhanWhatIunderstandfromwhatIhavestudiedaboutOntologyandEpistemologyisthatOntologyisknowingthereality.Thisrealitycanalsobesomethingthatwearegoingtoproveorourviewpointtowardsthereality.WhereasEpistemologyisthestudyofhowcanweprovetheviewpointorcarryoutthestudyinordertoproveourviewpointwhichwillcontributetowardsreality.AnyonepleasetellmeifIamrightaboutthetwophilosophicaldivisions?WhatisthedifferencebetweenthematicanalysisandGroundedtheory?Question92answersAsked9thJun,2020AbdulHadiWhatisthedifferencebetweenthematicanalysisandgroundedtheory?cananyonerecommendmearticleswhereinthesemethodologiesareapplied?RegardsWhatarethetermsforvariousontologicalpositions?Arerealismandrelativismontologicalpositions?Ifyes,whatdotheymean?Question38answersAsked6thMay,2014ShanthiThomasIhavedecidedthatConstructionismisgoingtobemyepistemology,afterIreadCrotty(1998).Hedoesnotexplicitlymentiontheontologcialvariations.Howmanyinterviewsareneededinaqualitativeresearch?Isthereanyruleorpopularpractice?Question374answersAsked8thJan,2013AmritKumarBhandariSincesamplingisnotrequiredinqualitativeresearches,Iwanttoknowifthereisanyminimum-maximumcriteriaforthenumberofinterviewstobedonetomeettheresearchobjectivesinaqualitativeresearch.Howlongtimeshouldwewaitforeditordecisiononamanuscript?andwhattodoifwesentaremindermessageanddidnotgetareplyforlongtime?Question195answersAsked3rdMay,2018AhmedS.M.SalehSomeeditorskeepapaperforlongtime,morethan6monthsorayear,withoutadecisionandwhensendthemaremindermessagetheydonotreplyorsometimesreplyforthefirsttimesayingthatthepaperstillunderthereviewprocess,thendonotreplyagainforlongtime.SoIaskhowapapertakeslongtimelikethatforthereviewprocessandusuallytheeditorswhentheyinviteareviewer,theyaskhimtofinishthereviewprocesswithin3weeks.Whatthebestwaytoresolveaproblemlikethat,withdrawthepaperorjustsubmittoanotherjournal?.Theeditorsinmeetingsalwaystalkaboutunethicalbehaviorofauthorsandnevertalkabouttheirunethicalbehavioronauthorsandduringthepublicationprocess.Whatispragmatism?Isitasuitableworldviewformixedmethodsresearchdesign?Question27answersAsked1stJan,2018SyedSaeedIamaPhDscholar,employingparallelconvergentmixedmethodsdesignwithpragmatismasaparadigm.theresearchtopicis:ExploringauthenticleadershipinrelationtoorganizationaldevelopmentofpublicandprivatesectoruniversityinPakistan.Whatisa"researchgap"or"knowledgegap"inresearchandliterature?Isgapexploredorconstructed?Howcangapinresearchbeidentified?Question104answersAsked2ndAug,2016SanaullahPanezaiThereareconfusingopinionsaboutthephrases;"researchgap"or"knowledgegap"whicharecommonlyusedintheacademicliterature.Howcanweclaimagap,supposerelatedtoaparticularconstruct,ortopic,whenthousandsofarticlesarepublishedonit?Iswhatweclaimagapanactualgaporitisaconstructedgap? Iscontext(replication)agap?Whatisatheoreticalgap/contribution?Whatisamethodologicalgap? Whatstrategiesmaybeadoptedforsearchingandclaiminggapintheresearchliterature? Whatarethedifferencesbetweenconceptualframeworkandtheoreticalframework?Question325answersAsked7thJan,2015PasandAliKhosoIamaPhDstudentofmedicalsociology.Ihavetouseboththeframeworksinmyresearchproject.Yourvaluableandeasytounderstandanswerswillhelpmealotinmyresearchdesign. regards.HowOntology,EpistemologyAndAxiologyRelateToDevelopNewKnowledgeThroughResearchMethodologyAndResearchDesign?Discussion49repliesAsked3rdOct,2021RMMPradeepDearAll,IhavecreatedamindmapofaliteraturereviewonHowOntology,EpistemologyAndAxiologyRelateToDevelopNewKnowledgeThroughResearchMethodologyAndResearchDesign.Thesummaryisat:PreprintHowOntology,EpistemologyAndAxiologyRelateToDevelopNe...Iwantcriticalcommentsonmythoughts.Theoutlineofthefindingisasfollowsandyoucanfollowtheabovelinkforamoreclearimage.ThankyouPleasereferfollowinglinksofideasandmakecritics;·Ifoundthatanyresearchneedstoaddnewknowledge·Thatknowledgeisresultedfromansweringaquestion/sor/andfindingasolution/s·Eachproblemorsolutionhasitsontology,epistemology,andaxiology·Theontology,epistemologyandaxiologycollectivelyformaresearchphilosophywhilethoseinfluencedevelopingresearchquestionsorhypothesesoramixofbothregardingtheproblemorsolution.·Astheresearchphilosophyandquestions/hypothesisoriginfromthesamesourcestobothshouldbeconceptuallyrelatedtoeachother.·Thenresearchdesignisformulatedtoanswerthoseresearchquestionsorhypothesesoramixofboth·sametimetheresearchmethodologyisunderpinningtheparticularresearch’sontology,epistemology,axiologyandphilosophycontinues·Thenresearchdesignandresearchmethodologybothmaketheselectionofapproachintheorydevelopment.Aswell,researchdesignandresearchmethodologymakeandformulatetherestofthestepsintheresearch.·Afterthat,thestepsareclear.However,theselectionsofmethodologicalchoices,strategies,datacollectiontechniquesandanalysistechniquesareinterrelateddecisions.·Finally,alltheseactivitiesresultedinnewknowledgeRelatedPublications“OntologyandEpistemologyinContemporaryDiscussionsontheRelationbetweentheImmanentTrinityandtheEconomicTrinity”ArticleJan2011Chung-HyunBaikEssayReview:SocialEpistemologyMeetsHeideggerianOntologyArticleNov2018DavidR.CerboneQuine:NaturalizedEpistemology,PerceptualKnowledgeandOntologyBookJan2000LievenDecockLeonHorstenGotatechnicalquestion?Gethigh-qualityanswersfromexperts.AskaquestionJoinResearchGatetofindthepeopleandresearchyouneedtohelpyourwork.20+millionmembers135+millionpublications700k+researchprojectsJoinforfree