Foundry model - Wikipedia

The foundry model is a microelectronics engineering and manufacturing business model consisting of a semiconductor fabrication plant, or foundry, ... Foundrymodel FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Thisarticleisaboutthebusinessmodelformakingintegratedcircuits.Forotherusesofthetermfoundry,seefoundry(disambiguation). Microelectronicsengineeringandmanufacturingbusinessmodel Thefoundrymodelisamicroelectronicsengineeringandmanufacturingbusinessmodelconsistingofasemiconductorfabricationplant,orfoundry,andanintegratedcircuitdesignoperation,eachbelongingtoseparatecompaniesorsubsidiaries.[1][2][3][4] Integrateddevicemanufacturers(IDMs)designandmanufactureintegratedcircuits.Manycompanies,knownasfablesssemiconductorcompanies,onlydesigndevices;merchantorpureplayfoundriesonlymanufacturedevicesforothercompanies,withoutdesigningthem.ExamplesofIDMsareIntel,Samsung,andTexasInstruments,examplesoffablesscompaniesareAMD,Nvidia,andQualcomm,andexamplesofpureplayfoundriesareGlobalFoundries,TSMC,andUMC. Integratedcircuitproductionfacilitiesareexpensivetobuildandmaintain.Unlesstheycanbekeptatnearlyfulluse,theywillbecomeadrainonthefinancesofthecompanythatownsthem.Thefoundrymodelusestwomethodstoavoidthesecosts:fablesscompaniesavoidcostsbynotowningsuchfacilities.Merchantfoundries,ontheotherhand,findworkfromtheworldwidepooloffablesscompanies,andbycarefulscheduling,pricing,andcontractingkeeptheirplantsatfulluse. Contents 1History 1.1MOSIS 1.2Dedicatedfoundry 2Foundrysalesleadersbyyear 2.12017 2.22016–2014 2.32013 2.42011 2.52010 2.62009–2007 2.72008–2006 2.82007–2005 2.92004 3FinancialandIPissues 4Seealso 5References 6Externallinks History[edit] Originally,microelectronicdevicesweremanufacturedbycompaniesthatbothdesignedandproducedthedevices.Thesemanufacturerswereinvolvedinboththeresearchanddevelopmentofmanufacturingprocessesandtheresearchanddevelopmentofmicrocircuitdesign. ThefirstpureplaysemiconductorcompanyistheTaiwanSemiconductorManufacturingCorporation,aspin-offofthegovernmentIndustrialTechnologyResearchInstitute,whichsplititsdesignandfabricationdivisionsin1987,[5]amodeladvocatedforbyCarverMeadintheU.S.,butdeemedtoocostlytopursue.Theseparationofdesignandfabricationbecameknownasthefoundrymodel,withfablessmanufacturingoutsourcingtosemiconductorfoundries.[6] Fablesssemiconductorcompaniesdonothaveanysemiconductorfabricationcapability;andcontractproductionfromamerchantfoundrymanufacturer.ThefablesscompanyconcentratesontheresearchanddevelopmentofanIC-product;thefoundryconcentratesonmanufacturingandtestingthephysicalproduct.Ifthefoundrydoesnothaveanysemiconductordesigncapability,itisapureplaysemiconductorfoundry. Anabsoluteseparationintofablessandfoundrycompaniesisnotnecessary.Somecompaniescontinuetoexistwhichperformbothoperationsandbenefitfromtheclosecouplingoftheirskills.Somecompaniesmanufacturesomeoftheirowndesignsandcontractouttohaveothersmanufacturedordesigned,incaseswheretheyseevalueorseekspecialskills.Thefoundrymodelisabusinessvisionthatseekstooptimizeproductivity. MOSIS[edit] TheveryfirstmerchantfoundrieswerepartoftheMOSISservice.TheMOSISservicegavelimitedproduction-accesstodesignerswithlimitedmeans,suchasstudents,universityresearchers,andengineersatsmallstartups.[7]Thedesignersubmitteddesignsandthesesubmissionsweremanufacturedwiththecommercialcompany'sextracapacity.ManufacturerscouldinsertsomewafersforaMOSISdesignintoacollectionoftheirownwaferswhenaprocessingstepwascompatiblewithbothoperations.Thecommercialcompany(servingasfoundry)wasalreadyrunningtheprocess,sotheywereeffectivelybeingpaidbyMOSISforsomethingtheywerealreadydoing.AfactorywithexcesscapacityduringslowperiodscouldalsorunMOSISdesignstoavoidhavingexpensivecapitalequipmentstandingidle. Under-useofanexpensivemanufacturingplantcouldleadtothefinancialruinoftheowner,sosellingsurpluswafercapacitywasawaytomaximizethefab'suse.Hence,economicfactorscreatedaclimatewherefaboperatorswantedtosellsurpluswafer-manufacturingcapacity,anddesignerswantedtopurchasemanufacturingcapacityratherthantrytobuildit. AlthoughMOSISopenedthedoorstosomefablesscustomers,earningadditionalrevenueforthefoundryandprovidinginexpensiveservicetothecustomer,runningabusinessaroundMOSISproductionwasdifficult.Themerchantfoundriessoldwafercapacityonasurplusbasis,asasecondarybusinessactivity.Servicestothecustomersweresecondarytothecommercialbusiness,withlittleguaranteeofsupport.Thechoiceofmerchantdictatedthedesign,developmentflow,andavailabletechniquestothefablesscustomer.Merchantfoundriesmightrequireproprietaryandnon-portablepreparationsteps.Foundriesconcernedwithprotectingwhattheyconsideredtradesecretsoftheirmethodologiesmightonlybewillingtoreleasedatatodesignersafteranonerousnondisclosureprocedure. Dedicatedfoundry[edit] In1987,theworld'sfirstdedicatedmerchantfoundryopeneditsdoors:TaiwanSemiconductorManufacturingCompany(TSMC).[8]Thedistinctionof'dedicated'isinreferencetothetypicalmerchantfoundryoftheera,whoseprimarybusinessactivitywasbuildingandsellingofitsownIC-products.Thededicatedfoundryoffersseveralkeyadvantagestoitscustomers:first,itdoesnotsellfinishedIC-productsintothesupplychannel;thusadedicatedfoundrywillnevercompetedirectlywithitsfablesscustomers(obviatingacommonconcernoffablesscompanies).Second,thededicatedfoundrycanscaleproductioncapacitytoacustomer'sneeds,offeringlow-quantityshuttleservicesinadditiontofull-scaleproductionlines.Finally,thededicatedfoundryoffersa"COT-flow"(customerownedtooling)basedonindustry-standardEDAsystems,whereasmanyIDMmerchantsrequireditscustomerstouseproprietary(non-portable)developmenttools.TheCOTadvantagegavethecustomercompletecontroloverthedesignprocess,fromconcepttofinaldesign. Foundrysalesleadersbyyear[edit] Partsofthisarticle(thoserelatedtoFoundrysalesleadersbyyear)needtobeupdated.Thereasongivenis:Rankinghasnotbeenupdatedsince2017.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(July2022) Pure-playsemiconductorfoundryisacompanythatdoesnotofferasignificantamountofICproductsofitsowndesign,butinsteadoperatessemiconductorfabricationplantsfocusedonproducingICsforothercompanies.[9] Integrateddevicemanufacturer(IDM)semiconductorfoundryiswherecompaniessuchasTexasInstruments,IBM,andSamsungjoinintoprovidefoundryservicesaslongasthereisnoconflictofinterestbetweenrelevantparties. 2017[edit] Asof2017,thetoppure-playsemiconductorfoundrieswere:[10] Rank Company Foundrytype Country/Territoryoforigin Revenue(millionUSD) 2017 2017 2016 1 TSMC Pure-play Taiwan 32,040 29,437 2 Globalfoundries Pure-play UnitedStates 5,407 4,999 3 UMC Pure-play Taiwan 4,898 4,587 4 SamsungSemiconductor IDM Korea 7,398 4,284 5 SMIC Pure-play China 3,099 2,914 6 TowerJazz Pure-play Israel 1,388 1,249 7 PowerChip IDM Taiwan 1,035 870 8 Vanguard(VIS) Pure-play Taiwan 817 801 9 HuaHongSemiconductor Pure-play China 807 721 10 DongbuHiTek Pure-play Korea 676 666 2016–2014[edit] Asof2016,thetoppure-playsemiconductorfoundrieswere:[11] [12] Rank Company Foundrytype Country/Territoryoforigin Revenue(millionUSD) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2014 1 1 TSMC Pure-play Taiwan 29,488 25,574 25,138 2 2 Globalfoundries Pure-play UnitedStates 5,545 5,019 4,355 3 3 UMC Pure-play Taiwan 4,582 4,464 4,331 4 4 SMIC Pure-play China 2,921 2,236 1,970 5 5 PowerChip Pure-play Taiwan 1,275 1,268 1,291 6 6 TowerJazz Pure-play Israel 1,249 961 828 7 7 Ruselectronics[13][14] Pure-play Russia 971 774 800 8 8 Vanguard(VIS) Pure-play Taiwan 800 736 790 9 9 HuaHongSemi Pure-play China 712 650 665 10 10 DongbuHiTek Pure-play Korea 672 593 541 11 12 X-Fab Pure-play Germany 510 331 330 12 13 CrocusNanoElectronics(CNE) Pure-play Russia – – – Others Pure-play 2,251 2,405 2,280 2013[edit] Asof2013,thetop13semiconductorfoundrieswere:[15] 2013Rank 2012Rank Company FoundryType Country/Territoryoforigin Revenue(million$USD) 1 1 TSMC Pure-play Taiwan 19,850 2 2 Globalfoundries Pure-play UnitedStates 4,261 3 3 UMC Pure-play Taiwan 3,959 4 4 SamsungSemiconductor IDM Korea 3,950 5 5 SMIC Pure-play China 1,973 6 – Ruselectronics[16] Pure-play Russia 1,200 7 8 PowerChip Pure-play Taiwan 1,175 8 9 Vanguard(VIS) Pure-play Taiwan 713 9 6 HuahongGrace Pure-play China 710 10 10 Dongbu Pure-play Korea 570 11 7 TowerJazz Pure-play Israel 509 12 11 IBM IDM UnitedStates 485 13 12 MagnaChip IDM Korea 411 14 13 WinSemiconductors Pure-play Taiwan 354 15 14 CrocusNanoElectronics(CNE) Pure-play Russia – 2011[edit] Asof2011,thetop14semiconductorfoundrieswere:[17] Rank Company Foundrytype Country/Territoryoforigin Revenue(millionUSD) 1 TSMC Pure-play Taiwan 14,600 2 UMC Pure-play Taiwan 3,760 3 Globalfoundries Pure-play UnitedStates 3,580 4 SamsungSemiconductor IDM Korea 1,975 5 SMIC Pure-play China 1,315 6 TowerJazz Pure-play Israel 610 7 Vanguard(VIS) Pure-play Taiwan 519 8 DongbuHiTek Pure-play Korea 500 9 IBM IDM UnitedStates 445 10 MagnaChip IDM Korea 350 11 SSMC Pure-play Singapore 345 12 HuaHongNEC Pure-play China 335 13 WinSemiconductors Pure-play Taiwan 300 14 X-Fab Pure-play Germany 285 2010[edit] Asof2010,thetop10semiconductorfoundrieswere:[18] Rank Company FoundryType Country/Territoryoforigin Revenue(millionUSD) 1 TSMC Pure-play Taiwan 13,332 2 UMC Pure-play Taiwan 3,824 3 Globalfoundries Pure-play UnitedStates 3,520 4 SMIC Pure-play China 1,554 5 DongbuHiTek Pure-play Korea 512 6 TowerJazz Pure-play Israel 509 7 Vanguard(VIS) Pure-play Taiwan 505 8 IBM IDM UnitedStates 500 9 MagnaChip IDM Korea 410 10 SamsungSemiconductor IDM Korea 390 2009–2007[edit] Asof2009,thetop17semiconductorfoundrieswere:[19] Rank Company Foundrytype Country/Territoryoforigin Revenue(millionUSD) 2009 2009 2008 2007 1 TSMC Pure-play Taiwan 8,989 10,556 9,813 2 UMC Pure-play Taiwan 2,815 3,070 3,430 3 Chartered(1) Pure-play Singapore 1,540 1,743 1,458 4 GlobalFoundries Pure-play USA 1,101 0 0 5 SMIC Pure-play China 1,075 1,353 1,550 6 Dongbu Pure-play SouthKorea 395 490 510 7 Vanguard Pure-play Taiwan 382 511 486 8 IBM IDM USA 335 400 570 9 Samsung IDM SouthKorea 325 370 355 10 Grace Pure-play China 310 335 310 11 HeJian Pure-play China 305 345 330 12 TowerSemiconductor Pure-play Israel 292 252 231 13 HHNEC Pure-play China 290 350 335 14 SSMC Pure-play Singapore 280 340 359 15 TexasInstruments IDM USA 250 315 450 16 X-Fab Pure-play Germany 223 368 410 17 MagnaChip IDM SouthKorea 220 290 322 (1)NowacquiredbyGlobalFoundries 2008–2006[edit] Asof2008,thetop18pure-playsemiconductorfoundrieswere:[20] Rank Company Country/Territoryoforigin Revenue(millionUSD) 2008 2008 2007 2006 1 TSMC Taiwan 10,556 9,813 9,748 2 UMC Taiwan 3,400 3,755 3,670 3 Chartered Singapore 1,743 1,458 1,527 4 SMIC China 1,354 1,550 1,465 5 Vanguard Taiwan 511 486 398 6 Dongbu SouthKorea 490 510 456 7 X-Fab Germany 400 410 290 8 HHNEC China 350 335 315 9 HeJian China 345 330 290 10 SSMC Singapore 340 350 325 11 Grace China 335 310 227 12 TowerSemiconductor Israel 252 231 187 13 JazzSemiconductor UnitedStates 190 182 213 14 Silterra Malaysia 175 180 155 15 ASMC China 149 155 170 16 PolarSemiconductor Japan 110 105 95 17 Mosel-Vitelic Taiwan 100 105 155 18 CRMicro(1) China - 143 114 Others 140 167 180 Total 20,980 20,575 19,940 (1)MergedwithCRLogicin2008,reclassifiedasanIDMfoundry 2007–2005[edit] Asof2007,thetop14semiconductorfoundriesinclude:[21] Rank Company Foundrytype Country/Territoryoforigin Revenue(millionUSD) 2007 2007 2006 2005 1 TSMC Pure-Play Taiwan 9,813 9,748 8,217 2 UMC Pure-Play Taiwan 3,755 3,670 3,259 3 SMIC Pure-Play China 1,550 1,465 1,171 4 Chartered Pure-Play Singapore 1,458 1,527 1,132 5 TexasInstruments IDM UnitedStates 610 585 540 6 IBM IDM UnitedStates 570 600 665 7 Dongbu Pure-Play SouthKorea 510 456 347 8 Vanguard Pure-Play Taiwan 486 398 353 9 X-Fab Pure-Play Germany 410 290 202 10 Samsung IDM SouthKorea 385 75 - 11 SSMC Pure-Play Singapore 350 325 280 12 HHNEC Pure-Play China 335 315 313 13 HeJian Pure-Play China 330 290 250 14 MagnaChip IDM SouthKorea 322 342 345 Forrankinginworldwide:[22] Rank Company Country/Territoryoforigin Revenue(millionUSD) 2006/2005changes 2006 2005 2006 2005 6 7 TSMC Taiwan 9,748 8,217 +19% 21 22 UMC Taiwan 3,670 3,259 +13% 2004[edit] Asof2004,thetop10pure-playsemiconductorfoundrieswere:[citationneeded] Rank2004 Company Country/Territoryoforigin 1 TSMC Taiwan 2 UMC Taiwan 3 Chartered Singapore 4 SMIC China 5 Dongbu/Anam SouthKorea 6 SSMC Singapore 7 HHNEC China 8 JazzSemiconductor UnitedStates 9 Silterra Malaysia 10 X-Fab Germany FinancialandIPissues[edit] Likeallindustries,thesemiconductorindustryfacesupcomingchallengesandobstacles. Thecosttostayontheleadingedgehassteadilyincreasedwitheachgenerationofchips.Thefinancialstrainisbeingfeltbybothlargemerchantfoundriesandtheirfablesscustomers.Thecostofanewfoundryexceeds$1 billion.Thesecostsmustbepassedontocustomers.Manymerchantfoundrieshaveenteredintojointventureswiththeircompetitorsinanefforttosplitresearchanddesignexpendituresandfab-maintenanceexpenses. Chipdesigncompaniessometimesavoidothercompanies'patentssimplybypurchasingtheproductsfromalicensedfoundrywithbroadcross-licenseagreementswiththepatentowner.[23] Stolendesigndataisalsoaconcern;dataisrarelydirectlycopied,becauseblatantcopiesareeasilyidentifiedbydistinctivefeaturesinthechip,[24] placedthereeitherforthispurposeorasabyproductofthedesignprocess.However,thedataincludinganyprocedure,processsystem,methodofoperationorconceptmaybesoldtoacompetitor,whomaysavemonthsoryearsoftediousreverseengineering. Seealso[edit] Fablessmanufacturing Contractmanufacturer Integrateddevicemanufacturer Semiconductorfabrication Originaldesignmanufacturer Originalequipmentmanufacturer Semiconductorfablesssalesleadersbyyear Semiconductorequipmentsalesleadersbyyear References[edit] ^M.Liu(14May2021)."Taiwanandthefoundrymodel".NatureElectronics.4(5):318–320.doi:10.1038/s41928-021-00576-y. ^S.K.Saha(25–27June2012)."TheRoleofSemiconductorFoundriesinAdvancedIntegratedCircuitProductDevelopment".InternationalTechnologyManagementConference.pp. 32–35.doi:10.1109/ITMC.2012.6306393.ISBN 978-1-4673-2134-1.S2CID 7329163. ^F.C.Tseng(8–11December1996)."FoundryTechnologies".InternationalElectronDevicesMeeting.TechnicalDigest.pp. 19–24.doi:10.1109/iedm.1996.553030.ISBN 0-7803-3393-4.S2CID 40610229. ^J.Y.-C.Sun(1998).Burnett,David;Wristers,Dirk;Tsuchiya,Toshiaki(eds.)."FoundryTechnologyTrend".ProceedingsofSPIE.MicroelectronicDeviceTechnologyII.3506:19–24.Bibcode:1998SPIE.3506...19S.doi:10.1117/12.323970.S2CID 173181521. ^"CompanyProfile".TSMC.Retrieved6December2020. ^Brown,Clair;Linden,Greg(2011).Chipsandchange :howcrisisreshapesthesemiconductorindustry(1st ed.).Cambridge,Mass.:MITPress.ISBN 9780262516822. ^SuzanneBerger;RichardK.Lester(12February2015).GlobalTaiwan:BuildingCompetitiveStrengthsinaNewInternationalEconomy.Routledge.pp. 142–.ISBN 978-1-317-46970-4. ^HitoshiHirakawa;KaushaleshLal;ShinkaiNaoko(2013).Servitization,IT-izationandInnovationModels:Two-stageIndustrialClusterTheory.Routledge.pp. 34–.ISBN 978-0-415-63945-3. ^"Pure-PlayFoundryMarketOnPaceForStrongestGrowthSince2014".EPSNews.22September2020.Retrieved6January2021. ^"PressCenter–TrendForceReportsTop10RankingofGlobalSemiconductorFoundriesof2017,TSMCRanksFirstwithMarketShareof55.9%|TrendForce–Marketresearch,pricetrendofDRAM,NANDFlash,LEDs,TFT-LCDandgreenenergy,PV".TrendForce.Retrieved1July2020. ^McGrath,Dylan(23January2017)."X-FabisFastestGrowingFoundry".EETimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29January2017.Retrieved10May2017. ^Clarke,Peter(16January2017)."SMIC,Tower,X-Fabarestrongestgrowingpure-playfoundries".eeNewsAnalog.Retrieved29January2021. ^"RBKDatabaseofcompanies".rbc.ru.Retrieved20February2018. ^"UnitedStatesdollar(USD)andRussianruble(RUB)Year2014ExchangeRateHistory".Retrieved20February2018. ^ICInsights:Top13FoundriesAccountfor91%ofTotalFoundrySalesin2013 ^"Ruselectronicstotriplerevenuesby2020". ^semimd.com:2011MajorICFoundriesArchived26May2013attheWaybackMachine. ^dongbuhitek.com:2010FoundryRanking(citingGartner)(PDF). ^ICInsights,"2009MajorICFoundries"March2009. ^ICInsights,"LeadingPure-PlayFoundryCompanies"March2009Archived19July2011attheWaybackMachine. ^ICInsights,"2007MajorICFoundries". ^ICInsights,"Worldwide2006Top25SemiconductorSalesLeaders". ^ R.H.Abramson(28February–4March1994)."Whenthechickenscomehometoroost:Thelicensedfoundrydefenseinpatentcases".ProceedingsofCOMPCON'94.pp. 348–354.doi:10.1109/CMPCON.1994.282907.ISBN 978-0-8186-5380-3.S2CID 2957002. ^ CarolMarshandTomKean."ASecurityTaggingSchemeforASICDesignsandIntellectualPropertyCores".Design&Reuse. Externallinks[edit] CompoundSemiconductor.net:"FoundrymodelcouldbekeytoInPindustryfuture" Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foundry_model&oldid=1099806912" Categories:FoundrysemiconductorcompaniesSemiconductordevicefabricationSemiconductorsHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksUsedmydatesfromJune2022ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataWikipediaarticlesinneedofupdatingfromJuly2022AllWikipediaarticlesinneedofupdatingAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2009 Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages CatalàDeutschEspañolFrançais日本語吴语中文 Editlinks