Energy conservation - Wikipedia

Energy conservation is the effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using less of an energy service. This can be achieved either by using energy ... Energyconservation FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Reducingenergyconsumption Thisarticleisaboutsustainableuseofenergy.Forthelawofphysics,seeConservationofenergy. Energyconservationistheeffortmadetoreducetheconsumptionofenergybyusinglessofanenergyservice.Thiscanbeachievedeitherbyusingenergymoreefficiently(usinglessenergyforaconstantservice)orbyreducingtheamountofserviceused(forexample,bydrivingless).EnergyconservationisapartoftheconceptofEco-sufficiency.Energyconservationmeasures(ECMs)inbuildingsreducetheneedforenergyservicesandcanresultinincreasedenvironmentalquality,nationalsecurity,personalfinancialsecurityandhighersavings.[1] Itisatthetopofthesustainableenergyhierarchy.[2] Italsolowersenergycostsbypreventingfutureresourcedepletion.[3] Energycanbeconservedbyreducingwastageandlosses,improvingefficiencythroughtechnologicalupgrades,andimprovedoperationandmaintenance.Onagloballevel,energyusecanalsobereducedbythestabilizationofpopulationgrowth. Energycanonlybetransformedfromoneformtoanother,suchasheatenergytomotivepowerincars,orkineticenergyofwaterflowtoelectricityinhydroelectricpowerplants.However,machinesarerequiredtotransformenergyfromoneformtoanother.Thewearandfrictionofthecomponentsofthismachinewhilerunningcauselossesofveryhighamountsofenergyandveryhighrelatedcosts.Itispossibletominimizetheselossesbyadoptinggreenengineeringpracticestoimprovethelifecycleofthecomponents.[4] EnergyconservationdayhasbeencelebratedonDecember14everyyearsince1991. PartofaseriesonSustainableenergy Energyconservation Arcology Buildinginsulation Cogeneration Ecohotel Efficientenergyuse Energystorage Environmentalplanning Environmentaltechnology Fossilfuelphase-out Greenbuilding Greenbuildingandwood Greenretrofit Heatpump Listoflow-energybuildingtechniques Low-energyhouse Microgeneration Sustainablearchitecture Sustainablecity Sustainablehabitat Thermalenergystorage Tropicalgreenbuilding Zero-energybuilding Zeroheatingbuilding Renewableenergy Biofuel Biogas Biomass Carbon-neutralfuel Geothermal Hydroelectricity Hydropower Marineenergy Renewableenergytransition Renewableheat Solar Sustainablebiofuel Tidalpower Wavepower Wind Sustainabletransport Bicycle Cyclerickshaw Electricbicycle Electricvehicle Greenvehicle Human–electrichybridvehicle Human-poweredhelicopter Human-poweredhydrofoil Human-poweredlandvehicle Human-poweredtransport Human-poweredwatercraft Hybridvehicle Kickscooter Personalrapidtransit Personaltransporter Plug-inhybrid Quadracycle Railtransport Rapidtransit Rollerskating Skateboarding Solarvehicle Tram Twike Velomobile Walking Wind-poweredvehicle  Renewableenergyportal  Categoryvte Contents 1Energyconservationopportunitiesbysector 1.1Buildings 1.1.1Existingbuildings 1.1.2Newbuildings 1.2Transportation 1.3Consumerproducts 2GlobalImpact 3Energyconservationbycountries 3.1Asia 3.2EuropeanUnion 3.3India 3.4Iran 3.5Japan 3.6Lebanon 3.7Nepal 3.8NewZealand 3.9Nigeria 3.10SriLanka 3.11Turkey 3.12UnitedKingdom 3.13UnitedStates 4MechanismstoPromoteConservation 4.1Governmentalmechanisms 4.1.1Mandatoryenergystandards 4.1.2Mandatoryenergylabels 4.1.3Energytaxes 4.2Non-GovernmentalMechanisms 4.2.1Voluntaryenergystandards 5Reactionsagainstconservation 6Seealso 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks Energyconservationopportunitiesbysector[edit] Buildings[edit] Existingbuildings[edit] Oneoftheprimarywaystoimproveenergyconservationinbuildingsistoperformanenergyaudit.Anenergyauditisaninspectionandanalysisofenergyuseandflowsforenergyconservationinabuilding,process,orsystemwithaneyetowardreducingenergyinputwithoutnegativelyaffectingoutput.Thisisnormallyaccomplishedbytrainedprofessionalsandcanbepartofsomeofthenationalprogramsdiscussedabove.Recentdevelopmentofsmartphoneappsenableshomeownerstocompleterelativelysophisticatedenergyauditsthemselves.[5] Buildingtechnologiesandsmartmeterscanallowenergyusers,bothcommercialandresidential,tovisualizetheimpacttheirenergyusecanhaveintheirworkplacesorhomes.Advancedreal-timeenergymeteringcanhelppeoplesaveenergybytheiractions.[6] BusinessesimplementingECMsintheircommercialbuildingsoftenemployEnergyServiceCompanies(ESCOs)experiencedinenergyperformancecontracting.Thisindustryhasbeenaroundsincethe1970sandismoreprevalentthanevertoday.TheUS-basedorganizationEVO(EfficiencyValuationOrganization)[7]hascreatedasetofguidelinesforESCOstoadheretoinevaluatingthesavingsachievedbyECMs.TheseguidelinesarecalledtheInternationalPerformanceMeasurementandVerificationProtocol(IPMVP). Newbuildings[edit] Inpassivesolarbuildingdesign,windows,walls,andfloorsaremadetocollect,store,anddistributesolarenergyintheformofheatinthewinterandrejectsolarheatinthesummer.Thisiscalledpassivesolardesignorclimaticdesignbecause,unlikeactivesolarheatingsystems,itdoesnotinvolvetheuseofmechanicalandelectricaldevices. Thekeytodesigningapassivesolarbuildingistobesttakeadvantageofthelocalclimate.Elementstobeconsideredincludewindowplacementandglazingtype,thermalinsulation,thermalmass,andshading.Passivesolardesigntechniquescanbeappliedmosteasilytonewbuildings,butexistingbuildingscanberetrofitted. Elementsofpassivesolardesign,showninadirectgainapplication Transportation[edit] Furtherinformation:Carfreecity IntheUnitedStates,suburbaninfrastructureevolvedduringanageofrelativelyeasyaccesstofossilfuels,whichhasledtotransportation-dependentsystemsofliving.Zoningreformsthatallowgreaterurbandensity,aswellasdesignsforwalkingandbicycling,cangreatlyreduceenergyconsumedfortransportation.ManyAmericansworkinjobsthatallowforremotework,insteadofcommutingtoworkeachday,whichisasignificantopportunitytoconserveenergy. Environmentalimpactsconsistofareductioningreenhousegasemissions.AfterlimitingtheaccessofcarstothecitycenterinMadrid,nitrogenoxidelevelsfellby38%andcarbondioxidefellby14.2%inthecitycenter.[8]Environmentalimpactsconsistofareductioningreenhousegasemissions.AfterlimitingtheaccessofcarstothecitycenterinMadrid,nitrogenoxidelevelsfellby38%andcarbondioxidefellby14.2%inthecitycenter.Occupancysensorscanconserveenergybyturningoffappliancesinunoccupiedrooms.[9] Consumerproducts[edit] Anassortmentofenergy-efficientsemiconductor(LED)lampsforcommercialandresidentiallightinguse.LEDlampstouseatleast75%lessenergy,andlast25timeslonger,thantraditionalincandescentlightbulbs.[10] HomeownersimplementingECMsintheirresidentialbuildingsoftenstartwithanenergyaudit.Thisisawayhomeownerslookatwhatareasoftheirhomesareusing,andpossiblylosingenergy.ResidentialenergyauditorsareaccreditedbytheBuildingPerformanceInstitute(BPI)[11]ortheResidentialEnergyServicesNetwork(RESNET).[12][13]Homeownerscanhireaprofessionalordoitthemselves[14][15]oruseasmartphonetohelpdoanaudit.[16] EnergyconservationmeasuresareoftencombinedintolargerguaranteedEnergySavingsPerformanceContractstomaximizeenergysavingswhileminimizingdisruptiontobuildingoccupantsbycoordinatingrenovations.SomeECMscostlesstoimplementyetreturnhigherenergysavings.Traditionally,lightingprojectswereagoodexampleof“lowhangingfruit”[17]thatcouldbeusedtodriveimplementationofmoresubstantialupgradestoHVACsystemsinlargefacilities.Smallerbuildingsmightcombinewindowreplacementwithmoderninsulationusingadvancedbuildingfoamstoimproveenergyforperformance.Energydashboardprojects[18]areanewkindofECMthatreliesonthebehavioralchangeofbuildingoccupantstosaveenergy.Whenimplementedaspartofaprogram,casestudies(suchasthatfortheDCSchools)reportenergysavingsup30%.[19]Undertherightcircumstances,openenergydashboardscanevenbeimplementedforfree[20]toimproveuponthesesavingsevenmore. Consumersareoftenpoorlyinformedofthesavingsofenergy-efficientproducts.Aprominentexampleofthisistheenergysavingsthatcanbemadebyreplacinganincandescentlightbulbwithamoremodernalternative.Whenpurchasinglightbulbs,manyconsumersoptforcheapincandescentbulbs,failingtotakeintoaccounttheirhigherenergycostsandlowerlifespanswhencomparedtomoderncompactfluorescentandLEDbulbs.Althoughtheseenergy-efficientalternativeshaveahigherupfrontcost,theirlonglifespanandlowenergyusecansaveconsumersaconsiderableamountofmoney.[21]ThepriceofLEDbulbshasalsobeensteadilydecreasinginthepastfiveyearsduetoimprovementsinsemiconductortechnology.ManyLEDbulbsonthemarketqualifyforutilityrebatesthatfurtherreducethepriceofthepurchasetotheconsumer.[22]EstimatesbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergystatethatwidespreadadoptionofLEDlightingoverthenext20yearscouldresultinabout$265 billionworthofsavingsinUnitedStatesenergycosts.[23] Theresearchonemustputintoconservingenergyisoftentootime-consumingandcostlyfortheaverageconsumerwhentherearecheaperproductsandtechnologyavailableusingtoday'sfossilfuels.[24]SomegovernmentsandNGOsareattemptingtoreducethiscomplexitywithEco-labelsthatmakedifferencesinenergyefficiencyeasytoresearchwhileshopping.[25] Toprovidethekindofinformationandsupportpeopleneedtoinvestmoney,timeandeffortinenergyconservation,itisimportanttounderstandandlinktopeople'stopicalconcerns.[26]Forinstance,someretailersarguethatbrightlightingstimulatespurchasing.However,healthstudieshavedemonstratedthatheadache,stress,bloodpressure,fatigueandworkererrorallgenerallyincreasewiththecommonover-illuminationpresentinmanyworkplaceandretailsettings.[27][28]Ithasbeenshownthatnaturaldaylightingincreasesproductivitylevelsofworkers,whilereducingenergyconsumption.[29] Inwarmclimateswhereairconditioningisused,anyhouseholddevicethatgivesoffheatwillresultinalargerloadonthecoolingsystem.Itemssuchasstoves,dishwashers,clothesdryers,hotwater,andincandescentlightingalladdheattothehome.Low-powerorinsulatedversionsofthesedevicesgiveofflessheatfortheairconditioningtoremove.Theairconditioningsystemcanalsoimproveefficiencybyusingaheatsinkthatiscoolerthanthestandardairheatexchanger,suchasgeothermalorwater. Incoldclimates,heatingairandwaterisamajordemandforhouseholdenergyuse.Significantenergyreductionsarepossiblebyusingdifferenttechnologies.Heatpumpsareamoreefficientalternativetoelectricalresistanceheatersforwarmingairorwater.Avarietyofefficientclothesdryersareavailable,andtheclotheslinesrequiresnoenergy-onlytime.Natural-gas(orbio-gas)condensingboilersandhot-airfurnacesincreaseefficiencyoverstandardhot-fluemodels.Standardelectricboilerscanbemadetorunonlyathoursofthedaywhentheyareneededbymeansofatimeswitch.[30]Thisdecreasesenergyusevastly.Inshowers,asemi-closed-loopsystemcouldbeused.Newconstructionimplementingheatexchangerscancaptureheatfromwastewaterorexhaustairinbathrooms,laundry,andkitchens. Inbothwarmandcoldclimateextremes,airtightthermalinsulatedconstructionisthelargestfactordeterminingtheefficiencyofahome.Insulationisaddedtominimizetheflowofheattoorfromthehome,butcanbelabor-intensivetoretrofittoanexistinghome. GlobalImpact[edit] Onaglobalbasisenergyefficiencyworksbehindthescenestoimproveenergysecurity,lowerenergybillsandmovecountriesclosertoreachingclimategoals.AccordingtotheIEA,some40%oftheglobalenergyefficiencymarketisfinancedwithdebtandequity.[31]EnergyPerformanceInvestmentareonefinancingmechanismbywhichECMscanbeimplementednowandpaidforbythesavingsrealizedoverthelifeoftheproject.Whileall50states,PuertoRicoandWashington,D.C.,havestatutesallowingcompaniestoofferenergysavingsperformancecontracts,successvariesbecauseofvariationsintheapproach,thestate’sdegreeofinvolvement,andotherfactors.[32][33]Homesandbusinessesareimplementingenergy-efficiencymeasuresthatincludelow-energylighting,insulation,andevenhightechenergydashboardstocutbillsbyavoidingwasteandboostingproductivity. Energyconservationbycountries[edit] Asia[edit] Despitethevitalroleenergyefficiencyisexpectedtoplayincost-effectivelycuttingenergydemand,onlyasmallpartofitseconomicpotentialisexploitedinAsia.Governmentshaveimplementedarangeofsubsidiessuchascashgrants,cheapcredit,taxexemptions,andco-financingwithpublic-sectorfundstoencouragearangeofenergy-efficiencyinitiativesacrossseveralsectors.GovernmentsintheAsia-Pacificregionhaveimplementedarangeofinformationprovisionandlabelingprogramsforbuildings,appliances,andthetransportationandindustrial sectors.Informationprogramscansimplyprovidedata,suchasfuel-economylabels,oractivelyseektoencouragebehavioralchanges,suchasJapan'sCoolBizcampaignthatencouragessettingairconditionersat28-degreesCelsiusandallowingemployeestodresscasuallyinthesummer.[34][35] EuropeanUnion[edit] Attheendof2006,theEuropeanUnion(EU)pledgedtocutitsannualconsumptionofprimaryenergyby20%by2020.[36]The'EuropeanUnionEnergyEfficiencyActionPlan'islong-awaited.Directive2012/27/EUisonenergyefficiency.[37] AspartoftheEU'sSAVEprogramme,[38]aimedatpromotingenergyefficiencyandencouragingenergy-savingbehavior,theBoilerEfficiencyDirective[39]specifiesminimumlevelsofefficiencyforboilersutilizingliquidorgaseousfuels. In2050,energysavingsinEuropecanreach67%ofthe2019baselinescenario,amountingtoademandof361Mtoeinan'energyefficiencyfirst'societaltrendscenario.Aconditionisthattherebenoreboundeffect,forotherwisethesavingsare32%onlyorenergyusemayevenincreaseby42%iftechno-economicpotentialsarenotrealized.[40] India[edit] ThePetroleumConservationResearchAssociation(PCRA)isanIndiangovernmentalbodycreatedin1978thatengagesinpromotingenergyefficiencyandconservationineverywalkoflife.Intherecentpast,PCRAhasorganisedmassmediacampaignsintelevision,radio,andprintmedia.Thisisanimpact-assessmentsurveybyathirdpartythatrevealedthatduetotheselargercampaignsbyPCRA,thepublic'soverallawarenesslevelhasgoneupleadingtothesavingoffossilfuelsworthcroresofrupees,besidesreducingpollution. TheBureauofEnergyEfficiencyisanIndiangovernmentorganizationcreatedin2001thatisresponsibleforpromotingenergyefficiencyandconservation. ProtectionandConservationofNaturalResourcesaredonebyCommunityNaturalResourcesManagement(CNRM). Iran[edit] SupremeleaderofIranAliKhameneihadregularlycriticizedenergyadministrationandhighfuelconsumption.[41][42][43][44] Japan[edit] AdvertisingwithhighenergyinShinjuku,Japan. Sincethe1973oilcrisis,energyZeesunconservationhasbeenanissueinJapan.Alloil-basedfuelisimported,sodomesticsustainableenergyisbeingdeveloped. TheEnergyConservationCenter[45]promotesenergyefficiencyineveryaspectofJapan.Publicentitiesareimplementingtheefficientuseofenergyforindustriesandresearch.ItincludesprojectssuchastheTopRunnerProgram.[46]Inthisproject,newappliancesareregularlytestedonefficiency,andthemostefficientonesaremadethestandard. Lebanon[edit] InLebanonandsince2002TheLebaneseCenterforEnergyConservation(LCEC)hasbeenpromotingthedevelopmentofefficientandrationalusesofenergyandtheuseofrenewableenergyattheconsumerlevel.ItwascreatedasaprojectfinancedbytheInternationalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)andtheMinistryofEnergyWater(MEW)underthemanagementoftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)andgraduallyestablisheditselfasanindependenttechnicalnationalcenteralthoughitcontinuestobesupportedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)asindicatedintheMemorandumofUnderstanding(MoU)signedbetweenMEWandUNDPon18June2007. Nepal[edit] Untilrecently,Nepalhasbeenfocusingontheexploitationofitshugewaterresourcestoproducehydropower.Demand-sidemanagementandenergyconservationwerenotinthefocusofgovernmentaction.In2009,bilateralDevelopmentCooperationbetweenNepalandtheFederalRepublicofGermanyhasagreeduponthejointimplementationofthe"NepalEnergyEfficiencyProgramme".TheleadexecutingagenciesfortheimplementationaretheWaterandEnergyCommissionSecretariat(WECS).Theaimoftheprogramisthepromotionofenergyefficiencyinpolicymaking,inruralandurbanhouseholdsaswellasintheindustry.[47] Duetothelackofagovernmentorganizationthatpromotesenergyefficiencyinthecountry,theFederationofNepaleseChambersofCommerceandIndustry(FNCCI)hasestablishedtheEnergyEfficiencyCentreunderhisrooftopromoteenergyconservationintheprivatesector.TheEnergyEfficiencyCentreisanon-profitinitiativethatisofferingenergyauditingservicestotheindustries.TheCentreisalsosupportedbyNepalEnergyEfficiencyProgrammeofDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit.[48] Astudyconductedin2012foundoutthatNepaleseindustriescouldsave160,000-megawatthoursofelectricityand8,000terajoulesofthermalenergy(likediesel,furnaceoil,andcoal)everyyear.Thesesavingsareequivalenttoannualenergycostcutofupto6.4BillionNepaleseRupees.[49][50] AsaresultofNepalEconomicForum2014,[51]aneconomicreformagendaintheprioritysectorswasdeclaredfocusingonenergyconservationamongothers.Intheenergyreformagenda,thegovernmentofNepalgavethecommitmenttointroduceincentivepackagesinthebudgetofthefiscalyear2015/16forindustriesthatpracticesenergyefficiencyoruseefficienttechnologies(incl.cogeneration).[52] NewZealand[edit] InNewZealandtheEnergyEfficiencyandConservationAuthorityistheGovernmentAgencyresponsibleforpromotingenergyefficiencyandconservation.TheEnergyManagementAssociationofNewZealandisamembership-basedorganizationrepresentingtheNewZealandenergyservicessector,providingtrainingandaccreditationserviceswiththeaimofensuringenergymanagementservicesarecredibleanddependable.[53] Nigeria[edit] InNigeria,theLagosStateGovernmentisencouragingLagosianstoimbibeanenergyconservationculture.In2013,theLagosStateElectricityBoard(LSEB)[54]rananinitiativetagged"ConserveEnergy,SaveMoney"undertheMinistryofEnergyandMineralResources.TheinitiativeisdesignedtosensitizeLagosiansaroundthethemeofenergyconservationbyinfluencingtheirbehaviorthroughdo-it-yourselftips.[55]InSeptember2013,GovernorBabatundeRajiFasholaofLagosStateandthecampaignambassador,rapperJude'MI'Abaga[56]participatedintheGovernor'sconferencevideocall[57]onthetopicofenergyconservation. Inadditiontothis,duringthemonthofOctober(theofficialenergyconservationmonthinthestate),LSEBhostedexperiencecentersinmallsaroundLagosStatewheremembersofthepublicwereencouragedtocalculatetheirhouseholdenergyconsumptionanddiscoverwaystosavemoneyusingaconsumer-focusedenergyapp.[58]TogetLagosiansstartedonenergyconservation,solarlampsandenergy-savingbulbswerealsohandedout. InKadunaState,theKadunaPowerSupplyCompany(KAPSCO)ranaprogramtoreplacealllightbulbsinPublicOffices;fittingenergy-savingbulbsinplaceofincandescentbulbs.KAPSCOisalsoembarkingonaninitiativetoretrofitallconventionalstreetlightsintheKadunaMetropolistoLEDswhichconsumemuchlessenergy. SriLanka[edit] SriLankacurrentlyconsumesfossilfuels,hydropower,windpower,solarpoweranddendropowerfortheirdaytodaypowergeneration.TheSriLankaSustainableEnergyAuthorityisplayingamajorroleregardingenergymanagementandenergyconservation.Today,mostindustriesarerequestedtoreducetheirenergyconsumptionbyusingrenewableenergysourcesandoptimizingtheirenergyusage. Turkey[edit] Turkeyaimstodecreasebyatleast20%theamountofenergyconsumedperGDPofTurkeyby2023(energyintensity).[59] UnitedKingdom[edit] TheDepartmentforBusiness,EnergyandIndustrialStrategyisresponsibleforpromotingenergyefficiencyintheUnitedKingdom. UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:EnergyconservationintheUnitedStates TheUnitedStatesiscurrentlythesecond-largestsingleconsumerofenergy,followingChina.TheU.S.DepartmentofEnergycategorizesnationalenergyuseinfourbroadsectors:transportation,residential,commercial,andindustrial.[60] Energyusageintransportationandresidentialsectors,abouthalfofU.S.energyconsumption,islargelycontrolledbyindividualconsumers.Commercialandindustrialenergyexpendituresaredeterminedbybusinessesentitiesandotherfacilitymanagers.Nationalenergypolicyhasasignificanteffectonenergyusageacrossallfoursectors. MechanismstoPromoteConservation[edit] Governmentalmechanisms[edit] Governmentsatthenational,regional,andlocallevelmayimplementpoliciestopromoteenergyefficiency. Mandatoryenergystandards[edit] Energystandardsaretheprimarywayinwhichgovernmentsfosterenergyefficiencyasapublicgood.Examplesincludeenergyregulationsforvehiclesandbuildings,whichrequirecertainlevelsofenergyperformancefromacar,building,appliance,orotherkindoftechnicalequipment.Ifthecar,building,appliance,orequipmentdoesnotmeetthesestandards,theremayberestrictionsonitssaleorrent.IntheUK,thesearecalled"minimumenergyefficiencystandards"orMEESandtheywereappliedtoprivaterentedaccommodationin2019. Mandatoryenergylabels[edit] Manygovernmentsrequirethatacar,building,orpieceofequipmentbelabeledwithitsenergyperformance.Thisallowsconsumersandcustomerstoseetheenergyimplicationsoftheirchoices,butdoesnotrestricttheirchoices.(Ananalogywouldbenutritionallabelingonfood.) Energytaxes[edit] Somecountriesemployenergyorcarbontaxestomotivateenergyuserstoreducetheirconsumption.Carbontaxescanmotivateconsumptiontoshifttoenergysourceswithfeweremissionsofcarbondioxide,suchassolarpower,windpower,hydroelectricityornuclearpowerwhileavoidingcarswithcombustionengines,jetfuel,oil,fossilgasandcoal.Ontheotherhand,taxesonallenergyconsumptioncanreduceenergyuseacrosstheboardwhilereducingabroaderarrayofenvironmentalconsequencesarisingfromenergyproduction.ThestateofCaliforniaemploysatieredenergytaxwherebyeveryconsumerreceivesabaselineenergyallowancethatcarriesalowtax.Asforusageincreasesabovethatbaseline,thetaxincreasesdrastically.Suchprogramsaimtoprotectpoorerhouseholdswhilecreatingalargertaxburdenforhighenergyconsumers.[61] Developingcountriesspecificallyarelesslikelytoimposepolicymeasuresthatslowcarbonemissionsasthiswouldslowtheireconomicdevelopment.Thesegrowingcountriesmaybemorelikelytosupporttheirowneconomicgrowthandsupporttheircitizensratherthandecreasingtheircarbonemissions.[62] Thefollowingprosandconsofacarbontaxhelponetoseesomeofthepotentialeffectsofacarbontaxpolicy.[63] ProsofCarbonTaxinclude: Makingpolluterspaytheexternalcostofcarbonemissions. Enablesgreatersocialefficiencyasallcitizenspaythefullsocialcost. Raisesrevenuewhichcan,inturn,bespentonmitigatingtheeffectsofpollution. Encouragesfirmsandconsumerstosearchfornon-carbonproducingalternatives(ex.solarpower,windpower,hydroelectricity,ornuclearpower). Reducesenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithexcesscarbonpollution. ConsofCarbonTaxinclude: Businessesclaimhighertaxeswhichcandiscourageinvestmentandeconomicgrowth. Acarbontaxmayencouragetaxevasionasfirmsmaypolluteinsecrettoavoidacarbontax. Itmaybedifficulttomeasureexternalcostsandhowmuchthecarbontaxshouldtrulybe. Thereareadministrationcostsinmeasuringpollutionandcollectingtheassociatedtax. Firmsmaymoveproductiontocountriesinwhichthereisnocarbontax. Non-GovernmentalMechanisms[edit] Voluntaryenergystandards[edit] AnotheraspectofpromotingenergyefficiencyisusingtheLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)voluntarybuildingdesignstandards.ThisprogramissupportedbytheUSGreenBuildingCouncil.[2]The"EnergyandAtmosphere"Prerequisiteappliestoenergyissues,itfocusesonenergyperformance,renewableenergy,andother.Seegreenbuilding. Reactionsagainstconservation[edit] FomerUSPresidentDonaldTrumphadproposedwaterregulation.[64][65]HealsomadealaweasingshowerheadoutputpowerdampingregulationswhichBidenadminrepealed.[66]TheTrumpadministrationalsoallowedcreationofmorepowerfulandfasterdishwashers.[67] Seealso[edit] Annualfueluseefficiency Domesticenergyconsumption Efficientenergyuse Energyconservationlaw Energycrisis Energymonitoringandtargeting Energyrecovery EUEnergyEfficiencyDirective2012/27/EU Greencomputing Heatpump High-temperatureinsulationwool Jevonsparadox Khazzoom–Brookespostulate Listofenergystorageprojects Listoflow-energybuildingtechniques LowCarbonCommunities Marinefuelmanagement Minimumenergyperformancestandard OneWattInitiative Overconsumption Passivehouse Renewableheat Smartgrid Superinsulation Thermalefficiency Windowfilm Zero-energybuilding References[edit] ^Zehner,Ozzie(2018).Unintendedconsequencesofgreentechnologies–Uncorrectedproof(PDF).Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon13March2016.Retrieved14June2016. 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GAMansoori,NEnayati,LBAgyarko(2016),Energy:Sources,Utilization,Legislation,Sustainability,IllinoisasModelState,WorldSci.Pub.Co.,ISBN 978-981-4704-00-7 Alexeew,Johannes;CarolinAndersandHinaZia(2015):Energy-efficientbuildings–abusinesscaseforIndia?AnanalysisofincrementalcostsforfourbuildingprojectsoftheEnergy-EfficientHomesProgramme.Berlin/NewDelhi:Adelphi/TERI GarySteffy,ArchitecturalLightingDesign,JohnWileyandSons(2001)ISBN 0-471-38638-3 LuminaTechnologies,AnalysisofenergyconsumptioninaSanFranciscoBayArearesearchofficecomplex,forthe(confidential)owner,SantaRosa,Ca.17May1996 Robb,Drew(2June2007)."GSApaveswayforIT-basedbuildings–GovernmentComputerNews".Gcn.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25December2008.Retrieved29July2010. Externallinks[edit] Wikibookshasabookonthetopicof:Howtoreducehomeenergyusage bigEE–Yourguidetoenergyefficiencyinbuildings EnergysavingadviceandgrantsforUKconsumers EnergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyattheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy EnergyStar–forcommercialbuildingsandplants UlrichHottelet:WanttoSavetheEarth?PickaClothesline,AtlanticTimes,November2007 EnergyEfficiencyinAsiaandthePacificAsianDevelopmentBank EnergySavingTipsSaveupto$100onpowerbillsperyearbyswitchingoffanyunusedappliances. vteEnergy Outline History Index Fundamentalconcepts Energy Units Conservationofenergy Energetics Energytransformation Energycondition Energytransition Energylevel Energysystem Mass Negativemass Mass–energyequivalence Power Thermodynamics Quantumthermodynamics Lawsofthermodynamics Thermodynamicsystem Thermodynamicstate Thermodynamicpotential Thermodynamicfreeenergy Irreversibleprocess Thermalreservoir Heattransfer Heatcapacity Volume(thermodynamics) Thermodynamicequilibrium Thermalequilibrium Thermodynamictemperature Isolatedsystem Entropy Freeentropy Entropicforce Negentropy Work Exergy Enthalpy Types Kinetic Internal Thermal Potential Gravitational Elastic Electricpotentialenergy Mechanical Interatomicpotential Quantumpotential Electrical Magnetic Ionization Radiant Binding Nuclearbindingenergy Gravitationalbindingenergy Quantumchromodynamicsbindingenergy Dark Quintessence Phantom Negative Chemical Rest Soundenergy Surfaceenergy Vacuumenergy Zero-pointenergy Quantumpotential Quantumfluctuation Energycarriers Radiation Enthalpy Mechanicalwave Soundwave Fuel fossilfuel Hydrogen Hydrogenfuel Heat Latentheat Work Electricity Battery Capacitor Primaryenergy Fossilfuel Coal Petroleum Naturalgas Nuclearfuel Naturaluranium Radiantenergy Solar Wind Hydropower Marineenergy Geothermal Bioenergy Gravitationalenergy Energysystemcomponents Energyengineering Oilrefinery Electricpower Fossilfuelpowerstation Cogeneration Integratedgasificationcombinedcycle Nuclearpower Nuclearpowerplant Radioisotopethermoelectricgenerator Solarpower Photovoltaicsystem Concentratedsolarpower Solarthermalenergy Solarpowertower Solarfurnace Windpower Windfarm Airbornewindenergy Hydropower Hydroelectricity Wavefarm Tidalpower Geothermalpower Biomass Useandsupply Energyconsumption Energystorage Worldenergyconsumption Energysecurity Energyconservation Efficientenergyuse Transport Agriculture Renewableenergy Sustainableenergy Energypolicy Energydevelopment Worldwideenergysupply SouthAmerica USA Mexico Canada Europe Asia Africa Australia Misc. 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