Garden - Wikipedia

A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. Garden FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Plannedspacefordisplayingplantsandotherformsofnature Forotheruses,seeGarden(disambiguation). AutumncoloursatStourheadlandscapegardendonotrelyonflowers Agardenisaplannedspace,usuallyoutdoors,setasideforthecultivation,display,andenjoymentofplantsandotherformsofnature.Thesinglefeatureidentifyingeventhewildestwildgardeniscontrol.Thegardencanincorporatebothnaturalandartificialmaterials.[1] Gardensoftenhavedesignfeaturesincludingstatuary,follies,pergolas,trellises,stumperies,drycreekbeds,andwaterfeaturessuchasfountains,ponds(withorwithoutfish),waterfallsorcreeks.Somegardensareforornamentalpurposesonly,whileothersalsoproducefoodcrops,sometimesinseparateareas,orsometimesintermixedwiththeornamentalplants.Food-producinggardensaredistinguishedfromfarmsbytheirsmallerscale,morelabor-intensivemethods,andtheirpurpose(enjoymentofahobbyorself-sustenanceratherthanproducingforsale,asinamarketgarden).Flowergardenscombineplantsofdifferentheights,colors,textures,andfragrancestocreateinterestanddelightthesenses. Themostcommonformtodayisaresidentialorpublicgarden,butthetermgardenhastraditionallybeenamoregeneralone.Zoos,whichdisplaywildanimalsinsimulatednaturalhabitats,wereformerlycalledzoologicalgardens.[2][3]Westerngardensarealmostuniversallybasedonplants,withgarden,whichetymologicallyimpliesenclosure,oftensignifyingashortenedformofbotanicalgarden.Sometraditionaltypesofeasterngardens,suchasZengardens,however,useplantssparselyornotatall.Landscapegardens,ontheotherhand,suchastheEnglishlandscapegardensfirstdevelopedinthe18thcentury,mayomitflowersaltogether. Landscapearchitectureisarelatedprofessionalactivitywithlandscapearchitectstendingtoengageindesignatmanyscalesandworkingonbothpublicandprivateprojects. Contents 1Etymology 2History 3Design 4Uses 5Types 6Othersimilarspaces 7Gardensandtheenvironment 7.1Climatechange 8Irrigation 9Seealso 10References 10.1Generalreferences 11Externallinks Etymology[edit] Theetymologyofthewordgardeningreferstoenclosure:itisfromMiddleEnglishgardin,fromAnglo-Frenchgardin,jardin,ofGermanicorigin;akintoOldHighGermangard,gart,anenclosureorcompound,asinStuttgart.SeeGrad(Slavicsettlement)formorecompleteetymology.[4]Thewordsyard,court,andLatinhortus(meaning"garden",hencehorticultureandorchard),arecognates—allreferringtoanenclosedspace.[5] Theterm"garden"inBritishEnglishreferstoasmallenclosedareaofland,usuallyadjoiningabuilding.[6]ThiswouldbereferredtoasayardinAmericanEnglish. History[edit] Mainarticle:Historyofgardening Thecultureofgardeningreachesdeepintoantiquity,whenAlexandertheGreatwasreportedlyawestruckbythemagnificenceofBabylon'sgardens.HomertellsoftheGardenofAlcinous,itsfertilityandsymmetryofform. ReconstructionofthegardenattheHouseoftheVettiiinPompeii TheRomanswereknownforplantingtheirgardenswiththerichesofAsia.[7] GardeningwasnotrecognizedasanartforminEuropeuntilthemid16thcenturywhenitenteredthepoliticaldiscourse,asasymboloftheconceptofthe"idealrepublic".EvokingutopianimageryoftheGardenofEden,atimeofabundanceandplentywherehumansdidn'tknowhungerortheconflictsthatarosefrompropertydisputes.JohnEvelynwroteintheearly17thcentury,"thereisnotamorelaboriouslifethenisthatofagoodGard'ners;butalabourfulloftranquilityandsatisfaction;NaturalandInstructive,andsuchas(ifany)contributestoPietyandContemplation."[8]DuringtheeraofEnclosures,theagrariancollectivismofthefeudalagewasidealizedinliterary"fantasiesofliberatingregressiontogardenandwilderness".[9] BeforetheGrandMannerera,whatfewsignificantgardenscouldbefoundinBritainhaddevelopedunderinfluencefromthecontinent.Britain'shomegrowndomesticgardeningtraditionsweremostlypracticalinpurpose,ratherthanaesthetic,unlikethegrandgardensfoundmostlyoncastlegrounds,andlesscommonlyatuniversities.Tudorgardensemphasizedcontrastratherthantransitions,distinguishedbycolorandillusion.Theywerenotintendedasacomplementtohomeorarchitecture,butconceivedasindependentspaces,arrangedtogrowanddisplayflowersandornamentalplants.Gardenersdemonstratedtheirartistryinknotgardens,withcomplexarrangementsmostcommonlyincludedinterwovenboxhedges,andlesscommonlyfragrantherbslikerosemary.Sandedpathsrunbetweenthehedgingsofopenknotswhereasclosedknotswerefilledwithsinglecoloredflowers.Theknotandparterregardenswerealwaysplacedonlevelground,andelevatedareasreservedforterracesfromwhichtheintricacyofthegardenscouldbeviewed.[10] Jacobeangardensweredescribedas"adelightfulconfusion"byHenryWottonin1624.UndertheinfluenceoftheItalianRenaissance,Carolinegardensbegantoshedsomeofthechaosofearlierdesigns,markingthebeginningofatrendstowardssymmetricalunifieddesignsthattookthebuildingarchitectureintoaccount,andfeaturinganelevatedterracefromwhichhomeandgardencouldbeviewed.TheonlysurvivingCarolinegardenislocatedatBolsoverCastleinDerbyshire,butistoosimpletoattractmuchinterest.[10] Bythemid-17thcenturyaxialsymmetryhadascendedtoprominenceintheFrenchgardeningtraditionsofAndreMolletandJacquesBoyceau,thelatterwhowrote:"Allthings,howeverbeautifultheymaybechosen,willbedefectiveiftheyarenotorderedandplacedinpropersymmetry."DuringthereignofCharlesII,manynewBaroquestylecountryhouseswerebuilt,whileinEnglandThomasCromwellsoughttodestroymanyTudor,JacobeanandCarolinestylegardens.[10] Design[edit] NaturalisticdesignofaChinesegardenincorporatedintothelandscape,includingapavilion Mainarticle:Gardendesign Gardendesignistheprocessofcreatingplansforthelayoutandplantingofgardensandlandscapes.Gardensmaybedesignedbygardenownersthemselves,orbyprofessionals.Professionalgardendesignerstendtobetrainedinprinciplesofdesignandhorticulture,andhaveaknowledgeandexperienceofusingplants.Someprofessionalgardendesignersarealsolandscapearchitects,amoreformalleveloftrainingthatusuallyrequiresanadvanceddegreeandoftenastatelicense. Elementsofgardendesignincludethelayoutofhardlandscape,suchaspaths,rockeries,walls,waterfeatures,sittingareasanddecking,aswellastheplantsthemselves,withconsiderationfortheirhorticulturalrequirements,theirseason-to-seasonappearance,lifespan,growthhabit,size,speedofgrowth,andcombinationswithotherplantsandlandscapefeatures.Mostgardensconsistofamixofnaturalandconstructedelements,althoughevenvery'natural'gardensarealwaysaninherentlyartificialcreation.Naturalelementspresentinagardenprincipallycompriseflora(suchastreesandweeds),fauna(suchasarthropodsandbirds),soil,water,airandlight.Constructedelementsincludepaths,patios,decking,sculptures,drainagesystems,lightsandbuildings(suchassheds,gazebos,pergolasandfollies),butalsolivingconstructionssuchasflowerbeds,pondsandlawns. Considerationisalsogiventothemaintenanceneedsofthegarden.Includingthetimeorfundsavailableforregularmaintenance,(thiscanaffectthechoicesofplantsregardingspeedofgrowth)spreadingorself-seedingoftheplants(annualorperennial),bloom-time,andmanyothercharacteristics.Gardendesigncanberoughlydividedintotwogroups,formalandnaturalisticgardens.Themostimportantconsiderationinanygardendesignishowthegardenwillbeused,followedcloselybythedesiredstylisticgenres,andthewaythegardenspacewillconnecttothehomeorotherstructuresinthesurroundingareas.Alloftheseconsiderationsaresubjecttothelimitationsofthebudget.Budgetlimitationscanbeaddressedbyasimplergardenstylewithfewerplantsandlesscostlyhardlandscapematerials,seedsratherthansodforlawns,andplantsthatgrowquickly;alternatively,gardenownersmaychoosetocreatetheirgardenovertime,areabyarea.[11] GardenoftheTajMahal,India RoyalgardensofReggiadiCaserta,Italy ChehelSotounGarden,Isfahan,Iran Exampleofagardenattachedtoaplaceofworship:thecloisteroftheAbbeyofMonreale,Sicily,Italy TheSunkenGardenofButchartGardens,Victoria,BritishColumbia GardensofVersailles(France) ThebackgardenoftheUmaidBhawanPalaceinJodhpur,India Gardenwithfountains,Villad'Este,Italy GardensatColonialWilliamsburg,Williamsburg,Virginia,featuremanyheirloomvarietiesofplants. Shitennō-jiHonboGardeninOsaka,Osakaprefecture,Japan–anexampleofaZengarden. Uses[edit] PartialviewfromtheBotanicalGardenofCuritiba(SouthernBrazil):parterres,flowers,fountains,sculptures,greenhousesandtrackscomposestheplaceusedforrecreationandtostudyandprotecttheflora. Agardencanhaveaesthetic,functional,andrecreationaluses: Cooperationwithnature Plantcultivation Garden-basedlearning Observationofnature Bird-andinsect-watching Reflectiononthechangingseasons Relaxation Familydinnersontheterrace Childrenplayinginthegarden Readingandrelaxinginahammock Maintainingtheflowerbeds Potteringintheshed Cottaginginthebushes Baskinginwarmsunshine Escapingoppressivesunlightandheat Growingusefulproduce Flowerstocutandbringinsideforindoorbeauty Freshherbsandvegetablesforcooking Types[edit] Mainarticle:Listofgardentypes ParcdeBagatelle,arosegardeninParis AtypicalItaliangardenatVillaGarzoni,nearPistoia Zengarden,Ryōan-ji FrenchformalgardenintheLoireValley Akaiyu-shikiorstrollingJapanesegarden Gardensmayfeatureaparticularplantorplanttype(s): Alpinegarden Boggarden Cactusgarden Fernery Flowergarden Kitchengarden Orchard Physicgarden Pollinatorgarden Rosegarden Shadegarden Terrarium Walledgarden Watergarden Wildlifegarden Gardensmayfeatureaparticularstyleoraesthetic: Bonsai Chinesegarden Colorgarden Dutchgarden Englishlandscapegarden Frenchformalgarden Frenchlandscapegarden GardensoftheFrenchRenaissance Gardenroom Germangarden Greekgardens ItalianRenaissancegarden Japanesegarden Knotgarden Koreangarden Marygarden Monasticgarden Mughalgarden Naturallandscaping Paradisegarden Persiangarden Philosophicalgarden Pleasuregarden Romangardens Sacredgarden Sensorygarden Shakespearegarden Spanishgarden Teagarden Therapeuticgarden Trialgarden Tropicalgarden Xeriscaping Zengarden Othertypes: Backgarden Botanicalgarden Bottlegarden Butterflygarden Butterflyzoo Chinampa Coldframegarden Communitygarden Containergarden Cottagegarden Cuttinggarden Forestgarden Frontyard Greenhouse Greenwall Hanginggarden Hydroponicgarden Marketgarden Pekarangan Raingarden Raisedbedgardening Residentialgarden Rockgarden Roofgarden Schoolgarden Sculpturegarden Squarefootgarden Trialgarden Victorygarden Walledgarden Zoologicalgarden Othersimilarspaces[edit] HatanpääArboretuminHatanpää,Tampere,Finland Otheroutdoorspacesthataresimilartogardensinclude: Alandscapeisanoutdoorspaceofalargerscale,naturalordesigned,usuallyunenclosedandconsideredfromadistance. Aparkisaplannedoutdoorspace,usuallyenclosed('imparked')andofalargersize.Publicparksareforpublicuse. Anarboretumisaplannedoutdoorspace,usuallylarge,forthedisplayandstudyoftrees. Afarmororchardisfortheproductionoffoodstuff. Abotanicalgardenisatypeofgardenwhereplantsaregrownbothforscientificpurposesandfortheenjoymentandeducationofvisitors. Azoologicalgarden,orzooforshort,isaplacewherewildanimalsarecaredforandexhibitedtothepublic. AKindergartenisapreschooleducationalinstitutionforchildrenandintheverysenseofthewordshouldhaveaccessorbepartofagarden. AMännergartenisatemporaryday-careandactivitiesspaceformeninGerman-speakingcountrieswhiletheirwivesorgirlfriendsgoshopping.Historically,theexpressionhasalsobeenusedforgender-specificsectionsinlunaticasylums,monasteriesandclinics.[12] Gardensandtheenvironment[edit] Mainarticles:SustainablegardeningandSustainablelandscaping Gardenersmaycauseenvironmentaldamagebythewaytheygarden,ortheymayenhancetheirlocalenvironment. Damagebygardenerscanincludedirectdestructionofnaturalhabitatswhenhousesandgardensarecreated;indirecthabitatdestructionanddamagetoprovidegardenmaterialssuchaspeat,rockforrockgardens,andbytheuseoftapwatertoirrigategardens;thedeathoflivingbeingsinthegardenitself,suchasthekillingnotonlyofslugsandsnailsbutalsotheirpredatorssuchashedgehogsandsongthrushesbymetaldehydeslugkiller;thedeathoflivingbeingsoutsidethegarden,suchaslocalspeciesextinctionbyindiscriminateplantcollectors;andclimatechangecausedbygreenhousegasesproducedbygardening. Climatechange[edit] Gardenerscanhelptopreventclimatechangeinmanyways,includingtheuseoftrees,shrubs,groundcoverplantsandotherperennialplantsintheirgardens,turninggardenwasteintosoilorganicmatterinsteadofburningit,keepingsoilandcompostheapsaerated,avoidingpeat,switchingfrompowertoolstohandtoolsorchangingtheirgardendesignsothatpowertoolsarenotneeded,andusingnitrogen-fixingplantsinsteadofnitrogenfertiliser.[13] Climatechangewillhavemanyimpactsongardens;somestudiessuggestmostofthemwillbenegative.[14]Gardensalsocontributetoclimatechange.Greenhousegasescanbeproducedbygardenersinmanyways.Thethreemaingreenhousegasesarecarbondioxide,methane,andnitrousoxide.Gardenersproducecarbondioxidedirectlybyovercultivatingsoilanddestroyingsoilcarbon,byburninggardenwasteonbonfires,byusingpowertoolswhichburnfossilfueloruseelectricitygeneratedbyfossilfuels,andbyusingpeat.Gardenersproducemethanebycompactingthesoilandmakingitanaerobic,andbyallowingtheircompostheapstobecomecompactedandanaerobic.Gardenersproducenitrousoxidebyapplyingexcessnitrogenfertiliserwhenplantsarenotactivelygrowingsothatthenitrogeninthefertiliserisconvertedbysoilbacteriatonitrousoxide. Irrigation[edit] Furtherinformation:Raingarden Somegardenersmanagetheirgardenswithoutusinganywaterfromoutsidethegarden.ExamplesinBritainincludeVentnorBotanicGardenontheIsleofWight,andpartsofBethChatto'sgardeninEssex,StickyWicketgardeninDorset,andtheRoyalHorticulturalSociety'sgardensatHarlowCarrandHydeHall. Raingardensabsorbrainfallfallingontonearbyhardsurfaces,ratherthansendingitintostormwaterdrains.[15] Forirrigation,seerainwater,sprinklersystem,dripirrigation,tapwater,greywater,handpumpandwateringcan. Seealso[edit] Gardeningportal Indexofgardeningarticles Outlineoforganicgardeningandfarming Listofprofessionalgardeners Listofhorticultureandgardeningbooks/publications References[edit] ^"Cambridgedictionary".{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^Turner,Tom(1September2005).GardenHistory:PhilosophyandDesign2000BC–2000AD.Routledge.p. [page needed].ISBN 978-1-134-37082-5. ^Klindienst,Patricia(2006).TheEarthKnowsMyName:Food,Culture,andSustainabilityintheGardensofEthnicAmericans.BeaconPress.p. [page needed].ISBN 978-0-8070-8562-2. ^"Etymologyofthemodernwordgardin".MerriamWebster. ^"Etymologyofwordsreferringtoenclosures,probablyfromaSanskritstem.InGerman,forexample,Stuttgart.Thewordisgenericforcompoundsandwalledcities,asinStalingrad,andtheRussianwordforcity,gorod.Girdandgirdlearealsorelated".Yourdictionary.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2010-02-13. ^"OxfordDictionaries".OxfordDictionaries. ^Soyer,Alexis.Food,Cookery,andDininginAncientTimes.DoverPublications. ^Samson,Alexander.LocusAmoenus:GardensandHorticultureintheRenaissance,2012:6 ^Samson,Alexander.LocusAmoenus:GardensandHorticultureintheRenaissance,2012:8 ^abcHayes,Gordon(2013).LandscapeandGardenDesign:LessonsfromHistory.Whittle.pp. 1–3. ^Chen2010,p. 3. ^See:JakobFischel,Prag'sK.K.IrrenanstaltundihrWirkenseitihremEntstehenbisincl.1850.Erlangen:Enke,1853,OCLC 14844310(inGerman) ^Ingram,DavidS.;Vince-Prue,Daphne;Gregory,PeterJ.,eds.(2008).ScienceandtheGarden:Thescientificbasisofhorticulturalpractice.Oxford:Blackwell.ISBN 978-1-4051-6063-6. ^BisgroveandHadley,RichardandPaul(2002).GardeningintheGlobalGreenhouse:TheimpactsofclimatechangeongardensintheUK.Oxford:UKClimateImpactsProgramme.p. [page needed]. ^DunnettandClayden,NigelandAndy(2007).RainGardens:ManagingWaterSustainablyintheGardenandDesignedLandscape.Portland,OR:TimberPress.ISBN 978-0-88192-826-6. Generalreferences[edit] Chen,Gang(2010).Plantingdesignillustrated(2nd ed.).OutskirtsPress,Inc.ISBN 978-1-4327-4197-6. Externallinks[edit] WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoGarden. MediarelatedtoGardenatWikimediaCommons Wikisourcehasthetextofthe1911EncyclopædiaBritannicaarticle"Garden". Wikibooks'AWikimanualofGardeninghasmoreaboutthissubject: gardening vteHorticultureandgardeningGardening Allotment Arboretum Butterfly Community Forest Foodscaping Frenchintensive Garden Gardendesign computer-aided Gardentool Greenwall Guerrilla Historicconservation History Landscape Native Parterre Proplifting Raisedbed Squarefoot Sustainable Xeriscaping Typesofgardens Alpine AncientEgypt Back Baroque Biblical Bog Botanical Bottle Butterfly Byzantine Cactus Colonial Color Communal Gardensquare Community Container Cottage Dutch EastAsian Chinese Cantonese Japanese Roji Zen Korean English Fernery Floating Flower French formal landscape Renaissance Front German Greek Greenhouse Hanging Islamic Italian Keyhole Kitchen Knot Market Mary Monastic Mughal Orchard Indonesianhomegarden Persian Bāgh Charbagh Paradise Philosophical Physic Pleasure Prairie Pollinator Rain Rock Roman Roof Rose Sacred School Scottish Sculpture Sensory Shade Shakespeare Shrubbery Spanish Tea Therapeutic Trial Tropical Victory Walled Water Wildlife Winter Zoological Horticulture Agriculture stock-free sustainable urban Arboriculture Botany Companionplanting Crop mostvaluable Flora Floriculture Canada Taiwan Hügelkultur Fruticulture Geneticallymodifiedtree Hydroculture Indigenous Intercropping Landscapearchitecture Olericulture Plant breeding propagation droughttolerance hardiness Pomology Postharvestphysiology Tropical Urban agriculture horticulture forestry reforestation Viticulture Monoculture Organic Biodynamicagriculture Listoforganicgardeningandfarmingtopics Veganorganicagriculture Plantprotection Fungicide Herbicide Indexofpesticidearticles Listoffungicides Pesticide Plantdiseaseforecasting Pruning Weedcontrol Aquamogweedremover Relatedarticles Communityorchard Features Floraldesign Floristry Ikebana Gardentourism Listofgardens  Gardeningportal  Plantsportal Category Commons WikiProject AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries Spain France(data) Germany Israel UnitedStates Japan CzechRepublic Other HistoricalDictionaryofSwitzerland NationalArchives(US) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garden&oldid=1093424657" Categories:GardensLandscapeHiddencategories:CS1maint:url-statusWikipediaarticlesneedingpagenumbercitationsfromDecember2021ArticleswithGerman-languagesources(de)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataCommonslinkisonWikidataArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithHDSidentifiersArticleswithNARAidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages العربيةAragonésܐܪܡܝܐArmãneashtiAsturianuAvañe'ẽتۆرکجهবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБашҡортсаБеларускаяБългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаČeštinaChiShonaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFryskFurlanGaeilgeGalego한국어HausaՀայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueIsiXhosaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaಕನ್ನಡქართულიकॉशुर/کٲشُرKaszëbscziҚазақшаKiswahiliKreyòlayisyenКырыкмарыLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLimburgsLingálaLinguaFrancaNovaLa.lojban.MagyarമലയാളംმარგალურიBahasaMelayuМонголမြန်မာဘာသာNederlandsNedersaksiesनेपालीनेपालभाषा日本語NapulitanoNorskbokmålNorsknynorskNouormandOccitanOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیPicardPlattdüütschPolskiPortuguêsRomânăRunaSimiРусиньскыйРусскийShqipSicilianuSimpleEnglishسنڌيSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaతెలుగుไทยТоҷикӣᏣᎳᎩTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوVènetoTiếngViệtWalonWest-VlamsWinaray吴语ייִדיש粵語ZazakiŽemaitėška中文 Editlinks