Glycemic load - Wikipedia

The glycemic load (GL) of food is a number that estimates how much the food will raise a person's blood glucose level after eating it. One unit of glycemic ... Glycemicload FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Theglycemicload(GL)offoodisanumberthatestimateshowmuchthefoodwillraiseaperson'sbloodglucoselevelaftereatingit.Oneunitofglycemicloadapproximatestheeffectofeatingonegramofglucose.[1]Glycemicloadaccountsforhowmuchcarbohydrateisinthefoodandhowmucheachgramofcarbohydrateinthefoodraisesbloodglucoselevels.Glycemicloadisbasedontheglycemicindex(GI),andiscalculatedbymultiplyingthegramsofavailablecarbohydrateinthefoodbythefood'sglycemicindex,andthendividingby100. Contents 1Description 2Listoffoodsandtheirglycemicloadfor100gserving 3Seealso 4References 5Externallinks Description[edit] Glycemicloadestimatestheimpactofcarbohydrateintakeusingtheglycemicindexwhiletakingintoaccounttheamountofcarbohydratesthatareeateninaserving.GLisaGI-weightedmeasureofcarbohydratecontent.Forinstance,watermelonhasahighGI,butatypicalservingofwatermelondoesnotcontainmanycarbohydrates,sotheglycemicloadofeatingitislow.Whereasglycemicindexisdefinedforeachtypeoffood,glycemicloadcanbecalculatedforanysizeservingofafood,anentiremeal,oranentireday'smeals. Glycemicloadofa100gservingoffoodcanbecalculatedasitscarbohydratecontentmeasuredingrams(g),multipliedbythefood'sGI,anddividedby100.Forexample,watermelonhasaGIof72.A100 gservingofwatermelonhas5 gofavailablecarbohydrates(itcontainsalotofwater),makingthecalculation(5×72)/100=3.6,sotheGLis4.AfoodwithaGIof90and8 gofavailablecarbohydrateshasaGLof7.2(8×90/100=7.2),whileafoodwithaGIofjust6andwith120 gofcarbohydratealsohasaGLof7.2(120×6/100=7.2). Foroneservingofafood,aGLgreaterthan20isconsideredhigh,aGLof11–19isconsideredmedium,andaGLof10orlessisconsideredlow.FoodsthathavealowGLinatypicalservingsizealmostalwayshavealowGI.FoodswithanintermediateorhighGLinatypicalservingsizerangefromaverylowtoveryhighGI. One2007studyhasquestionedthevalueofusingglycemicloadasabasisforweight-lossprogrammes.Dasetal.conductedastudyon36healthy,overweightadults,usingarandomisedtesttomeasuretheefficacyoftwodiets,onewithahighglycemicloadandonewithalowGL.Thestudyconcludedthatthereisnostatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweentheoutcomeofthetwodiets.[2] Glycemicloadappearstobeasignificantfactorindietaryprogramstargetingmetabolicsyndrome,insulinresistance,andweightloss;studieshaveshownthatsustainedspikesinbloodsugarandinsulinlevelsmayleadtoincreaseddiabetesrisk.[3]TheShanghaiWomen'sHealthStudyconcludedthatwomenwhosedietshadthehighestglycemicindexwere21percentmorelikelytodeveloptype2diabetesthanwomenwhosedietshadthelowestglycemicindex.[4]SimilarfindingswerereportedintheBlackWomen'sHealthStudy.[5]Adietprogramthatmanagestheglycemicloadaimstoavoidsustainedblood-sugarspikesandcanhelpavoidonsetoftype2diabetes.[6]Fordiabetics,glycemicloadisahighlyrecommendedtoolformanagingbloodsugar. ThedataonGIandGLlistedinthisarticleisfromtheUniversityofSydney(HumanNutritionUnit)GIdatabase.[7] TheGIwasinventedin1981byDrThomasWoleverandDrDavidJenkinsattheUniversityofTorontoandisameasureofhowquicklyafoodcontaining25or50 gramsofcarbohydrateraisesblood-glucoselevels.Becausesomefoodstypicallyhavealowcarbohydratecontent,HarvardresearcherscreatedtheGL,whichtakesintoaccounttheamountofcarbohydratesinagivenservingofafoodandsoprovidesamoreusefulmeasure.Liuetal.werethefirsttoshowthatbasedontheircalculation,theglycemicloadofaspecificfood—calculatedastheproductofthatfood'scarbohydratecontentanditsglycemicindexvalue—hasdirectphysiologicmeaninginthateachunitcanbeinterpretedastheequivalentof1gcarbohydratefromwhitebread(orglucosedependingonthereferenceusedindeterminingtheglycemicindex).[8][9][10][11]Itbecameimmediatelyapparentthatsuchdirectphysiologicalquantificationofglycemicloadwouldallowpatientswithdiabetestodo“glycemicload”countingasopposedtotheconventional“carbohydratecounting”formonitoringtheglycemiceffectoffoods.[12][13][10][11]Theconceptofglycemicloadaddressestheconcernaboutratingfoodsasgoodorbadsolelyonthebasisoftheirglycemicindex.Forexample,althoughtheglycemicindexforcarrotsisreportedtobeashighas1.31timesthatofwhitebread,theglycemicloadforoneservingofcarrotsissmallbecausetheamountofcarbohydrateinoneservingofcarrotsisminimal(≈7gcarbohydrate).Indeed,≈700gcarrots(whichprovides50gcarbohydrate)mustbeeatentoproduceanincrementalglucoseresponse1.31timesthatof100gwhitebread(whichalsocontains50gcarbohydrate) Specialnotes :it'sareceivedideaduetoamistakein1980,carrotsdonothaveaGI(glucidicindex)similartowhitebread.Theyhave19whentheyarerawand47(moderate)whentheyareboiled. Source :[14] [15][16][10] Listoffoodsandtheirglycemicloadfor100gserving[edit] Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(March2019) Allnumericvaluesprovidedinthetableareapproximate.Notethat100gmaynotrepresentatypicalservingsize.Forexample,atypicalriceservingwouldbe150-200gwithacorrespondingincreaseinGL,whilstabananamayweighmorethan100g.ReferencetableswhichgiveGLbytypicalservingsizewillshowdifferentvalues. Food Glycemicindex Carbohydratecontent(g) GlycemicLoad(100gserving) Insulinindex Baguette,white,plain 95(high) 50 48 — Banana,Meanof10studies 52(low)–55±7(low–medium)[17] 20 10–11±1[18] 57±4[17] Cabbage 10(low) 5.9 <1 — Carrots,meanof4studies 47(low) 8 <4 — Corntortilla 52(low) 48 25 — Potato,meanof5studies 50(low)–99±25(high)[17] 19 9–18±5[18] 85±8[17] Rice,boiledwhite,meanof12studies 64-93[19] 25[19] 16-23[20] 40±10[19]–55±8[17]–67±15[19] Watermelon 72(high) 5 <4 — Seealso[edit] Medicineportal Diabeticdiet           Dispositionindex Glycemicindex Glycemicefficacy Lowglycemicindexdiet Montignacdiet Overallnutritionalqualityindex References[edit] ^"GlycemicLoadDefined".GlycemicResearchInstitute.Retrieved8February2013. ^Das,SaiKrupa;et al.(April2007)."Long-termeffectsof2energy-restricteddietsdifferinginglycemicloadondietaryadherence,bodycomposition,andmetabolisminCALERIE:a1-yrandomizedcontrolledtrial".AmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition.85(4):1023–30.doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1023.PMID 17413101.Retrieved8February2013. ^Ludwig,DanielS.(May2002)."Theglycemicindex:physiologicalmechanismsrelatingtoobesity,diabetes,andcardiovasculardisease".JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.287(18):2414–2423.doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2414.PMID 11988062. ^Villegas,Raquel;Liu,Simin;Gao,Yu-Tang;Yang,Gong;Li,Honglan;Zheng,Wei;Shu,XiaoOu(2007)."ProspectiveStudyofDietaryCarbohydrates,GlycemicIndex,GlycemicLoad,andIncidenceofType2DiabetesMellitusinMiddle-agedChineseWomen".ArchivesofInternalMedicine.167(21):2310–16.doi:10.1001/archinte.167.21.2310.PMID 18039989.Retrieved8February2013. ^Krishnan,Supriya;Rosenberg,Lynn;Singer,Martha;Hu,FrankB.;Djoussé,Luc;Cupples,L.Adrienne;Palmer,JulieR.(2007)."GlycemicIndex,GlycemicLoad,andCerealFiberIntakeandRiskofType2DiabetesinUSBlackWomen".ArchivesofInternalMedicine.167(21):2304–09.doi:10.1001/archinte.167.21.2304.PMID 18039988.Retrieved8February2013. ^"SimpleStepstoPreventingDiabetes".TheNutritionSource.HarvardSchoolofPublicHealth.18September2012.Retrieved8February2013. ^"GlycemicIndexDatabase".UniversityofSydney.Retrieved8February2013. ^LiuS,WillettWC,StampferMJ,HuFB,FranzM,SampsonL,HennekensCH,MansonJE(2000)."Aprospectivestudyofdietaryglycemicload,carbohydrateintake,andriskofcoronaryheartdiseaseinUSwomen".AmJClinNutr.71(6):1455–61.doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1455.PMID 10837285.CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^FordES,LiuS(2001)."Glycemicindexandserumhigh-densitylipoproteincholesterolconcentrationamongusadults".JAMAInternMed.161(4):572–76.doi:10.1001/archinte.161.4.572.PMID 11252117. ^abcLiuS,MansonJE,StampferMJ,HolmesMD,HuFB,HankinsonSE,WillettWC(2001)."Dietaryglycemicloadassessedbyfood-frequencyquestionnaireinrelationtoplasmahigh-density-lipoproteincholesterolandfastingplasmatriacylglycerolsinpostmenopausalwomen".AmJClinNutr.73(3):560–66.doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.3.560.PMID 11237932.CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^abLiuS,MansonJE,BuringJE,StampferMJ,WillettWC,RidkerPM(Mar2002)."Relationbetweenadietwithahighglycemicloadandplasmaconcentrationsofhigh-sensitivityC-reactiveproteininmiddle-agedwomen".AmJClinNutr.75(3):492–98.doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.3.492.PMID 11864854.CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^SchulzeMB,LiuS,RimmEB,MansonJE,WillettWC,HuFB(Aug2004)."Glycemicindex,glycemicload,anddietaryfiberintakeandincidenceoftype2diabetesinyoungerandmiddle-agedwomen".AmJClinNutr.80(2):348–56.doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.2.348.PMID 15277155.CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^QiL,RimmE,LiuS,RifaiN,HuFB(May2005)."Dietaryglycemicindex,glycemicload,cerealfiber,andplasmaadiponectinconcentrationindiabeticmen".DiabetesCare.28(5):1022–28.doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1022.PMID 15855561.CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^"Indexglycémique :Faut-ilseméfierdescarottes?".26August2016. ^GrossLS,LiL,FordES,LiuS(May2004)."Increasedconsumptionofrefinedcarbohydratesandtheepidemicoftype2diabetesintheUnitedStates:anecologicassessment".AmJClinNutr.79(5):774–79.doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.5.774.PMID 15113714.CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^LiuS(2002)."Intakeofrefinedcarbohydratesandwholegrainfoodsinrelationtoriskoftype2diabetesmellitusandcoronaryheartdisease".JAmCollNutr.21(4):298–306.doi:10.1080/07315724.2002.10719227.PMID 12166526.S2CID 44736227. ^abcdeHolt,SusanneH.A.;Miller,JanetteC.Brand;Petocz,Peter(November1997)."Aninsulinindexoffoods:theinsulindemandgeneratedby1000-kJportionsofcommonfoods"(PDF).TheAmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition.66(5):1264–76.doi:10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1264.PMID 9356547.Retrieved8February2013.Laysummary–DavidMendosa(14October2009).Note:GlucoseScore&InsulinScoremultipliedby0.7forGlycemicindex&Insulinindexrespectively. ^abCalculationusingdataalreadytabulatedanddatafromHolt,1997. ^abcdMiller,JanetteBrand;Pang,Edna;Bramall,Lindsay(December1992)."Rice:ahighorlowglycemicindexfood?"(PDF).TheAmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition.56(6):1034–36.doi:10.1093/ajcn/56.6.1034.PMID 1442654.Retrieved8February2013. ^CalculationbasedonMiller,1992 Externallinks[edit] HumanNutritionUnit;SchoolofMolecularBioscience."GlycemicIndex".InternationalGIdatabase.UniversityofSydney.–Searchabledatabaseofover2600foodswiththeirglycemicindexandloadvalues. ListoflowGIfoods–ProvidedbytheUniversityofSydneywithsomeadditionalfoods. InternationalTablesofGlycemicIndexandGlycemicLoadValues-2008Articleprovidingdataabout2500fooditemssystematicallygatheredfrompublishedandunpublishedsourcesofreliableglycemicindex(GI)values.Glycemicload(GL)valuesperservingandamountofavailablecarbohydrates(totalcarbohydrateminusfiber)perservingarealsoprovided. TableA1GIandGLvaluesforsubjectswithnormalglucosetolerance. TableA2GIandGLvaluesforsubjectswithimpariedglucosetolerance,togetherwithdataobtainedfromsmallsamples,anddatashowingwidevariability. SimplifiedversionofTableA1withshortintroductionbyD.Mendosa. Foster-PowellK,HoltSH,Brand-MillerJC(July2002)."Internationaltableofglycemicindexandglycemicloadvalues:2002".Am.J.Clin.Nutr.76(1):5–56.doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5.PMID 12081815.750items GlycemicIndexandGlycemicLoadcalculatorTotalvaluesforanycombinationsoffoodsandanynumberofservingsarecomputedaccordingtoFAO/WHOspecifications).DataaregatheredfromtheabovementionedInternationaltablebyFoster-Powelletal.(2002). Authoritycontrol MicrosoftAcademic Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycemic_load&oldid=1055708281" Categories:DiabetesNutritionHiddencategories:CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslistArticlestobeexpandedfromMarch2019AllarticlestobeexpandedArticlesusingsmallmessageboxesPagesusingdivcolwithsmallparameterArticleswithMAidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةCatalàČeštinaDeutschEspañolفارسیBahasaIndonesiaItaliano日本語PolskiPortuguêsРусскийSuomiSvenska中文 Editlinks