Roman Britain - An Introduction - Roman Britain
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Britain prior to the Roman conquest Britain was a country peopled by Celtic tribes, often at war with each other which left the country in a permanent state ... RomanBritain Rome'sNorthernFrontier Pixabay/ubcmio RomanBritain alandofRomanPalaces CCBY-SA2.0/mattbuck RomanBritain aplaceofSacredSprings CCBY-SA3.0/Diliff HomeRomanBritain-AnIntroduction BritainpriortotheRomanconquestBritainwasacountrypeopledbyCeltictribes,oftenatwarwitheachotherwhichleftthecountryinapermanentstateofunrest. FirstInvasionofRomanBritain JuliusCaesarcrossedtheChannelin55and54BCwhichmayhavebeenamoveintendedtopleasehisadoringpublicbackhomeinRome,althoughtheCeltsinGaulhadbeenreceivingaidfromtheiralliesinsouthernBritain. JuliusCaesarleftaftertwosummersfightingexactingapromiseoftributefromthedefeatedtribesandreturnedtoGaul.MoreaboutJuliusCaesar’sCampaigns. SecondInvasionofRomanBritain In43ADtheEmperorClaudiusinneedofaboosttohisdomesticprestigeorderedtheinvasionofBritainwithfourlegionsunderthecommandofAulusPlautius.TheRomanslandedatRichboroughandpushedtowardstheRiverMedway,wheretheymetwithstiffresistance.However,theyounggeneralVespasianforcedtheriverwithhislegionsupportedbyabandof‘Celtic’auxiliaries,andtheBritishwererouted. Meanwhile,ClaudiusarrivedinBritaintoentertheCatuvellauniancapitalofColchesterintriumph.Hefoundedatemplethere,containingafinebronzestatueofhimself,andestablishedalegionaryfortress.HeremainedinBritainforonly16days. TheRomansquicklyestablishedcontroloverthetribesofpresentdaysoutheasternEngland.FurtheradvancewasslowedbyaBritishchieftainoftheCatuvallaunitribe,knownas Caractacuswhostirredupsomeresistanceuntilhisdefeatandcapturein51. Boudicca‘sRevolt In60,whileGovernorGaiusSuetoniusPaulinuswascampaigninginWales,arebellionstartedintheSEofEngland,ledbyQueenBoudicca,widowofPrasutagus,kingoftheIceni.Prasatugas,KingoftheIcenitribe,whohadsignedapeacetreatywiththeRomans,died.Hiswife,Boudiccaintendedtohonourthetreaty,butafterthelocalRomanauthoritiesseizedPrasatugas’spropertyandrapedhistwodaughters,BoudiccaretaliatedbysigningatreatywithTrinovanteswhowerehostiletotheRomans. Therevoltwassuppressed,butnotbeforetheattackingandburningVerulamium (StAlbans),Camulodunum(Colchester)andLondinium(London),leavingbetweenseventy&eightythousandpeopledead.ThegovernorAgricola(AD77–83)evenalsodefeatedtheScottishtribesattheBattleofMonsGraupiusinAD83,intheGrampianhighlands. AgricolaCampaigns ByAD70WalesandthenorthhadbeensubduedandunderthecommandofGnaeusJuliusAgricola(AD77–83)withLegionsbeinglocatedatYork,ChesterandCaerleon.AgricolamovednorthwardsdefeatingtheCaledoniantribesundertheleadershipofCalgacusatthebattleofMonsGraupiusinpresentdaynortheasternScotland. BuildingtheFrontiers TheRomansgraduallygaveuptheirconquestsinScotlandastroopswerepulledbacktodealwithinvasionsontheDanubefrontier,andthearmygraduallyfellbacktotheTyne–Solwayfrontier.ItwasherethattheemperorHadrian,visitingBritaininAD122,orderedthebuildingofhis frontierwall.TheemperorAntoninusPiustriedtoreoccupyScotlandandbuilttheshort-livedAntonineWall(AD140–60).Hewasultimatelyunsuccessful,however,andHadrian’sWallbecamethenorthernfrontieroftheprovinceoncemore.ReadaboutthefrontiersystemofRomanBritain. InvasionfromtheNorth TheBriganteswerestillnotsubduedandshortlyafterAD180duringthereignofCommodustherewasaninvasionbythenortherntribes,whooverranthewall.CommodussentthegeneralUlpiusMarcellustoquelltheuprising.AroundthistimemostofthecitiesofBritainwereenclosedwithinearthendefensivewalls,whichmayhavebeenlinkedtotheinvasion. TheEndofRomanBritain Duringthe3rdand4thcenturiesADBritainwasunderthreatofinvasionbythePictsofScotland,theScotsfromIreland,andtheSaxonsfromGermany. SeverushaddividedBritainintotwoprovinces,BritanniaInferiorinthenorth(withitscapitalinYork)andBritanniaSuperiorinthesouth(withitscapitalinLondon).ThisdivisionstoppedtoomanytroopsfrombeingconcentratedinthehandsofasinglegovernorwhomaybetemptedtobecomethenewEmperor. Inthe4thcenturyBritainEmperorDiocletianreorganisedBritainasa‘diocese’consistingoffourprovinces,withmilitaryforcesunderthecommandoftheDuxBritanniarum–theDukeoftheBritains. Britannia,distantfromRome,wasoftensubjectedtobarbarianinvasionsorusurpationsbyimperialpretenders,and,inAD410RomeitselfwassackedbytheVisigothsandtheEmperorHonoriusdeclaredthatBritainwouldhavetolookafteritself.
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