Base and superstructure - Wikipedia

The superstructure refers to society's other relationships and ideas not directly relating to production including its culture, institutions, political power ... Baseandsuperstructure FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch ModelofsocietyinMarxisttheory DiagramexplainingtherelationshipbetweenthebaseandthesuperstructureinMarxisttheory. 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Socialanarchism Anarcho-communism Socialism Libertarian Revolutionary Utopian RelatedcategoriesKarlMarx Outline  Communismportal  Philosophyportal  Socialismportalvte InMarxisttheory,societyconsistsoftwoparts:thebase(orsubstructure)andsuperstructure.Thebasereferstothemodeofproductionwhichincludestheforcesandrelationsofproduction(e.g.employer–employeeworkconditions,thetechnicaldivisionoflabour,andpropertyrelations)intowhichpeopleentertoproducethenecessitiesandamenitiesoflife.Thesuperstructurereferstosociety'sotherrelationshipsandideasnotdirectlyrelatingtoproductionincludingitsculture,institutions,politicalpowerstructures,roles,rituals,religion,media,andstate.Therelationofthetwopartsisnotstrictlyunidirectional.Thesuperstructurecanaffectthebase.Howevertheinfluenceofthebaseispredominant.[1] Contents 1Modelandqualification 2Applicationsandrevisions 2.1MaxWeber 2.2AntonioGramsci 2.3WalterRodney 2.4Freudo-Marxismandsex-economy 2.5Criticaltheory 2.6Canthebasebeseparatedfromthesuperstructure? 2.7Thelegalityquestion 2.8Neoliberalismandthestate 2.9Triviality 3Seealso 4References 5Furtherreading 6Externallinks Modelandqualification[edit] IndevelopingAlexisdeTocqueville'sobservations,Marxidentifiedcivilsocietyastheeconomicbaseandpoliticalsocietyasthepoliticalsuperstructure.[2]Marxpostulatedtheessentialsofthebase–superstructureconceptinhisprefacetoAContributiontotheCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy(1859): Inthesocialproductionoftheirexistence,meninevitablyenterintodefiniterelations,whichareindependentoftheirwill,namely[the]relationsofproductionappropriatetoagivenstageinthedevelopmentoftheirmaterialforcesofproduction.Thetotalityoftheserelationsofproductionconstitutestheeconomicstructureofsociety,therealfoundation,onwhicharisesalegalandpoliticalsuperstructure,andtowhichcorresponddefiniteformsofsocialconsciousness.Themodeofproductionofmateriallifeconditionsthegeneralprocessofsocial,political,andintellectuallife.Itisnottheconsciousnessofmenthatdeterminestheirexistence,buttheirsocialexistencethatdeterminestheirconsciousness.Atacertainstageofdevelopment,thematerialproductiveforcesofsocietycomeintoconflictwiththeexistingrelationsofproductionor—thismerelyexpressesthesamethinginlegalterms—withthepropertyrelationswithintheframeworkofwhichtheyhaveoperatedhitherto.Fromformsofdevelopmentoftheproductiveforces,theserelationsturnintotheirfetters.Thenbeginsaneraofsocialrevolution.Thechangesintheeconomicfoundationlead,soonerorlater,tothetransformationofthewhole,immense,superstructure.Instudyingsuchtransformations,itisalwaysnecessarytodistinguishbetweenthematerialtransformationoftheeconomicconditionsofproduction,whichcanbedeterminedwiththeprecisionofnaturalscience,andthelegal,political,religious,artistic,orphilosophic—inshort,ideologicalformsinwhichmenbecomeconsciousofthisconflictandfightitout.Justasonedoesnotjudgeanindividualbywhathethinksabouthimself,soonecannotjudgesuchaperiodoftransformationbyitsconsciousness,but,onthecontrary,thisconsciousnessmustbeexplainedfromthecontradictionsofmateriallife,fromtheconflictexistingbetweenthesocialforcesofproductionandtherelationsofproduction.[3] Marx's"basedeterminessuperstructure"axiom,however,requiresqualification: thebaseisthewholeofproductiverelationships,notonlyagiveneconomicelement,e.g.theworkingclass historically,thesuperstructurevariesanddevelopsunevenlyinsociety'sdifferentactivities;forexample,art,politics,economics,etc. thebase–superstructurerelationshipisreciprocal;Engelsexplainsthatthebasedeterminesthesuperstructureonlyinthelastinstance.[4] Applicationsandrevisions[edit] Marx'stheoryofbaseandsuperstructurecanbefoundinthedisciplinesofpoliticalscience,sociology,anthropology,andpsychologyasutilizedbyMarxistscholars.Acrossthesedisciplinesthebase-superstructurerelationship,andthecontentsofeach,maytakedifferentforms. MaxWeber[edit] EarlysociologistMaxWeberpreferredaformofstructuralismoverabaseandsuperstructuremodelofsocietyinwhichheproposesthatthebaseandsuperstructurearereciprocalincausality—neithereconomicrationalitynornormativeideasrulethedomainofsociety.InsummarizingresultsfromhisEastElbiaresearchhenotesthat,contrarytothebaseandsuperstructuremodel"wehavebecomeusedto,"thereexistsareciprocalrelationshipbetweenthetwo.[5] AntonioGramsci[edit] TheItalianpoliticalphilosopherAntonioGramscidividedMarx'ssuperstructureintotwoelements:politicalsocietyandcivilsociety.Politicalsocietyconsistsoftheorganizedforceofsociety(suchasthepoliceandmilitary)whilecivilsocietyreferstotheconsensus-creatingelementsthatcontributetoculturalhegemony(suchasthemediaandeducationsystem.)Bothconstituentsofthissuperstructurearestillinformedbythevaluesofthebase,servingtoestablishandenforcethesevaluesinsociety.[6] WalterRodney[edit] WalterRodney,theGuyanesepoliticalactivistandAfricanhistorian,discussedtheroleofMarx'ssuperstructureinthecontextofdevelopmentcyclesandcolonialism.Rodneystatesthatwhilemostcountriesfollowadevelopmentalstructurethatevolvesfromfeudalismtocapitalism,Chinaisanexceptiontothisruleandskippedthecapitalismstep.[7]"Theexplanationisverycomplex,butingeneraltermsthemaindifferencesbetweenfeudalEuropeandfeudalChinalayinthesuperstructure–i.e.inthebodyofbeliefs,motivationsandsociopoliticalinstitutionswhichderivedfromthematerialbasebutinturnaffectedit.InChina,religious,educationalandbureaucraticqualificationswereofutmostimportance,andgovernmentwasinthehandsofstateofficialsratherthanbeingrunbythelandlordsontheirownfeudalestates."[8]ByextensionthismeansthattheMarxistdevelopmentcycleismalleableduetoculturalsuperstructures,andisnotaninevitablepath.Rathertheroleofthesuperstructureallowsforadaptationofthedevelopmentcycle,especiallyinacolonialcontext.[9] Freudo-Marxismandsex-economy[edit] Freudo-MarxistWilhelmReich'sdisciplineofanalysisknownassexeconomyisanattempttounderstandthedivergenceoftheperceivedbaseandsuperstructurethatoccurredduringtheglobaleconomiccrisisfrom1929to1933.[10]Tomakesenseofthisphenomenon,Reichrecategorizedsocialideologyasanelementinthebase—notthesuperstructure.Inthisnewcategorization,socialideologyandsocialpsychologyisamaterialprocessthatself-perpetuates,thesamewayeconomicsystemsinthebaseperpetuatethemselves.ReichfocusedontheroleofsexualrepressioninthepatriarchalfamilysystemasawaytounderstandhowmasssupportforFascismcouldariseinasociety.[11] Criticaltheory[edit] ContemporaryMarxistinterpretationssuchasthoseofcriticaltheoryrejectthisinterpretationofthebase–superstructureinteractionandexaminehoweachaffectsandconditionstheother.RaymondWilliams,forexample,arguesagainstloose,"popular"usageofbaseandsuperstructureasdiscreteentitieswhich,heexplains,isnottheintentionofMarxandEngels: So,wehavetosaythatwhenwetalkof'thebase',wearetalkingofaprocess,andnotastate....Wehavetorevalue'superstructure'towardsarelatedrangeofculturalpractices,andawayfromareflected,reproduced,orspecifically-dependentcontent.And,crucially,wehavetorevalue'thebase'awayfrom[the]notion[s]of[either]afixedeconomicor[a]technologicalabstraction,andtowardsthespecificactivitiesofmeninreal,socialandeconomicrelationships,containingfundamentalcontradictionsandvariations,and,therefore,alwaysinastateofdynamicprocess.[12] Canthebasebeseparatedfromthesuperstructure?[edit] JohnPlamenatzmakestwocounterclaimsregardingtheclear-cutseparationofthebaseandsuperstructure.Thefirstisthateconomicstructureisindependentfromproductioninmanycases,withrelationsofproductionorpropertyalsohavingastrongeffectonproduction.[13] Thesecondclaimisthatrelationsofproductioncanonlybedefinedwithnormativeterms—thisimpliesthatsociallifeandhumanity'smoralitycannotbetrulyseparatedasbotharedefinedinanormativesense.[14] Thelegalityquestion[edit] Acriticism[weasel words]ofthebaseandsuperstructuretheoryisthatpropertyrelations(supposedlypartofthebaseandthedrivingforceofhistory)areactuallydefinedbylegalrelations,anelementofthesuperstructure.DefendersofthetheoryclaimthatMarxbelievedinpropertyrelationsandsocialrelationsofproductionastwoseparateentities.[15] Neoliberalismandthestate[edit] ColinJenkinsprovides(2014)acritiqueontheroleofthecapitaliststateintheeraofneoliberalism,usingbaseandsuperstructuretheoryaswellastheworkofNicosPoulantzas.RegardingdevelopmentsintheUnitedStatesduringthisera(roughly1980–2015),Jenkinshighlightsthenatureinwhichpoliticalpartiesandthepoliticalsystemitselfareinherentlydesignedtoprotecttheeconomicbaseofcapitalismand,indoingso,havebecome"increasinglycentralized,coordinated,andsynchronizedoverthepasthalf-century."This,accordingtoJenkins,hasledtoa"corporate-fascisticstateofbeing"thatischallengingtheequilibriumofthisfragilerelationship.Hisanalysisspecificallyaddressestheroleofbothmajorparties,DemocratsandRepublicans,intheUnitedStates: ItremindsusofJohnDewey'sclaimthat,'Aslongaspoliticsistheshadowcastonsocietybybigbusiness,theattenuationoftheshadowwillnotchangethesubstance.'IntheUS,thetwo-partypoliticalsystemhasprovenextremelyeffectiveinthisregard.Asidefromdifferencesonsocialissueslikeabortionandgaymarriage,aswellassocioeconomicissueslikeunemploymentinsuranceandpublicassistance,bothpartiesultimatelyembracecapitalist/corporatistinterestsinthattheybothserveasfacilitatorsforthedominantclasses:TheRepublicanPartyinitsroleasforerunner,pushingthelimitsofthecapitalistmodeltothebrinkoffascism;andtheDemocraticPartyinitsroleasgovernor,providingintermittentdegreesofslackandpullagainstthisinevitablemovetowardsa'corporate-fascisticstateofbeing.[16] Triviality[edit] NevenSesardicagreesthattheeconomicbaseofsocietyaffectsitssuperstructure,howeverhequestionshowmeaningfulthisactuallyis.Whiletheoriginalclaimofastrongformofeconomicdeterminismwasradical,Sesardicarguesthatitwaswatereddowntothetrivialclaimthatthebaseaffectsthesuperstructureandviceversa,somethingnophilosopherwoulddispute.ThusSesardicarguesthatMarx'sclaimultimatelyamountstonothingmorethanatrivialobservationthatdoesnotmakemeaningfulstatementsorexplainanythingabouttherealworld.[17][18]: 175–177  Seealso[edit] Althusser ClassicalMarxism CriticismofMarxism Critiqueofpoliticaleconomy Culturalhegemony Dialecticalmaterialism Economicdeterminism Falseconsciousness Historicalmaterialism IdeologyandIdeologicalStateApparatuses Materialism Reification Socialchange Socialstructure References[edit] ^Engels'slettertoJ.Bloch;fromLondonto Königsberg,writtenonSeptember21,1890.HistoricalMaterialism(Marx,Engels,Lenin),p.294-296.PublishedbyProgressPublishers,1972;firstpublishedbyDersozialistischeAkademiker,Berlin,October1,1895.TranslatedfromGerman.Onlineversion:marxists.org1999.Transcription/Markup:BrianBaggins.RetrievedDecember16,2017. ^Zaleski,Pawel(2008)."TocquevilleonCivilianSociety.ARomanticVisionoftheDichotomicStructureofSocialReality".ArchivfürBegriffsgeschichte.FelixMeinerVerlag.50. ^Marx,Karl(1977).AContributiontotheCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy.Moscow:ProgressPublishers.NotesbyR.Rojas ^DictionaryoftheSocialSciences,"Baseandsuperstructure"entry. ^Scaff,LawrenceA.(June1984)."WeberbeforeWeberianSociology".TheBritishJournalofSociology.35(2):190–215. ^Morera,Esteve(March1990)."GramsciandDemocracy".CanadianJournalofPoliticalScience.23(1):28,29. ^Campbell,TrevorA.(1981)."TheMakingofanOrganicIntellectual:WalterRodney(1942-1980)".LatinAmericanPerspectives.8(1):49–63.doi:10.1177/0094582X8100800105.JSTOR 2633130.S2CID 145790333. ^Walter,Rodney.HowEuropeunderdevelopedAfrica.Strickland,William,1937-,Hill,RobertA.,1943-,Harding,Vincent,,Babu,AbdulRahmanMohamed(Revisedpaperback ed.).Baltimore,Maryland.ISBN 9781574780482.OCLC 773301411. ^Walter,Rodney.HowEuropeunderdevelopedAfrica.Strickland,William,1937-,Hill,RobertA.,1943-,Harding,Vincent,,Babu,AbdulRahmanMohamed(Revisedpaperback ed.).Baltimore,Maryland.ISBN 9781574780482.OCLC 773301411. ^Reich,Wilhelm.TheMassPsychologyofFascism.NewYork:Albion,1970.22–23.Print. ^Reich,Wilhelm(1970).TheMassPsychologyofFascism.NewYork:Albion.p. 14. ^Williams,Raymond(November–December1973)."BaseandsuperstructureinMarxistculturaltheory".NewLeftReview.I(82). ^Lukes,Steven(1983).Miller,David;Siedentop,Larry(eds.).TheNatureofPoliticalTheory.Oxford,Oxfordshire:ClarendonPress.p. 104. ^Lukes,Steven(1983).Miller,David;Siedentop,Larry(eds.).TheNatureofPoliticalTheory.Oxford,Oxfordshire:ClarendonPress.p. 105. ^Cahan,JeanAxelrad(Winter1994–1995)."TheConceptofPropertyinMarx'sTheoryofHistory:ADefenseoftheAutonomyoftheSocioeconomicBase".Science&Society.58(4):394–395. ^Jenkins,Colin(2February2014)."CalibratingtheCapitalistStateintheNeoliberalEra:Equilibrium,Superstructure,andthePullTowardsaCorporate-FascisticModel".TheHamptonInstitute.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29August2017.Retrieved25December2014. ^Sesardić,Neven(1985).MarxianUtopia.CentreforResearchintoCommunistEconomies.pp. 14–15.ISBN 0948027010. ^Blanshard,Brand(1966)."Reflectionsoneconomicdeterminism".TheJournalofPhilosophy.63(7):169–178. Furtherreading[edit] Althusser,LouisandBalibar,Étienne.ReadingCapital.London:Verso,2009. Bottomore,Tom(ed).ADictionaryofMarxistThought,2nded.Malden,Massachusetts:BlackwellPublishing,1991.45–48. Calhoun,Craig(ed),DictionaryoftheSocialSciencesOxfordUniversityPress(2002) Hall,Stuart."RethinkingtheBaseandSuperstructureMetaphor."PapersonClass,HegemonyandParty.Bloomfield,J.,ed.London:Lawrence&Wishart,1977. ChrisHarman."BaseandSuperstructure".InternationalSocialism2:32,Summer1986,pp. 3–44. Harvey,David.ACompaniontoMarx'sCapital.London:Verso,2010. Larrain,Jorge.MarxismandIdeology.AtlanticHighlands,NewJersey:HumanitiesPress,1983. Lukács,Georg.HistoryandClassConsciousness.Cambridge,Massachusetts:MITPress,1972. Postone,Moishe.Time,Labour,andSocialDomination:AReinterpretationofMarx'sCriticalTheory.Cambridge[England]:CambridgeUniversityPress,1993. Williams,Raymond.MarxismandLiterature.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1977. 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