China Lobby - Wikipedia

In American politics, the China lobby consisted of advocacy groups calling for American support for the Republic of China during the period from the 1930s ... ChinaLobby FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch ChinaandTaiwanlobbyintheUnitedStates InAmericanpolitics,theChinalobbyconsistedofadvocacygroupscallingforAmericansupportfortheRepublicofChinaduringtheperiodfromthe1930suntilUSrecognitionofthePeople'sRepublicofChinain1979,andthencallingforclosertieswiththePRCthereafter. After1945,theterm"Chinalobby"wasusedmostoftentorefertogroupsfavoringtheRepublicofChina(ROC)onTaiwaninoppositiontoMaoZedong'scommunistgovernmentinBeijing.Theyopposedthe1972NixonvisittomainlandChina,andtheAmericanrecognitionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)in1979.ThesmallChineseAmericancommunitylargelysharedasimilarproROCperspective.Sincethattime,thesupportforMainlandChinahasgreatlystrengthened.[1] Contents 1History 1.1ColdWarperiod 1.2DengXiaopingperiod 1.3Post-DengXiaopingperiod 1.42000s 2Seealso 3Notes 4Furtherreading History[edit] ColdWarperiod[edit] TheCommitteeofOneMillionAgainsttheAdmissionofRedChinatotheUnitedNations,laterchangeditsnametoTheCommitteeofOneMillionAgainsttheAdmissionofCommunistChinatotheUnitedNations.ThecommitteewasestablishedbyMarvinLiebman,apoliticalactivist.CongressmanWalterJudd(1898–1994)wasanimportantspokesmanfortheLobby.[2]TheChinaLobbywasfundedbytheKuomintangthroughT.V.Soong,oneofthewealthiestpeopleintheworld,brother-in-lawofChiangKai-shek,theleaderoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan).[3] ItwasthedominantlobbyonChinaissuesuntilthe1970s.[4]Duringthe1970s,theChinaLobbycampaignedfuriouslytopreventAmericanrecognitionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC),butitseffortsprovedtobeunsuccessful.RichardNixonopenedthedoortomainlandChinain1972andthePRCwasrecognizedbytheUnitedStatesin1979.[5] DengXiaopingperiod[edit] In1979theTaiwanRelationsActwassignedbyPresidentCarter,whichcommittedtheUnitedStatestoprovidemilitaryandothersupportforTaiwanandprovidedguidelinesforfuturetradeandotherrelations.[citationneeded] In1980ChineseleaderDengXiaopinglaunchedtheso-called"ReformandOpening"policies.DengXiaopingembarkedonamajorprocessofeconomicchanges,andpressedtheU.S.toopentraderelations.Oneofthemainaspectsofthiswasopeningthedoorstointernationaltradeandbusiness.ChinalobbiedtogainbusinessfromtheUnitedStates,andcompaniesbegantoflocktoChinatotakeadvantageofthenewopportunitiesmadepossiblebytradelaws.ChinawasinvitedtojointheIMFandWorldBank.[citationneeded] In1982afteradditionalnegotiationsconcerningcoordinatingpositionsregardingtheSovietUnionandTaiwan,theUnitedStatesandChinareleasedanotherjointcommuniqué,theThirdCommuniqué,bywhichtheUnitedStatesagreedtoreduceitsarmssalestoTaiwanandChinaagreedtoemphasizeapeacefulresolutionoftheTaiwanissue.Thenextyear,DengXiaopingproposedthe"onecountry,twosystems"approachforreunificationwithbothHongKongandTaiwan.[citationneeded] In1986ChinajoinedtheAsianDevelopmentBankandappliedformembershipintheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)andtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).TheUnitedStatesatthetimedidnotsupportChina'sentryintothelattertwoorganizationsbecauseofreservationsaboutthedegreeofopennessofChina'seconomy. In1989intheaftermathoftheChinesemilitarycrackdownondemonstrationsinBeijing'sTiananmenSquareinthespring,theUnitedStatesandothernationsimposedeconomicsanctionsonChina,andmanyU.S.citizensevacuatedthecountry.PresidentGeorgeH.W.BushmaintainedcommunicationswithseniorChineseleaders,thoughtensionscontinuedintothenextyear,withcriticismsairedfrombothsides.DiplomatictieswereneverseveredandChinaremainedopentoforeigntrade.[citationneeded] Post-DengXiaopingperiod[edit] In1992thefirsthigh-levelcontactsinseveralyearsoccurredwhenPresidentGeorgeH.W.BushandChinesePremierLiPengmetonthesidelinesofaU.N.conference.PresidentBushmaintainedsupportforTaiwanbyauthorizingnewarmssalesanddispatchingaSpecialTradeRepresentativetotheisland.[citationneeded] PresidentClintonhadin1993tiedtheannualreviewofMostFavoredNationtradingstatustoChina'srecordonhumanrights,adecisionthatwasinkeepingwithpopularopiniononChina.Whenthisstatuscameupforrenewalthenextyear,ClintonreversedthispositionandgrantedChinaMFNwithoutrequiringanychangesregardinghumanrights.[citationneeded] In1998PresidentBillClintonagreedthattheUnitedStatesheldtoa"threeno’spolicy"regardingTaiwan.BythishemeantthattheUnitedStatesdoesnotsupportTaiwan'sindependence,"twoChinas"or"oneChina,oneTaiwan"policies,orTaiwan'smembershipininternationalorganizationswherestatehoodisrequired.[citationneeded] Latein1999intheyear,afterlobbyingbyChina,thetwosidesfinallycametoanagreementandChinawasabletojointheWTO.TheannualdebateoverChina'stradingstatuswithintheUnitedStateswasendedwhenPresidentClintondecidedtograntChinapermanentNormalTradeRelations(NTR,formerlyMFN).[citationneeded] 2000s[edit] Inthefirstdecadeofthetwenty-firstcentury,thePRClobbyhasfocusedonplayingupcommoninterestswiththeUnitedStatesintheWaronTerrorism.ThePRClobbyhasalsotriedtocounterthedomesticAmericaninterestgroupswhichseektobringpressureuponthePRCtomovefromafixedcurrencytoafloatingcurrency.[citationneeded] In2004,theMinistryofPublicSecurity(MPS)createdaworkinggrouptolookatnewwaysforoutwardimmigrationtobenefitChina,apolicythatwasfirstinitiatedin1985.Thegroupwastaskedwithbalancingtheneedtopromoteeconomicdevelopmentandprotectnationalsecurityandsocialstability.SeminarswereorganizedtodiscussWesternimmigrationlaws.[citationneeded] NeilBush,sonofGeorgeH.W.Bush(whohadbeeninstrumentalinopeningChinatoU.S.investmentandbilateraltradeastheAmbassadortothePRC)in2011incorporatedanaccountingfirmcalledLehmanBushwithveteranChinalawyerEdwardLehman.[6]In2002,Bushsignedaconsultingcontractthatpaid$2millioninstockoverfiveyearstoworkforGraceSemiconductorManufacturingCorp.,afirmbackedbyJiangMianheng,thesonofformerCommunistPartyGeneralSecretaryJiangZemin,plus$10,000foreveryboardmeetingheattends.[7] Seealso[edit] Asiafirst PRCinfluenceoperationsintheUnitedStates ChinaHands ClareBootheLuce Committeeof100(UnitedStates) BlueTeam(U.S.politics) Africa–Chinarelations GoOutpolicy NationalCommitteeonUnitedStates–ChinaRelations China–UnitedStatesrelations JohnnyChung KatrinaLeung Notes[edit] ^WarrenCohen,"TheChinaLobby."EncyclopediaofAmericanforeignpolicy:studiesoftheprincipalmovementsandideas1(1978):104.[1] ^LeeEdwards,MissionaryforFreedom:TheLifeandTimesofWalterJudd(1990)online ^PeterDaleScott,Asia-PacificJournalJapanFocus,1Nov.2010,Volume8|Issue44|Number2,"OperationPaper:TheUnitedStatesandDrugsinThailandandBurma"米国とタイ・ビルマの麻薬 ^RosemaryFoot,Thepracticeofpower:USrelationswithChinasince1949(OxfordUniversityPress,1995). ^BrianHilton,"'MaximumFlexibilityforPeacefulChange':JimmyCarter,Taiwan,andtheRecognitionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina."DiplomaticHistory33.4(2009):595-613. ^"LehmanBush". ^"Bush'syoungerbrotherquizzedover$2mdeal".TheSydneyMorningHerald.November26,2003. Furtherreading[edit] Bachrack,StanleyD.TheCommitteeofOneMillion:"ChinaLobby"Politics,1953-1971[NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1976)online. Blackwell,Jeff."'TheChinaLobby':InfluencesonUS-ChinaForeignPolicyinthePostWarPeriod,1949-1954."TheForum:JournalofHistory2#1(2010)online. Crean,Jeffrey."'NixonisWithUsonChina':RagingagainsttheDyingoftheLobby"JournalofAmerican-EastAsianRelations26:4(2019):368–396.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02604003onlinereviewofthisarticleinH-DIPLO. Davis,Forrest,andRobertA.Hunter.TheRedChinaLobby.(NewYork:Fleet,1963). Erskine,KristopherC."AmericanPublicDiplomacywithChineseCharacteristics:TheGenesisoftheChinaLobbyintheUnitedStates,andhowMissionariesShiftedAmericanForeignPolicybetween1938and1941."JournalofAmerican-EastAsianRelations25.1(2018):33–59. Hrebenar,RonaldJ.,andCliveS.Thomas."TheRiseandfallandriseoftheChinaLobbyintheUnitedStates."inInterestGroupPolitics(CQPress,2011):297+. Hung,Ho-fung."Theperipheryinthemakingofglobalization:theChinaLobbyandtheReversalofClinton’sChinaTradePolicy,1993–1994."ReviewofInternationalPoliticalEconomy(2020):1-24. Keeley,JosephCharles.TheChinaLobbyMan:TheStoryofAlfredKohlberg.(NewRochelle,NY:ArlingtonHouse,1969).online Koen,RossY.,ed.TheChinaLobbyinAmericanPolitics.(1974)online. Mao,Joyce."NoSuchThing:TheChinaLobby."inAsiaFirst(UofChicagoPress,2015)pp. 44–77. Mao,Joyce.AsiaFirst:ChinaandtheMakingofModernAmericanConservatism(UofChicagoPress,2015).viii,226pp. Marshall,Jonathan."CookingtheBooks:TheFederalBureauofNarcotics,theChinaLobbyandColdWarPropaganda,1950–1962."Asia-PacificJournal:JapanFocus11(2013)online. StueckJr,WilliamW.TheRoadtoConfrontation:AmericanPolicyTowardChinaandKorea(UNCPressBooks,2017). Yin,Xiao-huang."FromtheChinaLobbytotheTaiwanLobby:MoversandShakersoftheUS–China–TaiwanTriangularRelationship."inTheExpandingRolesofChineseAmericansinUS-ChinaRelations:TransnationalNetworksandTrans-PacificInteractions(Routledge,2015)pp. 148–164. vteLobbyingintheUnitedStatesTopics Politicalactioncommittee 527organization Campaignfinance(reform) Legislativescorecard Majorindustrialandbusinesslobbies Agricultural Energy Health Insurance Organizedlabor Pharmaceutical Software Tobacco Transportation Majorsingle-issuelobbies Administration Abortion Environmental Federalleadership Feminism Foreignpolicy Guns Immigration LGBT Retirees Taxes Diasporaandethniclobbies Arab Egypt Libya SaudiArabia Armenia China Cuba(AntiCastro) Greece Ireland Israel "Jewishlobby" Anti-Israellobby Pakistan Turkey Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Lobby&oldid=1076642521" Categories:ForeignrelationsofChinaPoliticalterminologyoftheUnitedStatesForeignrelationsofTaiwanChina–UnitedStatesrelationsConservatismintheUnitedStatesHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUseAmericanEnglishfromJanuary2019AllWikipediaarticleswritteninAmericanEnglishUsemdydatesfromJanuary2019AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromOctober2016 Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages 日本語中文 Editlinks