Evolutionism - Wikipedia

Evolutionism is a term used (often derogatorily) to denote the theory of evolution. Its exact meaning has changed over time as the study of evolution has ... Evolutionism FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Derogatorytermforthetheoryofevolution Thisarticleisabouttheterm.Forthefield/sofstudy,seeEvolutionarybiology§ Subfields. Evolutionismisatermused(oftenderogatorily)todenotethetheoryofevolution.Itsexactmeaninghaschangedovertimeasthestudyofevolutionhasprogressed.Inthe19thcentury,itwasusedtodescribethebeliefthatorganismsdeliberatelyimprovedthemselvesthroughprogressiveinheritedchange(orthogenesis).[1][2]Theteleologicalbeliefwentontoincludeculturalevolutionandsocialevolution.[1]Inthe1970s,theterm"Neo-Evolutionism"wasusedtodescribetheideathat"humanbeingssoughttopreserveafamiliarstyleoflifeunlesschangewasforcedonthembyfactorsthatwerebeyondtheircontrol."[3] Thetermismostoftenusedbycreationiststodescribeadherencetothescientificconsensusonevolutionasequivalenttoasecularreligion.[4]Thetermisveryseldomusedwithinthescientificcommunity,sincethescientificpositiononevolutionisacceptedbytheoverwhelmingmajorityofscientists.[5]Becauseevolutionarybiologyisthedefaultscientificposition,itisassumedthat"scientists"or"biologists"are"evolutionists"unlessspecificallynotedotherwise.[6]Inthecreation–evolutioncontroversy,creationistsoftencallthosewhoacceptthevalidityofthemodernevolutionarysynthesis"evolutionists"andthetheoryitself"evolutionism". Contents 119th-centuryteleologicaluse 2Modernusebycreationists 3Seealso 4Notes 5References 19th-centuryteleologicaluse[edit] Beforeitsusetodescribebiologicalevolution,theterm"evolution"wasoriginallyusedtorefertoanyorderlysequenceofeventswiththeoutcomesomehowcontainedatthestart.[7]ThefirstfiveeditionsofDarwin'sinOriginofSpeciesusedtheword"evolved",buttheword"evolution"wasonlyusedinitssixtheditionin1872.[8]Bythen,HerbertSpencerhaddevelopedtheconcepttheorythatorganismsstrivetoevolveduetoaninternal"drivingforce"(orthogenesis)in1862.[7]EdwardB.TylorandLewisHMorganbroughttheterm"evolution"toanthropologythoughtheytendedtowardtheolderpre-Spenceriandefinitionhelpingtoformtheconceptofunilineal(social)evolutionusedduringthelaterpartofwhatTriggercallstheAntiquarianism-ImperialSynthesisperiod(c1770-c1900).[9]Thetermevolutionismsubsequentlycametobeusedforthenowdiscreditedtheorythatevolutioncontainedadeliberatecomponent,ratherthantheselectionofbeneficialtraitsfromrandomvariationbydifferentialsurvival. Modernusebycreationists[edit] Thetermevolutioniswidelyused,butthetermevolutionismisnotusedinthescientificcommunitytorefertoevolutionarybiologyasitisredundantandanachronistic.[6] However,thetermhasbeenusedbycreationistsindiscussingthecreation–evolutioncontroversy.[6]Forexample,theInstituteforCreationResearch,inordertoimplyplacementofevolutioninthecategoryof'religions',includingatheism,fascism,humanismandoccultism,commonlyusesthewordsevolutionismandevolutionisttodescribetheconsensusofmainstreamscienceandthescientistssubscribingtoit,thusimplyingthroughlanguagethattheissueisamatterofreligiousbelief.[10]TheBioLogosFoundation,anorganizationthatpromotestheideaoftheisticevolution,usestheterm"evolutionism"todescribe"theatheisticworldviewthatsooftenaccompaniestheacceptanceofbiologicalevolutioninpublicdiscourse."Itviewsthisasasubsetofscientism.[11][non-primarysourceneeded] Seealso[edit] Alternativestoevolutionbynaturalselection Darwinism Evolutionasfactandtheory Evidenceofcommondescent SocialDarwinism Notes[edit] ^abAllen,R.T.;Allen,RobertW.(1994).ChambersencyclopedicEnglishdictionary.Edinburgh:Chambers.p. 438.ISBN 978-0-550-11000-8.awidelyheld19cbeliefthatorganismswereintrinsicallyboundtoimprovethemselves,thatchangeswereprogressive,andthatacquiredcharacterscouldbetransmittedgenetically.Thebeliefwasalsoextendedtoculturesandsocieties,andtolivingorganisms. ^Carneiro,Robert,L.(2003).Evolutionisminculturalanthropology :acriticalhistory.Cambridge,MA:WestviewPress.pp. 2–3.ISBN 978-0-8133-3766-1. ^Trigger,Bruce(1986)AHistoryofArcheologicalThoughtCambridgeUniversityPresspg290 ^Ruse,Michael(March2003)."Perceptionsinscience:IsEvolutionaSecularReligion?--Ruse".Science:299(5612):1523.Retrieved2008-12-05.AmajorcomplaintoftheCreationists,thosewhoarecommittedtoaGenesis-basedstoryoforigins,isthatevolution--andDarwinisminparticular--ismorethanjustascientifictheory.Theyobjectthattoooftenevolutionoperatesasakindofsecularreligion,pushingnormsandproposalsforproper(or,intheiropinion,improper)action. ^"Nearlyallscientists(97%)sayhumansandotherlivingthingshaveevolvedovertime",PublicPraisesScience;ScientistsFaultPublic,MediaArchived2009-11-08attheWaybackMachine,PewResearchCenter,9July2009 ^abcGough,J.B.(1983)."TheSupposedDichotomybetweenCreationismandEvolution".NationalCenterforScienceEducation.Retrieved2009-09-24."...tosayapersonisascientistencompassesthefactthatheorsheisanevolutionist." ^abCarneiro,RobertL.(Léonard)(2003)Evolutionisminculturalanthropology:acriticalhistoryWestviewPresspg1-3 ^Darwin,Charles(1986).Burrow,JW(ed.).TheOriginofSpecies(reprintof1st ed.).Harmondsworth,Middlesex,England:PenguinClassics.p. 460.ISBN 978-0-14-043205-3....fromsosimpleabeginningendlessformsmostbeautifulandmostwonderfulhavebeen,andarebeing,evolved(italicsnotinoriginal) ^Trigger,Bruce(1986)AHistoryofArchaeologicalThoughtCambridgeUniversityPresspg102 ^Linke,Steven(August28,1992)."AVisittotheICRMuseum".TalkOriginsArchive.Retrieved2008-12-05.Infact,truesciencesupportstheBiblicalworldview...However,sciencedoesnotsupportfalsereligions(e.g.atheism,evolutionism,pantheism,humanism,etc.) ^"HowisBioLogosdifferentfromEvolutionism,IntelligentDesign,andCreationism".TheBioLogosFoundation.Retrieved2012-01-19.WhileBioLogosacceptsevolution,itemphaticallyrejectsevolutionism,theatheisticworldviewthatsooftenaccompaniestheacceptanceofbiologicalevolutioninpublicdiscourse.Proponentsofevolutionismbelieveeveryaspectoflifewillonedaybeexplainedwithevolutionarytheory.Inthiswayitisasubsetofscientism,thebroaderviewthattheonlyrealtruthisthatwhichcanbediscoveredbyscience.Thesepositionsarecommonlyheldbymaterialists(alsocalledphilosophicalnaturalists)whodenytheexistenceofthesupernatural. References[edit] Carneiro,Robert,EvolutionisminCulturalAnthropology:ACriticalHistoryISBN 0-8133-3766-6 Korotayev,Andrey(2004).WorldReligionsandSocialEvolutionoftheOldWorldOikumeneCivilizations:ACross-culturalPerspective(First ed.).Lewiston,NewYork:EdwinMellenPress.ISBN 978-0-7734-6310-3.(ontheapplicabilityofthisnotiontothestudyofsocialevolution) ReviewofBuckland'sBridgewaterTreatise,TheTimesTuesday,November15,1836;pg.3;Issue16261;colE.("annihilatesthedoctrineofspontaneousandprogressiveevolutionoflife,anditsimpiouscorollary,chance") ReviewofCharlesDarwin'sTheExpressionoftheEmotionsinManandAnimalsTheTimesFriday,December13,1872;pg.4;Issue27559;colA.("His[Darwin's]thorough-going'evolutionism'tendstoeliminate...") Ruse,Michael.2003.IsEvolutionaSecularReligion?Science299:1523-1524(concludingthatevolutionarybiologyisnotareligioninanysensebutnotingthatseveralevolutionarybiologists,suchasEdwardO.Wilson,intheirrolesascitizensconcernedaboutgettingthepublictodealwithreality,havemadestatementslike"evolutionisamyththatisnowreadytotakeoverChristianity"). Singh,Manvir(2011).TheEvolutionist'sDoodlebook.NewJersey:FussKlasPublishing.ISBN 978-0-9832930-0-2. 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