Crime in the United States - Wikipedia

This trend lasted until 2015, where crime rates began to rise slightly. This reversed in 2018 and 2019, but violent crime increased significantly again in 2020. CrimeintheUnitedStates FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch UnitedStatesCrimerates*(2020)ViolentcrimesHomicide6.5Rape38.4Robbery73.9Aggravatedassault279.7Totalviolentcrime398.5PropertycrimesBurglary314.2Larceny-theft1,398Motorvehicletheft246Totalpropertycrime1,958.2Notes*Numberofreportedcrimesper100,000population. Estimatedtotalpopulation:329,500,000.In2013theFBImodifiedthedefinitionofrape.Source:FederalBureauofInvestigationCrimeDataExplorer PolicevehicleinNewYorkCity,US CrimeintheUnitedStateshasbeenrecordedsinceitsfounding.Crimerateshavevariedovertime,withasharpriseafter1900andreachingabroadbulgingpeakbetweenthe1970sandearly1990s.After1992,crimeratesbegantofallyearbyyearandhassincedeclinedsignificantly.Thistrendlasteduntil2015,wherecrimeratesbegantoriseslightly.Thisreversedin2018and2019,butviolentcrimeincreasedsignificantlyagainin2020.[1][2]Despitetheincreaseinviolentcrime,particularlymurders,between2020and2021,thequantityofoverallcrimeisstillfarbelowthepeakofcrimeseenintheUnitedStatesduringthelate1980sandearly1990s,asothercrimessuchasrape,propertycrimeandrobberycontinuedtodecline.[3][4]TheaggregatecostofcrimeintheUnitedStatesremainshigh,withanestimatedvalueof$4.9trillionreportedin2021.[5] StatisticsonspecificcrimesareindexedintheannualUniformCrimeReportsbytheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI)andbyannualNationalCrimeVictimizationSurveysbytheBureauofJusticeStatistics.InadditiontotheprimaryUniformCrimeReportknownasCrimeintheUnitedStates,theFBIpublishesannualreportsonthestatusoflawenforcementintheUnitedStates.Thereport'sdefinitionsofspecificcrimesareconsideredstandardbymanyAmericanlawenforcementagencies.AccordingtotheFBI,indexcrimeintheUnitedStatesincludesviolentcrimeandpropertycrime.Violentcrimeconsistsoffivecriminaloffenses:murderandnon-negligentmanslaughter,rape,robbery,aggravatedassault,andgangviolence;propertycrimeconsistsofburglary,larceny,motorvehicletheft,andarson. Thebasicaspectofacrimeconsiderstheoffender,thevictim,typeofcrime,severityandlevel,andlocation.Thesearethebasicquestionsaskedbylawenforcementwhenfirstinvestigatinganysituation.Thisinformationisformattedintoagovernmentrecordbyapolicearrestreport,alsoknownasanincidentreport.Theseformslayoutalltheinformationneededtoputthecrimeinthesystemanditprovidesastrongoutlineforfurtherlawenforcementagentstoreview.Societyhasastrongmisconceptionaboutcrimeratesduetomediaaspectsheighteningtheirfearfactor.[6]Thesystem'scrimedatafluctuatesbycrimedependingoncertaininfluencingsocialfactorssuchaseconomics,thedarkfigureofcrime,population,andgeography.[6] Contents 1Crimeovertime 1.1Arrests 2Characteristicsofoffenders 2.1Offenderbehavior 2.2Crimetypeandseverity 3Crimevictimology 4Incarceration 5Internationalcomparison 5.1Violentcrime 5.1.1Homicide 5.1.2Gunviolence 5.2Propertycrime 5.3Crimesagainstchildren 5.3.1Humantrafficking 5.3.1.1Typesofhumansextrafficking 6Geographyofcrime 6.1Regions 6.2States 6.3Metropolitanareas 7Numberandgrowthofcriminallaws 8Seealso 9Notes 10References 11Furtherreading 12Externallinks Crimeovertime[edit] PropertycrimeratesintheUnitedStatesper100,000populationbeginningin1960.Source:BureauofJusticeStatistics. Inthelongterm,violentcrimeintheUnitedStateshasbeenindeclinesincecolonialtimes.Thehomicideratehasbeenestimatedtobeover30per100,000peoplein1700,droppingtounder20by1800,andtounder10by1900.[7] AfterWorldWarII,crimeratesincreasedintheUnitedStates,peakingfromthe1970stotheearly-1990s.Violentcrimenearlyquadrupledbetween1960anditspeakin1991.Propertycrimemorethandoubledoverthesameperiod.Sincethe1990s,however,contrarytocommonmisconception,[8]crimeintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedsteadily,andhassignificantlydeclinedbythelate1990sandalsointheearly2000s.Severaltheorieshavebeenproposedtoexplainthisdecline: Thelead-crimehypothesissuggestsreducedleadexposureasthecause;ScholarMarkA.R.Kleimanwrites:"Giventhedecreaseinleadexposureamongchildrensincethe1980sandtheestimatedeffectsofleadoncrime,reducedleadexposurecouldeasilyexplainaverylargeproportion—certainlymorethanhalf—ofthecrimedecreaseofthe1994–2004period.Acarefulstatisticalstudyrelatinglocalchangesinleadexposuretolocalcrimeratesestimatesthefractionofthecrimedeclineduetoleadreductionasgreaterthan90percent.[9] Thenumberofpoliceofficershiredandemployedtovariouspoliceforcesincreasedconsiderablyinthe1990s.[10] OnSeptember16,1994,PresidentBillClintonsignedtheViolentCrimeControlandLawEnforcementActintolaw.Undertheact,over$30billioninfederalaidwasspentoverasix-yearperiodtoimprovestateandlocallawenforcement,prisonsandcrimepreventionprograms.Proponentsofthelaw,includingthePresident,touteditasaleadcontributortothesharpdropincrimewhichoccurredthroughoutthe1990s,whilecriticshavedismisseditasanunprecedentedfederalboondoggle.[11]TotalincarcerationintheUnitedStatesbyyear Theprisonpopulationhasrapidlyincreasedsincethemid-1970s.[10] Startinginthemid-1980s,thecrack-cocainemarketgrewrapidlybeforedecliningagainadecadelater.Someauthorshavepointedtowardsthelinkbetweenviolentcrimesandcrackuse.[10] Legalizedabortionreducedthenumberofchildrenborntomothersindifficultcircumstances,anddifficultchildhoodmakeschildrenmorelikelytobecomecriminals.[12] Thechangingdemographicsofanagingpopulationhasbeencitedforthedropinoverallcrime.[13] Risingincome[14] Theintroductionofthedata-drivenpolicingpracticeCompStatsignificantlyreducedcrimesincitiesthatadoptedit.[14] Thequalityandextentofuseofsecuritytechnologybothincreasedaroundthetimeofthecrimedecline,afterwhichtherateofcartheftdeclined;thismayhavecausedratesofothercrimestodeclineaswell.[15] IncreasedratesofimmigrationtotheUnitedStates[16][17] Violentcrimerates(per100,000)intheUnitedStates(1960-2018):[18][19] Year Violentcrime Murderandnon-negligentmanslaughter Rape Robbery Aggravatedassault 1960 160.9 5.1 9.6 60.1 86.1 1961 158.1 4.8 9.4 58.3 85.7 1962 162.3 4.6 9.4 59.7 88.6 1963 168.2 4.6 9.4 61.8 92.4 1964 190.6 4.9 11.2 68.2 106.2 1965 200.2 5.1 12.1 71.7 111.3 1966 220.0 5.6 13.2 80.8 120.3 1967 253.2 6.2 14.0 102.8 130.2 1968 298.4 6.9 15.9 131.8 143.8 1969 328.7 7.3 18.5 148.4 154.5 1970 363.5 7.9 18.7 172.1 164.8 1971 396.0 8.6 20.5 188.0 178.8 1972 401.0 9.0 22.5 180.7 188.8 1973 417.4 9.4 24.5 183.1 200.5 1974 461.1 9.8 26.2 209.3 215.8 1975 487.8 9.6 26.3 220.8 231.1 1976 467.8 8.7 26.6 199.3 233.2 1977 475.9 8.8 29.4 190.7 247.0 1978 497.8 9.0 31.0 195.8 262.1 1979 548.9 9.8 34.7 218.4 286.0 1980 596.6 10.2 36.8 251.1 298.5 1981 594.3 9.8 36.0 258.4 289.3 1982 570.8 9.1 34.0 238.8 289.0 1983 537.7 8.3 33.8 216.7 279.4 1984 539.9 7.9 35.7 205.7 290.6 1985 556.6 8.0 36.8 209.3 304.0 1986 620.1 8.6 38.1 226.0 347.4 1987 612.5 8.3 37.6 213.7 352.9 1988 640.6 8.5 37.8 222.1 372.2 1989 666.9 8.7 38.3 234.3 385.6 1990 729.6 9.4 41.1 256.3 422.9 1991 758.2 9.8 42.3 272.7 433.4 1992 757.7 9.3 42.8 263.7 441.9 1993 747.1 9.5 41.1 256.0 440.5 1994 713.6 9.0 39.3 237.8 427.6 1995 684.5 8.2 37.1 220.9 418.3 1996 636.6 7.4 36.3 201.9 391.0 1997 611.0 6.8 35.9 186.2 382.1 1998 567.6 6.3 34.5 165.5 361.4 1999 523.0 5.7 32.8 150.1 334.3 2000 506.5 5.5 32.0 145.0 324.0 2001 504.5 5.6 31.8 148.5 318.6 2002 494.4 5.6 33.1 146.1 309.5 2003 475.8 5.7 32.3 142.5 295.4 2004 463.2 5.5 32.4 136.7 288.6 2005 469.0 5.6 31.8 140.8 290.8 2006 473.6 5.8 31.6 150.0 292.0 2007 471.8 5.7 30.6 148.3 287.2 2008 458.6 5.4 29.8 145.9 277.5 2009 431.9 5.0 29.1 133.1 264.7 2010 404.5 4.8 27.7 119.3 252.8 2011 387.1 4.7 27.0 113.9 241.5 2012 387.8 4.7 27.1 113.1 242.8 2013 369.1 4.5 25.9 109.0 229.6 2014 361.6 4.4 26.6 101.3 229.2 2015 373.7 4.9 28.4 102.2 238.1 2016 386.6 5.4 30.0 102.9 248.3 2017 383.8 5.3 30.7 98.6 249.2 2018 368.9 5.0 30.9 86.2 246.8 Propertycrimerates(per100,000)intheUnitedStates(1960–2018):[18][19] Year Propertycrime Burglary Larceny Motorvehicletheft 1960 1,726.3 1961 1,747.9 1963 2,012 1965 2,249 1967 2,736 1969 3,351 1971 3,769 1973 3,737 1975 4,811 1977 4,602 1979 5,017 1981 5,264 1983 4,637 1985 4,650 1987 4,940 1989 5,078 1991 5,140 1992 4,903.7 1,168.4 3,103.6 631.6 1993 4,740.0 1,099.7 3,033.9 606.3 1994 4,660.2 1,042.1 3,026.9 591.3 1995 4,590.5 987.0 3,043.2 560.3 1996 4,451.0 945.0 2,980.3 525.7 1997 4,316.3 918.8 2,891.8 505.7 1998 4,052.5 863.2 2,729.5 459.9 1999 3,743.6 770.4 2,550.7 422.5 2000 3,618.3 728.8 2,477.3 412.2 2001 3,658.1 741.8 2,485.7 430.5 2002 3,630.6 747.0 2,450.7 432.9 2003 3,591.2 741.0 2,416.5 433.7 2004 3,514.1 730.3 2,362.3 421.5 2005 3,431.5 726.9 2,287.8 416.8 2006 3,346.6 733.1 2,213.2 400.2 2007 3,276.4 726.1 2,185.4 364.9 2008 3,214.6 733.0 2,166.1 315.4 2009 3,041.3 717.7 2,064.5 259.2 2010 2,945.9 701.0 2,005.8 239.1 2011 2,905.4 701.3 1,974.1 230.0 2012 2,868.0 672.2 1,965.4 230.4 2013 2,733.6 610.5 1,901.9 221.3 2014 2,574.1 537.2 1,821.5 215.4 2015 2,500.5 494.7 1,783.6 222.2 2016 2,451.6 468.9 1,745.4 237.3 2017 2,362.9 429.7 1,695.5 237.7 2018 2,199.5 376.0 1,594.6 228.9 Arrests[edit] Eachstatehasasetofstatutesenforceablewithinitsownborders.Astatehasnojurisdictionoutsideofitsborders,eventhoughstillintheUnitedStates.Itmustrequestextraditionfromthestateinwhichthesuspecthasfled.In2014,therewere186,873misdemeanorsuspectsoutsidespecificstatesjurisdictionagainstwhomnoextraditionwouldbesought.Philadelphiahasabout20,000ofthesesinceitisnearaborderwithfourotherstates.Extraditionisestimatedtocostafewhundreddollarspercase.[20] AnalysisofarrestdatafromCaliforniaindicatesthatthemostcommoncausesoffelonyarrestareforviolentoffensessuchasrobberyandassault,propertyoffensessuchasburglaryandautotheft,anddrugoffenses.Formisdemeanors,themostcommoncausesofarrestweretrafficoffenses,mostnotablyimpaireddriving,drugoffenses,andfailuretoappearincourt.Othercommoncausesofmisdemeanorarrestincludedassaultandbatteryandminorpropertyoffensessuchaspettytheft.[21] Characteristicsofoffenders[edit] Furtherinformation:RaceandcrimeintheUnitedStates AccordingtotheNationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey(NCVS)from2018to2019therewasa19%declineinreportedseriouscrimes,with880,000fewerpeoplevictimizedin2019.[22][1]From2018to2019therateofpropertycrimedecreased6%.Thisisadeclineof6.8victimizationsper1,000households.[23]Violentvictimizationbasedonraceandethnicityfromtheyears2005to2019havedroppedby26%overall.Therateforwhiteindividualsfell24%.Therateforblackindividualsfell43%.[24] ArrestedOffendersbyRace(2019) Year White Black AmericanIndianor AlaskanNative Asianor PacificIslander 2019 7,014,550 2,667,010 244,200 159,450 ViolentCrime 276,310 172,980 11,110 10,480 PropertyCrime 717,390 320,270 20,450 16,260 ArrestedOffendersbyGender(2019) Year Male Female 2019 5,012,260 1,905,292 ViolentCrime 367,350 103,540 PropertyCrime 671,920 402,450 Characteristicsofoffendersvaryfromtheaverageforspecifictypesofcrimesandspecificcrimes.Intermsofviolentcrimebygender,in2019,78.9%ofarrestedpersonsweremaleand21.1%werefemale.[25]Maleswere88.0%ofthosearrestedforhomicide,whilefemaleswere12.0%.[25]Amongthosearrestedforrapein2019,maleswere96.6%andfemaleswere3.4%.[25]Forpropertycrimein2019,62.3%ofarrestedpersonsweremaleand37.7%werefemale.[25] Forviolentcrimebyracein2019,59.1%ofthosearrestedwereWhite,36.4%wereBlack,2.3%wereAmericanIndianorAlaskaNative,1.6%wereAsian,and0.6%wereNativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslander.[26]Forpersonsarrestedforhomicidein2019,45.8%wereWhite,51.2%wereBlack,1.6%wereAmericanIndianorAlaskaNative,1.0%wereAsian,and0.4%wereNativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslander.[26]Forpersonsarrestedforrapein2019,69.8%wereWhite,26.7%wereBlack,1.5%wereAmericanIndianorAlaskaNative,1.7%wereAsian,and0.4%wereNativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslander.[26]Forpropertycrimein2019,66.8%ofarrestedpersonswereWhite,29.8%wereBlack,1.9%wereAmericanIndianorAlaskaNative,1.2%wereAsian,and0.3%wereNativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslander.[26] Themapaboveshowstheintentionalhomiciderateineachstate(per100,000residents)oftheUnitedStatesandtheDistrictofColumbia.DatacomesfromtheFBI'sUniformCrimeReport2019.[27] Offenderbehavior[edit] Factorsthatmaymotivateanoffendertoactontheirinstinctscandependontheirsurroundingenvironment.Thiscouldincludethenumberofpeopleinthearea,theclasslevelofthearea,amountoflawenforcementinapublicarea.[28][29]Therearealsootherfactorsthatmaymotivateanoffenderasidefromtheirsurroundingsuchaspriortrauma,psychologicaldamage,andbiologicalfactors.[29] Crimetypeandseverity[edit] Peoplearemorelikelytofearandbelesssympathetictowardoffenderswithaviolentcriminalhistory.[28]Violentcriminalhistoryincludesanyoffense,oftheseverityofaviolentfelony,suchasrape,homicide,aggravatedassault,androbbery.[30]Peopleassociatethesecriminalswithanegativeconnotationespeciallyincomparisontothosewithanon-violent,non-sexual,criminalhistory,offenseswithamisdemeanorseveritylevel.[28] Crimevictimology[edit] Thisgraphshowsthehomicidevictimizationrateforwhitesandblacks,accordingtotheUSBureauofJusticeStatistics.[31] In2011,surveysindicatedmorethan5.8millionviolentvictimizationsand17.1millionpropertyvictimizationstookplaceintheUnitedStates;accordingtotheBureauofJusticeStatistics,eachpropertyvictimizationcorrespondedtoonehousehold,whileviolentvictimizationsisthenumberofvictimsofaviolentcrime.[32] PatternsarefoundwithinthevictimologyofcrimeintheUnitedStates.Overall,peoplewithlowerincomes,thoseyoungerthan25,andnon-whitesweremorelikelytoreportbeingthevictimofcrime.[32]Income,gender,andagehadthemostdramaticeffectonthechancesofapersonbeingvictimizedbycrime,whilethecharacteristicofracedependeduponthecrimebeingcommitted.[32] Intermsofgender,theBJSNationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey(NCVS)publishedin2019that"thepercentageofviolentvictimizationsreportedtopolicewashigherforfemales(46%)thanformales(36%)".Thisdifferencecanlargelybeattributedtoreportingofsimpleassaults,asthepercentagesofviolentvictimizationsreportedtopolice,excludingsimpleassault,weresimilarforfemales(47%)andmales(46%).Thevictim-to-populationratioof1.0forbothmalesandfemalesshowsthatthepercentageofviolentincidentsinvolvingmale(49%)orfemale(51%)victimswasequaltomales'(49%)orfemales'(51%)shareofthepopulation.[33] Inregardstorape,theNationalIncident-BasedReportingSystem(NIBRS)indicatesfemalesaredisproportionatelymoreaffectedthanmales.Accordingtothedatacollectedfrom2010to2020,womenmake89%ofvictimsofrape,whilemenmake11%.Perpetratorsare93%men.[34] Concerningage,thoseyoungerthantwenty-fiveweremorelikelytofallvictimtocrime,especiallyviolentcrime.[35]Thechancesofbeingvictimizedbyviolentcrimedecreasedfarmoresubstantiallywithagethanthechancesofbecomingthevictimofpropertycrime.[35]Forexample,3.03%ofcrimescommittedagainstayoungpersonweretheft,while20%ofcrimescommittedagainstanelderlypersonweretheft.[35] Biasmotivationreportsshowedthatofthe7,254hatecrimesreportedin2011,47.7%(3,465)weremotivatedbyrace,with72%(2,494)ofrace-motivatedincidentsbeinganti-black.[36]Inaddition,20.8%(1,508)ofhatecrimesweremotivatedbysexualorientation,with57.8%(871)oforientation-motivatedincidentsbeinganti-malehomosexual.[36]Thethirdlargestmotivationfactorforhatecrimewasreligion,representing18.2%(1,318)incidents,with62.2%(820)ofreligion-motivatedincidentsbeinganti-Jewish.[36] Asof2007,violentcrimeagainsthomelesspeopleisincreasing.[37] Thelikelihoodoffallingvictimtocrimerelatestobothdemographicandgeographiccharacteristics.[38] In2010,accordingtotheUNODC,67.5%ofallhomicidesintheUnitedStateswereperpetratedusingafirearm.[39]Thecostliestcrimeintermsoftotalfinancialimpactonallofitsvictims,andthemostunderreportedcrimeisrape,intheUnitedStates.[40][41] Incarceration[edit] Mainarticle:IncarcerationintheUnitedStates AmapofU.S.statesbyincarcerationrateunderstateprisonjurisdiction(butexcludingjailandfederalprisoninmates)per100,000population. Asof2001,thelifetimelikelihoodofevergoingtoprisonforvariousdemographicgroups,bypercentages FelonySentencesinStateCourts,studybytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice. TheUnitedStateshasthehighestincarcerationrateintheworld(whichincludespre-trialdetaineesandsentencedprisoners).[42]Asof2009,2.3millionpeoplewereincarceratedintheUnitedStates,includingfederalandstateprisonsandlocaljails,creatinganincarcerationrateof793personsper100,000ofnationalpopulation.[42]During2011,1.6millionpeoplewereincarceratedunderthejurisdictionoffederalandstateauthorities.[43]Attheendof2011,492personsper100,000U.S.residentswereincarceratedinfederalandstateprisons.[43]Ofthe1.6millionstateandfederalprisoners,nearly1.4millionpeoplewereunderstatejurisdiction,while215,000wereunderfederaljurisdiction.[43]Demographically,nearly1.5millionprisonersweremale,and115,000werefemale,while581,000prisonerswereblack,516,000werewhite,and350,000wereHispanic.[43] Amongthe1.35millionsentencedstateprisonersin2011,725,000peoplewereincarceratedforviolentcrimes,250,000wereincarceratedforpropertycrimes,237,000peoplewereincarceratedfordrugcrimes,and150,000wereincarceratedforotheroffenses.[43]Ofthe200,000sentencedfederalprisonersin2011,95,000wereincarceratedfordrugcrimes,69,000wereincarceratedforpublicorderoffenses,15,000wereincarceratedforviolentcrimes,and11,000wereincarceratedforpropertycrimes.[43] Internationalcomparison[edit] ThemannerinwhichAmerica'scrimeratecomparedtoothercountriesofsimilarwealthanddevelopmentdependsonthenatureofthecrimeusedinthecomparison.[44]Overallcrimestatisticcomparisonsaredifficulttoconduct,asthedefinitionandcategorizationofcrimesvariesacrosscountries.ThusanagencyinaforeigncountrymayincludecrimesinitsannualreportswhichtheUnitedStatesomits,andviceversa. However,somecountriessuchasCanadahavesimilardefinitionsofwhatconstitutesaviolentcrime,andnearlyallcountrieshadthesamedefinitionofthecharacteristicsthatconstitutesahomicide.[citationneeded]OverallthetotalcrimerateoftheUnitedStatesishigherthandevelopedcountries,specificallyEuropeandEastAsia,withSouthAmericancountriesandRussiabeingtheexceptions.[45]SometypesofreportedpropertycrimeintheU.S.surveyaslowerthaninGermanyorCanada,yetthehomiciderateintheUnitedStatesissubstantiallyhigherasistheprisonpopulation. ThedifferenceinhomicideratebetweentheUSandotherhighincomecountrieshaswidenedinrecentyearsespeciallysincethe30%risein2020wasnotreplicatedelsewhere,andisalsoabovemanydevelopingcountriessuchasChina,IndiaandTurkey.[46][circularreference]IntheEuropeanUnion,homicidesfell32%between2008-2019to3,875[47]whilerisingby4,901intheUSin2020alone,[48]leavingtheUSwithahomiciderate7xhigher.Inreputableestimatesofcrimeacrosstheglobe,theUSgenerallyranksslightlybelowthemiddle-roughly70thlowestor100thhighest.[49][50] Violentcrime[edit] Seealso:ViolentcrimeintheUnitedStates,GunviolenceintheUnitedStates,ListofU.S.statesbyhomiciderate,andListofcountriesbyintentionalhomicideratebydecade ThereportedU.S.violentcrimerateincludesmurder,rapeandsexualassault,robbery,andassault,[51]whereastheCanadianviolentcrimerateincludesallcategoriesofassault,includingAssaultlevel1(i.e.,assaultnotusingaweaponandnotresultinginseriousbodilyharm).[52][53]ACanadiangovernmentstudyconcludedthatdirectcomparisonofthetwocountries'violentcrimetotalsorrateswas"inappropriate".[54] Francedoesnotcountminorviolencesuchaspunchingorslappingasassault,whereasAustria,Germany,FinlandandtheUnitedKingdomdocountsuchoccurrences.[55] TheUnitedKingdomsimilarlyhasdifferentdefinitionsofwhatconstitutesviolentcrimecomparedtotheUnitedStates,makingadirectcomparisonoftheoverallfigureflawed.TheFBI'sUniformCrimeReportsdefinesa"violentcrime"asoneoffourspecificoffenses:murderandnon-negligentmanslaughter,forciblerape,robbery,andaggravatedassault.TheBritishHomeOffice,bycontrast,hasadifferentdefinitionofviolentcrime,includingall"crimesagainsttheperson",includingsimpleassaults,allrobberies,andall"sexualoffenses",asopposedtotheFBI,whichonlycountsaggravatedassaultsand"forciblerapes".[56] Crimeratesarenecessarilyalteredbyaveragingneighborhoodhigherorlowerlocalratesoveralargerpopulationwhichincludestheentirecity.Havingsmallpocketsofdensecrimemayincreaseacity'saveragecrimerate. Police-recordedviolentcrimeratesper100,000population[57][58][59][60] Country Homicide Rape Sexualassault Robbery Assault Australia 1.2 —† 80.02012[58]† 18 327 Germany 0.8 9.42010 56.92010 60 630 England/Wales 1.1 28.82010 82.12010 137 730 Scotland 1.6 17.02009 124.62009 48 1487 US 5.0 44.42018UCR[61] 270.02018NCVS[62]^ 133 241 Sweden 1.0 63.52010 183.02010 103 927 †Australianstatisticsrecordonlysexualassault,anddonothaveseparatestatisticsforrapeonly.Sexualassaultisdefinedtoincluderape,attemptedrape,aggravatedsexualassault(assaultwithaweapon),indecentassault,penetrationbyobjects,forcedsexualactivitythatdidnotendinpenetrationandattemptstoforceapersonintosexualactivity;butexcludesunwantedsexualtouching.[63] ^UCRrapestatisticsdoNOTincludesexualassault,whiletheNCVSdoes,furthermoreNCVSdefinesexualassaulttoincludeaswellsexualtouchingwith/withoutforce,andverbalthreatsofrapeorsexualassault,aswellasrape,attemptedrape,andsexualassaultthatisn'trape.[59][60] Homicide[edit] Seealso:ListofcountriesbyintentionalhomiciderateandListofU.S.statesandterritoriesbyintentionalhomiciderate ThehistoricalhomiciderateintheU.S.from1900–2001 Accordingtoa2013reportbytheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC),between2005and2012[update],theaveragehomiciderateintheU.S.was4.9per100,000inhabitantscomparedtotheaveragerateglobally,whichwas6.2.However,theU.S.hadmuchhighermurderratescomparedtofourotherselected"developedcountries",whichallhadaveragehomicideratesof0.8per100,000.[45]In2004,therewere5.5homicidesforevery100,000persons,roughlythreetimesashighasCanada(1.9)andsixtimesashighasGermanyandItaly(0.9).[64][52] In2018,theUSmurderratewas5.0per100,000,foratotalof15,498murders.[65] Country Singapore Iceland Armenia UnitedStates Moldova SouthSudan Panama Homiciderate(perhundredthousand)(internationalmethodology)[45] 0.2 0.5 1.7 5.1 5.2 12 53.1 IntheUnitedStates,thenumberofhomicideswherethevictimandoffenderrelationshipwasundeterminedhasbeenincreasingsince1999buthasnotreachedthelevelsexperiencedintheearly1990s.In14%ofallmurders,thevictimandtheoffenderwerestrangers.Spousesandfamilymembersmadeupabout15%ofallvictims,aboutone-thirdofthevictimswereacquaintancesoftheassailant,andthevictimandoffenderrelationshipwasundeterminedinoverone-thirdofhomicides. Guninvolvementinhomicidesweregang-relatedhomicideswhichincreasedafter1980,homicidesthatoccurredduringthecommissionofafelonywhichincreasedfrom55%in1985to77%in2005,homicidesresultingfromargumentswhichdeclinedtothelowestlevelsrecordedrecently,andhomicidesresultingfromothercircumstanceswhichremainedrelativelyconstant.Becausegangkillinghasbecomeanormalpartofinnercities,manyincludingpoliceholdpreconceptionsaboutthecausesofdeathininnercities.Whenadeathislabeledgang-relateditlowersthechancesthatitwillbeinvestigatedandincreasesthechancesthattheperpetratorwillremainatlarge.Inaddition,victimsofgangkillingsoftendeterminethepriorityacasewillbegivenbypolice.Jenkins(1988)arguesthatmanyserialmurdercasesremainunknowntopoliceandthatcasesinvolvingBlackoffendersandvictimsareespeciallylikelytoescapeofficialattention.[66] AccordingtotheFBI,"Whentheraceoftheoffenderwasknown,53.0percentwereblack,44.7percentwerewhite,and2.3percentwereofotherraces.Theracewasunknownfor4,132offenders.(BasedonExpandedHomicideDataTable3).Oftheoffendersforwhomgenderwasknown,88.2percentweremale."[67]AccordingtotheU.S.BureauofJusticeStatistics,from1980to2008,84percentofwhitehomicidevictimswerekilledbywhiteoffendersand93percentofblackhomicidevictimswerekilledbyblackoffenders.[31] Gunviolence[edit] Seealso:GunviolenceintheUnitedStates In2019,theU.S.gunhomicideratewas18timestheaveragerateinotherdevelopedcountries.[68]Shown:gunhomiciderategraphedversusgunownershiprateindevelopedcountries.[68] Mapofciviliangunspercapitabycountrytothe"SmallArmsSurvey2017"[69]TheUnitedStateshasthehighestrateofciviliangunownershippercapita.[69][70][71]AccordingtotheCDC,between1999and2014therehavebeen185,718homicidesfromuseofafirearmand291,571suicidesusingafirearm.[72]Despiteasignificantincreaseinthesalesoffirearmssince1994,theUShasseenadropintheannualrateofhomicidesusingafirearmfrom7.0per100,000populationin1993to3.6per100,000.[73]Inthetenyearsbetween2000and2009,theATFreported37,372,713clearancesforpurchase,however,inthefouryearsbetween2010and2013,theATFreported31,421,528clearances.[74] Propertycrime[edit] TheburglaryratesofselectedindustrializedcountriesaspublishedbytheU.S.BureauofJusticeStatistics Accordingtoa2004studybytheBureauofJusticeStatistics,lookingattheperiodfrom1981to1999,theUnitedStateshadalowersurveyedresidentialburglaryratein1998thanScotland,England,Canada,theNetherlands,andAustralia.Theothertwocountriesincludedinthestudy,SwedenandSwitzerland,hadonlyslightlylowerburglaryrates.ForthefirstnineyearsofthestudyperiodthesamesurveysofthepublicshowedonlyAustraliawithrateshigherthantheUnitedStates.Theauthorsnotedvariousproblemsindoingthecomparisonsincludinginfrequentdatapoints.(TheUnitedStatesperformedfivesurveysfrom1995to1999whenitsratedippedbelowCanada's,whileCanadaranasingletelephonesurveyduringthatperiodforcomparison.)[44] Crimesagainstchildren[edit] Furtherinformation:Childabuse§ U.S.statistics,andChildsexualabuse§ UnitedStatesandEurope Violenceagainstchildrenfrombirthtoadolescenceisconsidereda"globalphenomenonthattakesmanyforms(physical,sexual,emotional),andoccursinmanysettings,includingthehome,school,community,care,andjusticesystems,andovertheInternet."[75] Accordingtoa2001reportfromUNICEF,theUnitedStateshasthehighestrateofdeathsfromchildabuseandneglectofanyindustrializednation,at2.4per100,000children;Francehas1.4,Japan1,UK0.9andGermany0.8.AccordingtotheUSDepartmentofHealth,thestateofTexashasthehighestdeathrate,at4.1per100,000children,NewYorkhas2.5,Oregon1.5andNewHampshire0.4. [76] A2018reportfromtheCongressionalResearchServicestated,atthenationallevel,violentcrimeandhomiciderateshaveincreasedeachyearfrom2014to2016.[77] In2016,datafromtheNationalChildAbuseandNeglectDataSystem(NCANDS)revealedthatapproximately1,750childrendiedfromeitherabuseorneglect;further,thisisacontinuingtrendwithanincreasing7.4%ofcrimesagainstchildrenfrom2012to2016andthesestatisticscanbecomparedtoarateof2.36childrenper100,000childrenintheUnitedStatesgeneralpopulation.[78]Inaddition,44.2%ofthese2016statisticsarespecifictophysicalabusetowardsachild.[78] A2016reportfromtheChildWelfareInformationGatewayalsoshowedthatparentsaccountfor78%ofviolenceagainstchildrenintheUnitedStates.[citationneeded] Humantrafficking[edit] Mainarticle:HumantraffickingintheUnitedStates Humantraffickingiscategorizedintothefollowingthreegroups:(1)sextrafficking;(2)sexandlabortrafficking;and(3)labortrafficking;Inaddition,therateofdomesticminorsextraffickinghasexponentiallyincreasedovertheyears.Sextraffickingofchildrenalsoreferredtoascommercialsexualexploitationofchildren,iscategorizedbythefollowingforms:pornography,prostitution,childsextourism,andchildmarriage.Profilesoftraffickersandtypesoftraffickingdifferinthewayvictimsareabducted,howtheyaretreated,andthereasonfortheabduction. Accordingtoa2017reportfromtheNationalHumanTraffickingHotline(NHTH),outof10,615reportedsurvivorsofsextrafficking,2,762ofthosesurvivorswereminors.[79] TheU.S.DepartmentofJusticedefinesCommercialSexualExploitationofChildren(CSEC)asarangeofcrimesandactivitiesinvolvingthesexualabuseorexploitationofachildforthefinancialbenefitofanypersonorinexchangeforanythingofvalue(includingmonetaryandnon-monetarybenefits)givenorreceivedbyanyperson.Thesecrimesagainstchildren,whichmayoccuratanytimeorplace,robthemoftheirchildhoodandareextremelydetrimentaltotheiremotionalandpsychologicaldevelopment.[80] Typesofhumansextrafficking[edit] InPimp-controlledtrafficking,thepimptypicallyistheonlytraffickerinvolvedwhohasfullphysical,psychologicalandemotionalcontroloverthevictim.InGang-controlledtrafficking,alargegroupofpeoplehaspoweroverthevictim,forcingthevictimtotakepartinillegalorviolenttasksforthepurposeofobtainingdrugs.AnotherformiscalledFamilialtrafficking,whichdiffersthemostfromthetwomentionedabovebecausethevictimistypicallynotabducted.Instead,thevictimisforcedintobeingsexuallyexploitedbyfamilymembersinexchangeforsomethingofmonetaryvalue,whetherthat'spayingbackdebt,orobtainingdrugsormoney.Thistypeofsexualexploitationtendstobethemostdifficulttodetect,yetremainsasthemostprevalentformofhumansextraffickingwithintheUnitedStates.[80] In2009,theOfficeofJuvenileJusticeandDelinquencyPreventionreportedthattheaverageagewhenchildrenfirstfallvictimtoCSECisbetweenages12and14.However,thisagehasbecomeincreasinglyyoungerduetoexploiters'fearofcontractingHIVorAIDSfromoldervictims.[80] In2018,theOfficeofPublicAffairswithintheDepartmentofJusticereleasedareportfromoperation"BrokenHeart"conductedbyInternetCrimesAgainstChildren(ICAC)taskforces,statingthatmorethan2,300suspectedonlinechildsexoffenderswerearrestedonthefollowingallegations:[81] produce,distribute,receiveandpossesschildpornography engageinonlineenticementofchildrenforsexualpurposes engageinthesextraffickingofchildren travelacrossstatelinesortoforeigncountriesandsexuallyabusechildren Inaddition,a2011reportbytheBureauofJusticeStatisticsdescribedthecharacteristicsofsuspectedhumantraffickingincidents,identifyingroughly95%ofvictimsasfemaleandoverhalfas17yearsoldoryounger. Geographyofcrime[edit] CrimeratesvaryintheUnitedStatesdependingonthetypeofcommunity.[82]Withinmetropolitanstatisticalareas,bothviolentandpropertycrimeratesarehigherthanthenationalaverage;incitieslocatedoutsidemetropolitanareas,violentcrimewaslowerthanthenationalaverage,whilepropertycrimewashigher.[82]Forruralareas,bothpropertyandviolentcrimerateswerelowerthanthenationalaverage.[82] Regions[edit] Forregionalcomparisons,theFBIdividestheUnitedStatesintofourregions:Northeast,Midwest,South,andWest.[83]For2019,theregionwiththelowestviolentcrimeratewastheNortheast,witharateof292.4per100,000residents,whiletheregionwiththehighestviolentcrimeratewastheWest,witharateof413.5per100,000.[83]For2019,theregionwiththelowestpropertycrimeratewastheNortheast,witharateof1,350.4per100,000residents,whiletheregionwiththehighestpropertycrimeratewastheWest,witharateof2,411.7per100,000.[83] States[edit] Seealso:ListofU.S.statesbyhomiciderateandListofU.S.statesandterritoriesbyviolentcrimerate CrimeratesvaryamongU.S.states.[84]In2019,thestatewiththelowestviolentcrimeratewasMaine,witharateof115.2per100,000residents,whilethestatewiththehighestviolentcrimeratewasAlaska,witharateof867.1per100,000.[84]However,theDistrictofColumbia,theU.S.capitaldistrict,hadaviolentcrimerateof1,049.0per100,000in2019.[84]In2019,thestatewiththehighestpropertycrimeratewasLouisiana,witharateof3,162.0per100,000,whilethestatewiththelowestpropertycrimeratewasMassachusetts,witharateof1,179.8per100,000.[84]However,PuertoRico,anunincorporatedterritoryoftheUnitedStates,hadapropertycrimerateof702.7per100,000in2011.[84] Metropolitanareas[edit] Furtherinformation:UnitedStatescitiesbycrimerate Crimeinmetropolitanstatisticalareastendstobeabovethenationalaverage;however,widevarianceexistsamongandwithinmetropolitanareas.[85]Somerespondingjurisdictionsreportverylowcrimerates,whileothershaveconsiderablyhigherrates;thesevariationsareduetomanyfactorsbeyondpopulation.[85]FBIcrimestatisticspublicationsstronglycautionagainstcomparisonrankingsofcities,counties,metropolitanstatisticalareas,andotherreportingunitswithoutconsideringfactorsotherthansimplypopulation.[85]For2017[update],themetropolitanstatisticalareawiththehighestviolentcrimeratewastheMemphis,Tennessee,metropolitanarea,witharateof1168.3per100,000residents,whilethemetropolitanstatisticalareawiththelowestviolentcrimeratewasBangor,Maine,metropolitanarea,witharateof65.8.[86] ItisquitecommonforcrimeinAmericancitiestobehighlyconcentratedinafew,ofteneconomicallydisadvantagedareas.Forexample,SanMateoCounty,Californiahadapopulationofapproximately707,000and17homicidesin2001.Sixofthese17homicidestookplaceinpoorEastPaloAlto,whichhadapopulationofroughly30,000.So,whileEastPaloAltoaccountedforamere4.2%ofthepopulation,aboutone-thirdofthehomicidestookplacethere.[87] Crimeintenlargestmetropolitanareas(2017)[86] Metropolitanstatisticalarea Violentcrimerate(per100,000) Propertycrimerate(per100,000) Atlanta-SandySprings-Roswell,GAMSA 367.6 2,865.7 Boston-Cambridge-Newton,MA-NHMSA 305.3 1,308.5 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin,IL-IN-WIMSA —[a] 2,024.6 Dallas-FortWorth-Arlington,TXMSA 369.3 —[b] Houston-TheWoodlands-SugarLand,TXMSA 593.1 —[c] LosAngeles-LongBeach-Anaheim,CAMSA 496.7 2,350.3 Miami-FortLauderdale-WestPalmBeach,FLMSA 458.2 3,076.4 NewYork-Newark-JerseyCity,NY-NJ-PAMSA 332.9 1,335.6 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington,PA-NJ-DE-MDMSA 428.7 2,055.6 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria,DC-VA-MD-WVMSA 273.4 1,745.4 Numberandgrowthofcriminallaws[edit] Thereareconflictingopinionsonthenumberoffederalcrimes,[88][89]butmanyhavearguedthattherehasbeenexplosivegrowthandithasbecomeoverwhelming.[90][91][92]In1982,theU.S.JusticeDepartmentcouldnotcomeupwithanumber,butestimated3,000crimesintheUnitedStatesCode.[88][89][93]In1998,theAmericanBarAssociation(ABA)saidthatitwaslikelymuchhigherthan3,000,butdidn'tgiveaspecificestimate.[88][89]In2008,theHeritageFoundationpublishedareportthatputthenumberataminimumof4,450.[89]WhenstaffforataskforceoftheU.S.HouseJudiciaryCommitteeaskedtheCongressionalResearchService(CRS)toupdateits2008calculationofcriminaloffensesintheUnitedStatesCodein2013,theCRSrespondedthattheylackthestaffingandresourcestoaccomplishthetask.[94] Seealso[edit] GangsintheUnitedStates IncarcerationintheUnitedStates MassshootingsintheUnitedStates RaceandcrimeintheUnitedStates NationalCrimeInformationCenterInterstateIdentificationIndex 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^abcFields,Gary;Emshwiller,JohnR.(July23,2011)."ManyFailedEffortstoCountNation'sFederalCriminalLaws".TheWallStreetJournal.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust12,2017.RetrievedAugust3,2017. ^abcdBaker,JohnS.(June16,2008),RevisitingtheExplosiveGrowthofFederalCrimes,TheHeritageFoundation,archivedfromtheoriginalonJune4,2013,retrievedJune15,2013 ^Fields,Gary;Emshwiller,JohnR.(July23,2011)."AsCriminalLawsProliferate,MoreAreEnsnared".TheWallStreetJournal.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember4,2017.RetrievedAugust3,2017. ^Neil,Martha(June14,2013)."ABAleadercallsforstreamliningof'overwhelming'and'oftenineffective'federalcriminallaw".ABAJournal.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonOctober22,2014.RetrievedJune15,2013. ^Savage,DavidG.(January1,1999)."RehnquistUrgesShorterListofFederalCrimes".LosAngelesTimes.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonNovember29,2014.RetrievedJune15,2013. ^Weiss,DebraCassens(July25,2011)."FederalLawsMultiply:JailTimeforMisappropriatingSmokeyBearImage?".ABAJournal.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMarch27,2013.RetrievedJune15,2013. ^26millionrecordedcrimesonaverageayearintheUS. Ruger,Todd(June14,2013),"WayTooManyCriminalLaws,LawyersTellCongress",BlogofLegalTimes,[[ALM(company)|]],archivedfromtheoriginalonJune18,2013,retrievedJune15,2013 Furtherreading[edit] PatrickSharkey(2018).UneasyPeace:TheGreatCrimeDecline,theRenewalofCityLife,andtheNextWaronViolence.ISBN 978-0393609608. Webster,DW&Vernick,JS(2013).ReducingGunViolenceinAmerica:InformingPolicywithEvidenceandAnalysis.ISBN 978-1421411101 Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoCrimeintheUnitedStates. 15MostWantedbyU.S.Marshals TheFBI'sTenMostWantedFugitives SurvivingCrime LatestCrimeStatsReleased(FBI) DEAFugitives,MajorInternationalFugitives MetropolitanPoliceDepartment:MostWanted NewYorkState's100MostWantedFugitives AllMostWanted–officialwebsiteoftheLosAngelesPoliceDepartment Nationmaster–Worldwidestatistics OpendataonUSviolentcrime Top10citiesinUSAwithlowestrecordedcrimerates U.S.CrimeandImprisonmentStatisticsTotalandbyStatefrom1960–Current vteUnitedStates articlesHistoryByperiod 1776–1789 1789–1849 1849–1865 1865–1918 1918–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2008 2008–present Byevent Pre-colonialera Colonialera ThirteenColonies ContinentalCongress ContinentalAssociation UnitedColonies militaryhistory FoundingFathers LeeResolution DeclarationofIndependence AmericanRevolution War 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