Spring Onion (Allium fistulosum L.) Breeding Strategies

2002). Allium fistulosum is a perennial, herbaceous plant which is usually grown for its edible tops, long leaf bases or young shoots. It does ... Skiptomaincontent Advertisement SearchSpringerLink Search AbstractSpringonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)belongstosubgenusCepa,genusAlliumandfamilyLiliaceaeandpopularlyknownasscallion,WelshonionandJapanesebunchingonion.Cultivationofspringoniondatesbackto200 BCinChinaandreachedJapanbefore500 ADwhichlaterspreadtoSoutheastAsia.Springonionisgrownworldwide,howeverthemainareaofcultivationremainsinEastAsiafromSiberiatotropicalAsiaincludingChina,Taiwan,Japan,thePhilippines,MalaysiaandIndonesia.Theplantisaperennialherb,doesnotproducebulbs,andpossesseshollowleavesandhastraditionallybeenusedinChinesefolkmedicinetotreatcommoncold,influenza,abdominalpain,headacheandcardiovasculardiseaseaswellashavingantifungalandantibacterialeffects.SpringonionisknownforitsflavorandaromaandisarichsourceofvitaminC,AandB6,thiamine,folate,rhamnose,galactose,glucose,arabinoseandxylose.ProductionofF1hybridsisconsideredasoneofthemaingoalsincropbreeding.Thelengthoftimetakenisthemainrestrictioninbreedingprogramsaseightormoregenerationsofinbreedingareneededtoestablishhomozygouslinesthatcanbeappliedinhybridproduction.Thisprocesscanbeenhancedbyusingdoubledhaploid(DH)linesascomponentsofhybridcultivars.Inthischapter,wegiveanoverviewoftheorigin,botanicalclassification,distribution,reportedhealthbenefits,geneticresourceandconservation,cropcultivationpracticesandrecentadvancesonbiotechnology,andmolecularbiologyandtheirapplicationforcropimprovementinconnectionwithtraditionalbreedingmethodsofspringonion.Inthisaspect,mutationalbreedingandsomatichybridizationarethepotentialapproachesforthedevelopmentofnewhigh-yieldinganddisease-resistantcultivars.Keywords Alliumfistulosum Japanesebunchingonion Scallions SpringonionWelshonion Thisisapreviewofsubscriptioncontent,accessviayourinstitution. Buyingoptions Chapter EUR 24.95 PriceexcludesVAT(Singapore) DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-66969-0_4 Chapterlength:48pages InstantPDFdownload Readableonalldevices Ownitforever Exclusiveofferforindividualsonly Taxcalculationwillbefinalisedduringcheckout BuyChapter eBook EUR 181.89 PriceincludesVAT(Singapore) ISBN:978-3-030-66969-0 InstantPDFdownload Readableonalldevices Ownitforever Exclusiveofferforindividualsonly Taxcalculationwillbefinalisedduringcheckout BuyeBook HardcoverBook EUR 219.99 PriceexcludesVAT(Singapore) ISBN:978-3-030-66968-3 Dispatchedin3to5businessdays Exclusiveofferforindividualsonly FreeshippingworldwideShippingrestrictionsmayapply,checktoseeifyouareimpacted. Taxcalculationwillbefinalisedduringcheckout BuyHardcoverBook Learnaboutinstitutionalsubscriptions Fig.4.1Fig.4.2Fig.4.3Fig.4.4 ReferencesAbbeyL,JoyceD,AkedJ,SmithB(2002)Genotype,sulphurnutritionandsoiltypeeffectsongrowthanddry-matterproductionofspringonion.JHorticSciBiotechnol77(3):340–345CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  AbbeyL,JoyceDC,AkedJ,SmithB(2015)Evaluationofeightspringoniongenotypes,sulphurnutritionandsoil-typeeffectswithanelectronicnose.JHorticSciBiotechnol80(3):375–381.https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2005.11511947CrossRef  GoogleScholar  AbutuP,BabatundeB,AmudaO,IjeomahC(2020)Evaluationofgeneticdiversityofspringonions(Alliumfistulosum)basedonDNAmarkers.JExpAgricIntern42(3):23–33.https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2020/v42i330481CrossRef  GoogleScholar  Adamczewska-SowinskaK,KolotaE(2014)Yield,morphologicalcharacteristicsandnutritionalvalueofnewpseudostem–typecultivarsofJapanesebunchingonion.ActaSciPol-Hortoru13(5):39–48 GoogleScholar  AoyamaS,YamamotoY(2007)AntioxidantactivityandflavonoidcontentofWelshonion(Alliumfistulosum)andtheeffectofthermaltreatment.FoodSciTechRes13(1):67–72.https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.13.67CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  ArakiN,MasuzakiSI,TsukazakiHetal(2009)DevelopmentofmicrosatellitemarkersincultivatedandwildspeciesofsectionsCepaandPhyllodoloninAllium.Euphytica173(3):321–328.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-009-0087-1CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  ArifinNS,OkudoH(1996)Geographicaldistributionofallozymepatternsinshallot(Alliumcepavar.ascalonicumBacker)andwakegionion(A.×wakegiAraki).Euphytica91:305–313.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00033092CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  AriyantiNA,HoaVQ,KhrustalevaLIetal(2015)ProductionandcharacterizationofalienchromosomeadditionlinesinAlliumfistulosumcarryingextrachromosomesofAlliumroyleiusingmolecularandcytogeneticanalyses.Euphy206:343–355 GoogleScholar  BarkOH,HaveyMJ,CorganJN(1994)Restrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphism(RFLP)analysisofprogenyfromanAlliumfistulosum×A.cepahybrid.JAmSocHorticSci119(5):1046–1049.https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.1046CrossRef  GoogleScholar  BradeenJM,HaveyMJ(1995)Restrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphismsrevealconsiderablenucleardivergencewithinawell-supportedmaternalcladeinAlliumsectionCepa(Alliaceae).AmJBot82(11):1455–1462.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb12683.xCrossRef  GoogleScholar  BudylinMV,KanLY,RomanovVS,KhrustalevaLI(2014)GISHstudyofadvancedgenerationoftheinterspecifichybridsbetweenAlliumcepaL.andAlliumfistulosumL.withrelativeresistancetodownymildew.RussJGenet50(4):387–394.https://doi.org/10.1134/s1022795414040036CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  BurtJ(2007)Growingspringonions.Farmnote.30/99.Retrievedfromhttps://ausveg.com.au/infoveg/infoveg-search/growing-spring-onions/ChangTC,ChangHT,ChangSTetal(2013)AcomparativestudyonthetotalantioxidantandantimicrobialpotentialsofethanolicextractsfromvariousorgantissuesofAlliumspp.FoodNutrSci4(8):182–190.https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2013.48A022CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  ChinnappareddyLRD,KhandagaleK,ChennareddyA,RamappaVG(2013)MolecularmarkersintheimprovementofAlliumcrops.CzechJGenetPlantBreed49(4):131–139.https://doi.org/10.17221/111/2013-cjgpbCrossRef  GoogleScholar  ChudaA,AdamusA(2012)HybridizationandmolecularcharacterizationofF1Alliumcepa×Alliumroyleiplants.ActaBiolCracovBot54(2).https://doi.org/10.2478/v10182-012-0016-9CorganJN,PeffleyEB(1986)NoticeofreleaseofAlliumgeneticmaterials(Alliumfistulosum×A.cepa).NewMexicoAgricExpStnRelease GoogleScholar  CryderCM,CorganJN,UrquhartNS,ClasonD(1991)Isozymeanalysisofprogenyderivedfrom(AlliumfistolusomXAlliumcepa)xAlliumcepa.TheorApplGenet82:337–345 GoogleScholar  DolezelJ,NovakFJ,LuznyJ(1980)EmbryodevelopmentandinvitrocultureofAlliumcepaanditsinterspecifichybrids.Pflanzenzucht85:177–184 GoogleScholar  DongY,ChengZ,MengHetal(2013)Theeffectofcultivar,sowingdateandtransplantlocationinfieldonboltingofWelshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).BMCPlantBiol13:154.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-13-154CrossRef  PubMed  PubMedCentral  GoogleScholar  DunstanDI,ShortKC(1977)Improvedgrowthoftissueculturesoftheonion,Alliumcepa.PhysiolPlant41:70–72CrossRef  GoogleScholar  El-GadiA,ElkingtonTT(1975)ComparisonoftheGiemsaC-BandkaryotypesandtherelationshipsofAlliumcepa,A.fistulosumandA.galanthum.Chromosoma51:19–23.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00285803CrossRef  GoogleScholar  FesenkoIA,KhrustalevaLI,KarlovGI(2002)Organizationofthe378-bpsatelliterepeatinterminalheterochromatinofAlliumfistulosum.RussJGenet38(7):745–753.https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016379319030CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  Ford-LloydBV,ArmstrongSJ(1993)Welshonion:AlliumfistulosumL.In:KallooG,BerghBO(eds)Geneticimprovementofvegetablecrops.PergamonPress,Oxford/Amsterdam,pp51–58CrossRef  GoogleScholar  FriesenN,PollnerS,BachmannK,BlattnerFR(1999)RAPDsandnoncodingchloroplastDNArevealasingleoriginofthecultivatedAlliumfistulosumfromA.altaicum(Alliaceae).AmJBot86(4):554–562.https://doi.org/10.2307/2656817CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  FriesenN,FritschR,BlattnerF(2006)PhylogenyandnewintragenericclassificationofAllium(Alliaceae)basedonnuclearribosomalDNAITSsequences.Aliso22(1):372–395.https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.31CrossRef  GoogleScholar  FritschRM,FriesenN(2002)Evolution,domesticationandtaxonomy.In:RabinowitchHD,CurahL(eds)Alliumcropscience:recentadvances.CABIPublishing,Wallingford,pp5–30CrossRef  GoogleScholar  FujiedaK,AndoY,FujitaY(1977)PropagationofWelshonionthroughshoottipculture.JFacAgricKyushuUniv22:89–98 GoogleScholar  GalmariniCR(2018)Economicandacademicimportance.In:ShigyoM,KharA,AbdelrahmanM(eds)TheAlliumgenomes.Springer,Cham,pp1–9 GoogleScholar  GamborgOL,MillerRA,OjimaK(1968)Nutrientrequirementsofsuspensionculturesofsoybeanrootcells.ExpCellRes50:151–158 GoogleScholar  GaoLM,DongF,HuoYMetal(2013)DevelopmentofSCARmarkeridentifyingthecytoplasmicmale-sterilegeneinbunchingonion.ActaHorticSin(InChinese)40:1382–1388CAS  GoogleScholar  GaoLM,ChenYQ,HuoYMetal(2015)DevelopmentofSCARmarkerstodistinguishmale-sterileandnormalcytoplasminbunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JHorticSciBiotechnol90(1):57–62.https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2015.11513153CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  GaoL,HuoY,ChenWetal(2018)Identificationofallelicvariationintheatp6geneanditsuseindevelopingmolecularmarkersfordistinguishingtwocytoplasmictypesofbunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JHorticSciBiotechnol93(5):450–455.https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2017.1419832CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  GaiSP,MengXD(2010)ApplicationofmolecularmarkerslinkingtocytoplasmicmalesterilelocitoassistmaintainerlineselectionandtheirselectionefficiencyinWelshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).AgriSciChina9(11):1571–1576 GoogleScholar  GeorgeRAT(2011)Alliaceae-onionsandrelatedcrops.In:GeorgeRAT(ed)Tropicalvegetableproduction.CABIPublishing,Wallingford,pp73–82CrossRef  GoogleScholar  GonzalezLG,Ford-LloydBV(1987)Facilitationofwide-crossingthroughembryorescueandpollenstorageininterspecifichybridizationofcultivatedAlliumspecies.PlantBreed98:318–322.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1987.tb01136.xCrossRef  GoogleScholar  GuanG,PeffleyEB(1989)Megasporecultureinterspecific(Allimcepa×A.fistulosum)hyperploidonions.HorticulturalScience.In:Proceedingsofthe86thannualmeetingofAmericanSocietyofHorticulturalSciences GoogleScholar  GurushidzeM,MashayekhiS,BlattnerFRetal(2007)PhylogeneticrelationshipsofwildandcultivatedspeciesofAlliumsectionCepainferredbynuclearrDNAITSsequenceanalysis.PlantSystEvol269(3–4):259–269.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0596-0CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  Haishima,M,IkehashiH(1992)IdentificationofisozymegenesinnativevarietiesofJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JapanJBreed42:497–505 GoogleScholar  HaishimaM,KatoJ,IkehashiH(1993)IsozymepolymorphisminnativevarietiesofJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JapanJBreed43:537–547 GoogleScholar  HajjarR,HodgkinT(2007)Theuseofwildrelativesincropimprovement:asurveyofdevelopmentsoverthelast20years.Euphytica156(1–2):1–13.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9363-0CrossRef  GoogleScholar  HangTTM,ShigyoM,YaguchiSetal(2004)Effectofsinglealienchromosomefromshallot(AlliumcepaL.Aggregatumgroup)oncarbohydrateproductioninleafbladeofbunchingonion(A.fistulosumL.).GenesGenetSyst79(6):345–350.https://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.79.345CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  HaveyMJ(2002)Genomeorganization.In:RabinowitchHD,CurrahL(eds)Alliumcropscience:recentadvances.CABI,Wallingford,pp59–79CrossRef  GoogleScholar  HaveyMJ(2004)Theuseofcytoplasmicmalesterilityforhybridseedproduction.In:Molecularbiologyandbiotechnologyofplantorganelles.Springer,Dordrecht,pp623–634 GoogleScholar  HouA,GeoffriauE,PeffleyEB(2001)EsteraseisozymesareusefultotrackintrogressionbetweenAlliumfistulosumL.andA.cepaL.Euphytica122:1–8.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012679104502CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  IbrahimAM,KayatF,SusantoDetal(2016)Haploidinductioninspringonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)viagynogenesis.Biotechnology15(1–2):10–16.https://doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2016.10.16CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  IndenH,AsahiraT(1990)Japanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).In:RabinowitchHD,BrewsterJD(eds)Onionsandalliedcrops:biochemistry,foodscience,andminorcrops,vol3.CRCPress,BocaRaton,pp159–178 GoogleScholar  KangMJ,KimJH,ChoiHNetal(2010)HypoglycemiceffectsofWelshonioninananimalmodelofdiabetesmellitus.NutrResPract4(6):486–491.https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2010.4.6.486CrossRef  PubMed  PubMedCentral  GoogleScholar  KatahiraM,MurakamiS,ShindouHetal(2006)LaborsavingtechniqueforproductionofhighqualityWelshonionbyimprovedmoldingandfertilizerapplicationmethod(Part2).JJpnSocAgricMachinery68(2):94–99.https://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.68.2_94CrossRef  GoogleScholar  KellerERJ,KikC(2018)Alliumgeneticresources.In:ShigyoM,KharA,AbdelrahmanM(eds)TheAlliumgenomes,Compendiumofplantgenomes.Springer,Cham,pp23–52.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95825-5_3CrossRef  GoogleScholar  KhrustalevaLI,KikC(1998)CytogeneticalstudiesinthebridgecrossAlliumcepa×(A.fistulosum×A.roylei).TheorApplGenet96(1):8–14.https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220050702CrossRef  GoogleScholar  KikC(2002)ExploitationofwildrelativesforthebreedingofcultivatedAlliumspecies.In:RabinowitchHD,CurrahL(eds)Alliumcropscience:recentadvances.CABIPublishingOxonUK,pp81–100 GoogleScholar  KimB,KimS(2019)Developmentofmolecularmarkersfordistinguishingonion(A.cepaL.)andWelshonion(A.fistulosumL.)basedonpolymorphicmitochondrialgenomesequences.PlantBreedBiotechnol7(2):151–160.https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2019.7.2.151CrossRef  GoogleScholar  KimJW,SohWY(1996)PlantregenerationthroughsomaticembryogenesisifromsuspensionculturesofAlliumfistulosumL.PlantSci114:215–220.https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(96)04330-0CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  KirovIV,KiselevaAV,VanLaereKetal(2017)TandemrepeatsofAlliumfistulosumassociatedwithmajorchromosomallandmarks.MolGenetGenom292(2):453–464.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-016-1286-9CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  KlaasM(1998)ApplicationsandimpactofmolecularmarkersonevolutionaryanddiversitystudiesinthegenusAllium.PlantBreed117(4):297–308.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01946.xCAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  KlaasM,FriesenN(2002)MolecularmarkersinAllium.In:RabinovichH,CurahL(eds)Alliumcropscience:recentadvances.CABInternational,Wallingford,pp159–185CrossRef  GoogleScholar  KołotaE,Adamczewska-SowińskaK,Uklańska-PuszC(2012)YieldandnutritionalvalueofJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)dependingonthegrowingseasonandplantmaturationstag.JElementol4.https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2012.17.4.03KolotaE,Adamczewska-SowinskaK,Uklanska-PuszC(2013)ResponseofJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)tonitrogenfertilization.ActaSciPolHortoru12(2):51–61 GoogleScholar  KudryavtsevaN,HaveyMJ,BlackLetal(2019)CytologicalevaluationsofadvancedgenerationsofinterspecifichybridsbetweenAlliumcepaandAlliumfistulosumshowingresistancetoStemphyliumvesicarium.Genes(Basel)10(3).https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10030195LeeJ-H,RobinA,NatarajanSetal(2018)Varietalidentificationofopen-pollinatedonioncultivarsusingananofluidarrayofsinglenucleotidepolymorphism(SNP)markers.Agronomy8(9):179.https://doi.org/10.3990/agronomy8090179CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  LevanA(2010)ThecytologyofthespecieshybridAlliumcepa×fistulosumanditspolyploidderivatives.Hereditas27(3–4):253–272.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1941.tb03260.xCrossRef  GoogleScholar  LiT,WangH,XiaXetal(2018)InhibitoryeffectsofcomponentsfromrootexudatesofWelshonionagainstrootknotnematodes.PLoSOne13(7):e0201471.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201471CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  PubMedCentral  GoogleScholar  LinZP,CuiQI(1982)RegenerationofplantsfromcallusofAlliumfistulosum.ActaBotSin24(6):586–587,InstBot,Beijing,China(inChinese) GoogleScholar  LiuS,HeH,FengG,ChenQ(2009)EffectofnitrogenandsulfurinteractionongrowthandpungencyofdifferentpseudostemtypesofChinesespringonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).SciHortic121(1):12–18.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.01.019CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  LiuQ,WenC,ZhaoHetal(2014)RNA-seqrevealsleafcuticularwax-relatedgenesinWelshonion.PLoSOne9(11):e113290.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113290CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  PubMedCentral  GoogleScholar  LuCC,CurrahL,PeffleyEB(1989)SomaticembryogenesisandplantregenerationindiploidAlliumfistulosum×A.cepaF1hybridonions.PlantCellRep7(8):696–700.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00272064CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  MagnumPD,PeffleyEB(1994)InheritanceofADH,6-PGDH,PGM,andSKDHinAlliumfistulosumL.JAmerSocHortSci119(2):335–338 GoogleScholar  Majkowska-GadomskaJ,Arcichowska-PisarskaK,DobrowolskiA(2014)TheyieldandwinterhardinessofselectedWelshonion(AlliumfistolosumL.)cultivarsgrowninsoilfertilizedwithPolimag®S.JAgricSci6(5).https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n5p91Mar’yakhinaIYa,PolumordvinovaIV,KozlovaNM(1983)ClonalpropagationofAlliumplantsandthedevelopmentofpolyploidformsinvitro.SkhBiol6:16–21.VsesInstPrikladnoiMolBiolGenet,Moscow,USSR(inRussian) GoogleScholar  MarcuzzoLL,CarvalhoJ(2014)Productionandresistanceofthreescallioncultivarstopinkroot.HorticBras32(3):363–366.https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362014000300020CrossRef  GoogleScholar  MartinezLE,GalmariniCR,MasuelliRW(2005)IntrogressionofAlliumfistulosumL.intointerspecifichybridbackcrossesbetweenA.fistulosumL.andA.cepaL.In:AbstractoftheIVthinternationalsymposiumonediblealliaceae,vol688,pp109–115.https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.688.11McCollumGD(1982)ExperimentalhybridsbetweenAlliumfistulosumandA.roylei.BotGazette143(2):238–242CrossRef  GoogleScholar  McCallumJ,BaldwinS,ShigyoMetal(2012)AlliumMap-AcomparativegenomicsresourceforcultivatedAlliumvegetables.BMCGenomics13:168.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-168CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  PubMedCentral  GoogleScholar  MisawaT,KuroseD,KuninagaS(2017)FirstreportofleafsheathrotofWelshonioncausedbyninetaxaofRhizoctoniaspp.andcharacteristicsofthepathogens.JGenPlantPathol83(3):121–130.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-017-0706-yCAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  MiyagiA,YasudaM,HisakaHetal(2011)ResearchonpreferencesofJapanesebunchingonion(Welshonion)amonggeneralconsumersandvarioustypesofrestaurants.HorticRes(Japan)10(2):273–282.https://doi.org/10.2503/hrj.10.273CrossRef  GoogleScholar  MoueT,UeharaT(1985)InheritanceofcytoplasmicmalesterilityinAlliumfistulosumL(Welshonion).JJpnSocHorticSci53(4):432–437.https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.53.432CrossRef  GoogleScholar  MukherjeeA,SikdarB,GhoshB,BanerjeeA,GhoshE,BhattacharyaM,RoySC(2013)IsozymevariationinsomeeconomicallyimportantspeciesofthegenusAlliumL.(Alliaceae).JHerbsSpicesMedPlants19:297–312.https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2013.793224CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  MurashigeT,SkoogF(1962)Arevisedmediumforrapidgrowthandbioassayswithtobaccotissuecultures.PhysiolPlant15:473–497 GoogleScholar  OharaT,SongYS,TsukazakiHetal(2005a)GeneticmappingofAFLPmarkersinJapanesebunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum).Euphytica144(3):255–263.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-6768-5CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  OharaT,WakoT,NunomeT,KojimaA(2005b)RelationshipbetweenheterosisandgeneticdistancesasrevealedbyAFLPmarkersinintervarietalF1hybridsofbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum).JJpnSocHorticSci74(1):68–77.https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.74.68CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  OharaT,TsukazakiH,SongYSetal(2009)Mappingofquantitativetraitlocicontrollingseedlinggrowthinbunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JJpnSocHorticSci78(4):436–442.https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs1.78.436CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  OkuboH,FujiedaK(1989)IntraspecificdifferentiationandisozymepatternsinAlliumwakegiAraki.JJapanSocHortSci58(2):401–406 GoogleScholar  ParkerPG,SnowAA,SchugMDetal(1998)Whatmoleculescantellusaboutpopulations:choosingandusingamolecularmarker.Ecology79(2):361–382.https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0361:Wmctua]2.0.Co;2CrossRef  GoogleScholar  PeffleyEB(1992)MicropropagationofJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)andItshybrid(A.fistulosum×A.cepa)derivatives.In:High-techandmicropropagationIII.Biotechnologyinagricultureandforestry,vol19.Springer,Berlin,pp244–261.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07770-2_15Peffley,EB,CurrahL(1988).Thechromosomallocationsofenzyme-codinggenesAdh-1andPgm-1inAlliumfistulosumL.TheoApplGenet75(6):945–949.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00258058PeffleyEB,MagnumPD(1990)IntrogressionofAlliumfistulosumL.intoAlliumcepaL.cytogeneticevidence.TheorApplGenet79:113–118.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223796CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  PeffleyEB,CorganJN,HorakKE,TanksleySD(1985)ElectrophoreticanalysisofAIliumalienadditionlines.TheorApplGenet71(2):176–184.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00252053CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  PernerH,SchwarzD,KrumbeinAetal(2007)InfluenceofnitrogenformsandmycorrhizalcolonizationongrowthandcompositionofChinesebunchingonion.JPlantNutrSoilSci170(6):762–768.https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200625103CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  PetersRJ,NetzerD,RabinowitchHD(1984)Aprogressreport:pinkrootresistanceinAlliumcepaL.×AlliumfistulosumL.hybridsandprogeny.In:Proceedingsofthe3rdAlliumEucarpiaSymposium,Wageningen,pp70–73 GoogleScholar  PhillipsGC,HubstenbergerJF(1987)PlantregenerationinvitroofselectedAlliumspeciesandinterspecifichybrids.HortScience22:124–125CAS  GoogleScholar  RicrochA,YocktengR,BrownSC,NadotS(2005)EvolutionofgenomesizeacrosssomecultivatedAlliumspecies.Genome48(3):511–520.https://doi.org/10.1139/g05-017CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  RubatzkyVE,YamaguchiM(1997)Alliums,Family:Alliaceae(Amaryllidaceae).In:RubatzkyE,YamaguchiM(eds)Worldvegetables:principles,productionandnutritivevalues.Springer,Boston,pp279–332CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SainiS,DavidG(1967)CompatibilityinsomeAlliumspecies.HorticSci91:401–409 GoogleScholar  SangS,LaoA,WangYetal(2002)AntifungalconstituentsfromtheseedsofAlliumfistulosumL.JAgricFoodChem50(22):6318–6321.https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025651oCAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  ScholtenOE,vanKaauwenMPW,ShahinAetal(2016).SNP-markersinAlliumspeciestofacilitateintrogressionbreedinginonion.BMCPlantBiol16(1):187.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-016-0879-0ScholtenOE,vanKaauwenMP,ShahinAetal(2017)SNP-markersinAlliumspeciestofacilitateintrogressionbreedinginonion.BMCPlantBiol16(1):187.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-016-0879-0CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SeguchiM,AbeM(2003)EffectofWelshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)onbreadmakingproperties.JFoodSci68(5):1810–1813.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12334.xCAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  ShahinEA,KanekoK(1986)Somaticembryogenesisandplantregenerationfromcallusculturesofnonbulbingonion.HorticSci21(2):294–295 GoogleScholar  ShigyoM,TashiroYandMiyazakiS(1994)ChromosomallocationsofglutamateoxaloacetatetransaminasegenelociinJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)andshallot(A.cepaL.Aggregatumgroup).JapaneseJGenet69(4):417–424 GoogleScholar  ShigyoM,WakoT,KojimaNetal(2003)TransmissionofalienchromosomesfromselfedprogeniesofacompletesetofAlliummonosomicadditions:thedevelopmentofareliablemethodforthemaintenanceofamonosomicadditionset.Genome46(6):1098–103.https://doi.org/10.1139/g03-075ShigyoM,TashiroY,IsshikiS,MiyazakiS(1996)EstablishmentofaseriesofalienmonosomicadditionlinesofJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)withextrachromosomesfromshallot(A.cepaL.Aggregatumgroup).GenesGenetSyst71(6):363–371.https://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.71.363CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  ShigyoM,MiyazakiT,TashiroY(2002)DevelopmentofrandomlyamplifiedpolymorphicDNAmarkersincultivatedandwildspeciesofsectionsCepaandPhyllodoloninAllium.JHorticSciBiotechnol77(3):373–377.https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2002.11511508CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  ShigyoM,KharA,AbdelrahmanM(2018)TheAlliumgenomes.Compendiumofplantgenomes.SpringerNature,Cham.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95825-5_15CrossRef  GoogleScholar  ShimonakaM,HosokiT,TomitaM,YasumuroY(2001)EstablishmentofculturemediumforprotoplastsandplantregenerationinJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).EngeiGakkaizasshi70(4):431–437.https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.70.431CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  ShimonakaM,HosokiT,TomitaM,YasumuroY(2002)ProductionofsomatichybridplantsbetweenJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)andbulbonion(A.cepaL.)viaelectrofusion.JJpnSocHorticSci71(5):623–631CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  ShishkinaYV,ZharkovaSV,MalykhinaOV(2019)Welshonion(Alliumfistulosum)variety‘Premyera’forconditionsoftheSouthofWesternSiberia.VegCropsRuss1:65–67.https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-1-65-67CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SmithR,CahnM,CantwellMetal(2011).GreenOnionProductioninCalifornia.AgricultureandNaturalResources,UniversityofCalifornia.Publicationnumber7243.https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tc2163bSnapeJW(1988)Thedetectionandestimationoflinkageusingdoubledhaploidorsingleseeddescentpopulations.TheorApplGenet76:125–128CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SonJH,ParkKC,LeeSIetal(2012)SpeciesrelationshipsamongAlliumspeciesbyISSRanalysis.HorticEnvironBiotechnol53(3):256–262.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-012-0130-3CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SongP,PeffieyEB(1994)PlantregenerationfromsuspensionculturesofAlliumfistulosumandanA.fistulosum×A.cepainterspecifichybrid.PlantSci98:63–68CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SongP,KangW,PeffleyEB(1997)ChromosomedoublingofAlliumfistulosum×A.cepainterspecificF1hybridsthroughcolchicinetreatmentofregeneratingcallus.Euphytica93(3):257–262.https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1002957800957CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SongYS,SuwabeK,WakoTetal(2004)Developmentofmicrosatellitemarkersinbunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).BreedSci54(4):361–365.https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.54.361CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SuH,XuK,LiuW(2007)ColdtoleranceandwintercultivationofWelshonions.ActaHortic760:335–340.https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.760.46CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SulistiariniD,DjamalJ,RahajoIetal(2016)Alliumfistulosum(PROSEA).(2016,May8).PlantUseEnglish.Retrieved04:06,August1,2019fromhttps://uses.plantnet-project.org/e/index.php?title=Allium_fistulosum_(PROSEA)&oldid=222367SungYY,KimSH,YooBW,KimHK(2015)Thenutritionalcompositionandanti-obesityeffectsofanherbalmixedextractcontainingA.fistulosumandV.mandshuricainhigh-fat-diet-inducedobesemice.BMCComplAlternMed15:370.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0875-1CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  SungYY,KimDS,KimSH,KimHK(2018)AqueousandethanolicextractsofWelshonion,Alliumfistulosum,attenuatehigh-fatdiet-inducedobesity.BMCComplAlternMed18(1):105.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2152-6CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  TawarayaK,KinebuchiT,WatanabeSetal(1996)EffectofarbuscularmycorrhizalfungiGlomusmosseae,GlomusfasciculatumandGlomuscaledoniumonphosphorusuptakeandgrowthofWelshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)inandosols.JpnJSoilSciPlantNutr67(3):294–298.https://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.67.3_294CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  TawarayaK,TokairinK,WagatsumaT(2001)DependenceofAlliumfistulosumcultivarsonthearbuscularmycorrhizalfungus,Glomusfasciculatum.ApplSoilEcol17(2):119–124.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(01)00126-3CrossRef  GoogleScholar  TendajM,MysiakB(2011)GrowthcharacteristicofWelshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)grownfromseedsandtransplants.FoliaHortic23(1).https://doi.org/10.2478/v10245-011-0001-xTsukazakiH,FukuokaH,SongYSetal(2006)ConsiderableheterogeneityincommercialF1varietiesofbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum)andproposalofbreedingschemeforconferringvarietytraceabilityusingSSRmarkers.BreedSci56(3):321–326.https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.56.321CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  TsukazakiH,NunomeT,FukuokaHetal(2007)Isolationof1,796SSRclonesfromSSR-enrichedDNAlibrariesofbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum).Euphy157:83–94 GoogleScholar  TsukazakiH,YamashitaK,YaguchiSetal(2008)ConstructionofSSR-basedchromosomemapinbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum).TheorApplGenet117(8):1213–1223.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-008-0849-5CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  TsukazakiH,YamashitaKI,KojimaA,WakoT(2009)SSR-taggedbreedingschemeforallogamouscrops:atrialinbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum).Euphytica169(3):327–334.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-009-9961-0CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  TsukazakiH,HonjoM,YamashitaKIetal(2010)Classificationandidentificationofbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum)varietiesbasedonSSRmarkers.BreedSci60(2):139–152.https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.60.139CrossRef  GoogleScholar  TsukazakiH,YaguchiS,YamashitaKIetal(2012)QTLanalysisforpseudostempungencyinbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum).MolBreed30(4):1689–1698.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-012-9752-5CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  TsukazakiH,YaguchiS,SatoSetal(2015)Developmentoftranscriptomeshotgunassembly-derivedmarkersinbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum).MolBreed35(1).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-015-0265-xTsukazakiH,YaguchiS,YamashitaKI,WakoT(2017)QTLanalysisofmorphologicaltraitsandpseudostempigmentationinbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum).Euphy213(7):Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-1944-yUedaH,TakeuchiA,WakoT(2013)Activationofimmuneresponsesinmicebyanoraladministrationofbunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum)mucus.BiosciBiotechBiochem77(9):1809–1813.https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.130084CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  UlloaGM,CorganJN,DunfordM(1994)ChromosomecharacteristicsandbehaviordifferencesinAlliumfistulosumL.,A.cepaL.,theirF1hybrid,andselectedbackcrossprogeny.TheorApplGenet89:567–571.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00222449CrossRef  GoogleScholar  UmeharaM,SueyoshiT,ShimomuraKetal(2006a)InterspecifichybridsbetweenAlliumfistulosumandAlliumschoenoprasumrevealcarotene-richphenotype.Euphytica148(3):295–301.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9029-8CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  UmeharaM,SueyoshiT,ShimomuraK,NakaharaT(2006b)ProductionofinterspecifichybridsbetweenAlliumfistulosumL.andA.macrostemonBungethroughovaryculture.PlantCellTissOrgCult87(3):297–304.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-006-9167-2CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  VandeValkP,ScholtenOE,VerstappenF,JansenRC,DonsJJM(1992)Highfrequencysomaticembryogenesisandplantregenerationfromzygoticembryo-derivedcallusculturesofthreeAlliumspecies.PlantCellTissOrgCult30:181–191.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00040020VanderValkP,deVriesDE,EverinkJTetal(1991)Pre-andpost-fertilizationbarrierstobackcrossingtheinterspecifichybridbetweenAlliumfistulosumL.andA.cepaL.withA.cepa.Euphytica53(3):201–209.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023272CrossRef  GoogleScholar  VanRaamsdokLWD,VriesT(1992)BiosystematicstudiesinAlliumL.sectionCepa.BotJLinnSoc109(1):131–143.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb00262.xCrossRef  GoogleScholar  VanRaamsdonkL,SmiechMP,SandbrinkJM(1997)IntrogressionexplainsincongruencebetweennuclearandchloroplastDNA-basedphylogeniesinAlliumsectionCepa.BotJLinnSoc123(2):91–108.https://doi.org/10.1006/bojl.1996.0075CrossRef  GoogleScholar  VillaltaO(2005)Stoptherotmanagingonionwhiterotinspringonions.HorticultureAustralia.FinalReport2005,HorticultureAustraliaProjectVG01096 GoogleScholar  WakoT(2016)GeneticstudiesofdiseaseresistanceandboltingtimebasedongenomicanalysisinJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).(PhD).TottoriUniversity,Japan GoogleScholar  WakoT,YamashitaK,TsukazakiH,OharaT,KojimaA,NoguchiY(2012)Developmentof‘NegiChuukanbohonNou1’abunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)parentallinewithrustresistance.BullNatlInstVegTeaSci11:55–62.[InJapanese.]Availablefromhttps://gpw.naro.affrc.go.jp/cgibin/dnet/dnet.cgi?page=linkframe&id=13[accessed18Feb2015].WakoT,YamashitaK,TsukazakiHetal(2015)ScreeningandincorporationofrustresistancefromAlliumcepaintobunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum)viaalienchromosomeaddition.Genome58(4):135–42.https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0026WangB,LinS,HsiaoWetal(2006)ProtectiveeffectsofanaqueousextractofWelshoniongreenleavesonoxidativedamageofreactiveoxygenandnitrogenspecies.FoodChem98(1):149–157.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.057CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  WangC,LiHY,ZhangLYetal(2013)IdentificationofanAFLPmarkerandconversiontoaSCARmarkertoidentifycytoplasmicmale-sterileornormalcytoplasminWelshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JHorticSciBiotechnol88(4):409–414.https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2013.11512984CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  WangH,LiX,SongJ(2018)VegetablegeneticresourcesinChina.HortPlantJ4(2):83–88.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2018.03.003CrossRef  GoogleScholar  WaradeSD,KadamSS(1998)OtherAlliums.In:SalunkheD,KadamS(eds)Handbookofvegetablescienceandtechnology:Production,composition,storageandprocessing.CRCPress,NewYork,pp415–432.https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/24881659 GoogleScholar  WilkieSE,IsaacPG,SlaterRJ(1993)RandomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA(RAPD)markersforgeneticanalysisinAllium.TheorApplGenet86(4):497–504.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00838566CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  YaguchiS,HangTTM,TsukazakiHetal(2009)Molecularandbiochemicalidentificationofalienchromosomeadditionsinshallot(AlliumcepaL.Aggregatumgroup)carryingextrachromosome(s)ofbunchingonion(A.fistulosumL.).GenesGenetSyst84(1):43–55.https://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.84.43CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  YamasakiA,MiuraH,TanakaK(2011)Effectofphotoperiodsbefore,duringandaftervernalizationonflowerinitiationanddevelopmentanditsvarietaldifferenceinJapanesebunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).JHorticSciBiotechnol75(6):645–650.https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2000.11511301CrossRef  GoogleScholar  YamashitaK,AritaH,TashiroY(1999)IsozymeandRAPDmarkerslinkedtofertilityrestoringgeneforcytoplasmicmalesterileAlliumfistulosumL.withcytoplasmofA.galanthumKar,etKir.EngeiGakkaizasshi68(5):954–959.https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.68.954CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  YamashitaK,NodaR,TashiroY(2000)UseofmitochondrialDNApolymorphismstodistinguishcytoplasmsofcultivatedandwildspeciesinSectionCepaofAllium.EngeiGakkaizasshi69(4):396–402.https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.69.396CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  YamashitaK,OyamaT,NodaRetal(2001)PhylogeneticRelationshipsamongcultivatedandwildspeciesinSectionCepaofAlliumbasedonRFLPsofmitochondrialandchloroplastDNAs.EngeiGakkaizasshi70(2):195–201.https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.70.195CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  YamashitaK,TakatoriY,TashiroY(2002)Developmentofsequencecharacterizedamplifiedregion(SCAR)markerslinkedtothefertilityrestoringgeneforcytoplasmicmalesterileAlliumfistulosumL.possessingthecytoplasmofA.galanthumKar.etKir.JJapanSocHortSci71:777–779 GoogleScholar  YamashitaK,WakoT,OharaTetal(2005)Improvementofrustresistanceinbunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)byrecurrentselection.JJapanSocHortSci74(6):444–450.https://doi.org/10.2503/jjYamashitaKI,TsukazakiH,KojimaAetal(2009)Inheritancemodeofmalesterilityinbunchingonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)accessions.Euphytica173(3):357–367.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-009-0101-7CrossRef  GoogleScholar  YamazakiT,OgawaT,MuramotoKetal(2016)IsolationandbiochemicalcharacterizationofmucusproteinsinJapanesebunchingonion(Alliumfistulosum)greenleaves.FoodSciTechRes22(2):235–243.https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.22.235CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  YangL,WenC,ZhaoHetal(2015)DevelopmentofpolymorphicgenicSSRmarkersbytranscriptomesequencinginthewelshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.).ApplSci5(4):1050–1063.https://doi.org/10.3390/app5041050CAS  CrossRef  GoogleScholar  YusupovZ,DengT,LiuCetal(2019)ThecompletechloroplastgenomeofAlliumfistulosum.mitochondrial.DNAPartB4(1):489–490.https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1545532CrossRef  GoogleScholar  ZhangN,SunB,MaoXetal(2019)Flavorformationinfryingprocessofgreenonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)deep-friedoil.FoodResInt121:296–306.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.006CAS  CrossRef  PubMed  GoogleScholar  ZhuY,ZhaoY,ZhangJetal(2019).SpringonionseeddemandforecastingusingahybridHolt-Wintersandsupportvectormachinemodel.PLoSOne:14(7):e0219889.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ponŻurawikA,JadczakD,ŻurawikP(2013)Theinfluenceofselectedagriculturalfactorsonyieldandcontentofsomecomponentsofwelshonion(AlliumfistulosumL.)‘Sprint’.ActaAgrobot66(1):105–112.https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2013.012CrossRef  GoogleScholar  DownloadreferencesAuthorinformationAffiliationsInstituteofFoodSecurityandSustainableAgriculture,UniversitiMalaysiaKelantan,Jeli,Kelantan,MalaysiaFatimahKayat & ArifullahMohammedDepartmentofAgriculture,FacultyofAgroBasedIndustry,UniversitiMalaysiaKelantan,Jeli,Kelantan,MalaysiaFatimahKayat & ArifullahMohammedAgricultureResearchDirectorate,MinistryofScienceandTechnology,Baghdad,IraqAhmedMahmoodIbrahimAuthorsFatimahKayatViewauthorpublicationsYoucanalsosearchforthisauthorin PubMed GoogleScholarArifullahMohammedViewauthorpublicationsYoucanalsosearchforthisauthorin PubMed GoogleScholarAhmedMahmoodIbrahimViewauthorpublicationsYoucanalsosearchforthisauthorin PubMed GoogleScholarCorrespondingauthorCorrespondenceto FatimahKayat.AppendixI:ResearchInstitutesRelevanttoSpringOnionAppendixI:ResearchInstitutesRelevanttoSpringOnion Institutionname Specializationandresearchactivities Address Contactinformationandwebsite InstituteforHorticulturalDevelopment,AgricultureVictoria Studyongrowthanddrymatterproductionofspringonion,whiterotdiseasemanagement PrivateBag15,FerntreeGullyDeliveryCentre,Victoria3156,Australia [email protected]; https://www.ausvegvic.com.au/pdf/r%26d_VG01096_white_rot_onion_integrated_control_strategy_booklet.pdf UniversityofQueensland Diseaseforecastingsysteminspringonion Queensland4343,Australia [email protected] https://researchers.uq.edu.au/researcher/200 DepartmentofGeneticsandPlantBreeding,BangladeshAgriculturalUniversity SNP markers,molecularbreeding Mymensingh2202,Bangladesh [email protected]://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/9/179 CenterofMedicalGenetics,GhentUniversity Cytogenetics,molecularmarkers,springonionbreeding Ghent,Belgium [email protected] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28150039/ InstitutoFederalCatarinense Cropimprovement C.Postal441,89163-356RiodoSul-SC,Brazil [email protected];https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-05362014000300363 UniversityofSaskatchewan PhylogeneticsandtaxonomyofAllium Saskatoon,Canada [email protected] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263500245_A_taxonomic_revision_of_Allium_Alliaceae_in_the_Canadian_prairie_provinces KunmingInstituteofBotany,ChineseAcademyofSciences Studyofchloroplastgenome ofA.fistulosum Kunming,China [email protected];https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23802359.2018.1545532 BeijingTechnologyandBusinessUniversity(BTBU) NutritionalvalueofA.fistulosum Beijing100048,China [email protected] https://europepmc.org/article/med/31108752 BeijingAcademyofAgricultureandForestryScience(NorthChina) Geneticsandbreedingofspringonion,transcriptomesequencing Beijing100097,China [email protected];https://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=16616596&AN=117067465&h=rpJH2%2fnRPYhGXzYAIQ5jM6HOBvVg%2fFbcqJHYXlaSayCx34ik0ZiFQYjpy2GM%2fi%2bbH0nL%2fuL%2bpCRml%2bFebRMIQA%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d16616596%26AN%3d117067465 UniversityofChineseAcademyofScience GenomicstudyofA.fistulosum Beijing,China [email protected] https://search.proquest.com/openview/03b13ee11d15e8b54850a2f6dd17e8b8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=3933403 CollegeofHorticultureandGardening,YangtzeUniversity SSR markers,RNAsequencing,molecularmarkers Jingzhou,China [email protected] https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b581/67fcada93d4f194e6f5a0d8a834632f038ff.pdf CollegeofHorticulture,NorthwestA&FUniversity PhysiologyofA.fistulosum Yangling,Shaanxi712100,People’sRepublicofChina [email protected] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24199907/ CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity Effectofmycorrhizalcolonizationonpungency Beijing,China100094 [email protected] https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/452805/GuoT%20et%20al%202007.pdf CollegeofHorticulture,ShandongAgriculturalUniversity SSR markers,transcriptome,molecularmarkers,molecularbreeding,cytoplasmicmalesterility Tai’an271018,P.R.China [email protected] https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms/special_issues/plant-molecular-biology?view=abstract&listby=type InstituteofMedicalPlantDevelopment,ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciencesandPekingUnionMedicalCollege Physiologyofspringonion Beijing100193,China [email protected] https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20143400467 YantaiAgriculturalScienceAcademyofShandongProvince Effectofspringonionrootagainstrootknotnematodes Yantai,Shandong,P.R.China [email protected] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201471 TheFirstHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity MedicinalvalueofAllium Shenyang110001,China [email protected];https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajco.13133 ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity Supplyanddemandofspringonion Shanghai,People’sRepublicofChina [email protected]; DeptofFoodScienceandTechnology,ChiaNanUniversityofPharmacyandScience Nutritionalandmedicinalvalueofspringonion 60Erh-JenRoad,Section1,Pao-An,Jen-teHsiang,TainanHsien,Taiwan [email protected] KeyLaboratoryofBiologyandGeneticImprovementofHorticulturalCrops(NorthChina),MinistryofAgriculture SSR markers,RNAsequencing,molecularbreeding Beijing100097,China [email protected] BeijingAcademyofAgricultureandForestryScience Effectonnitrogenandsulfuronthegrowthofspringonion Beijing,China [email protected] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269356745_Effect_of_Nitrogen_and_Sulphur_on_the_Growth_and_Qualities_of_Bunching_Onion YantaiAgriculturalScienceAcademyofShandongProvince Nematodescontrolinspringonion Yantai,Shandong,P.R.China [email protected] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326703074_Inhibitory_effects_of_components_from_root_exudates_of_Welsh_onion_against_root_knot_nematodes ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity Seed demandforecastingofspringonion China [email protected];https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0219889 ColombianCorporationforAgriculturalResearch(Corpoica) AgronomicEvaluationofBunchingOnionintheColombianCundiboyacenseHighPlateau CIPalmira,ColombiaandCITibaitatá,Mosquera,Colombia [email protected]://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/205389639.pdf DepartmentofFoodScience,YuanpeiUniversity NutritionalandmedicinalvalueofAllium Hsinchu,ChineseTaipei [email protected],https://www.scirp.org/html/22-2700684_35298.htm DepartmentofPlantMedicine,NationalChiayiUniversity Molecularbreeding,cropimprovement 60004,Taiwan [email protected];https://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=11254653&AN=130550885&h=v9HLDeIM%2fFJLxFvToiyvNQAzGyQbJykSwJ%2btnfTxbaKX7SScpNpWq0Un7BNWHLaetSGxWGqKfHD5CtN2Utoy6A%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d11254653%26AN%3d130550885 UniversitéParis-Sud Alliumgenomicstudy CNRSUMR8079,Bâtiment360,91405Orsay,France [email protected] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378111997003958 BotanicalGardenoftheUniversityofOsnabrück Phylogenetics,molecularmarkers Albrechtstr29,49076Osnabrück,Germany [email protected]://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26639102/ LeibnizInstituteofVegetable andOrnamentalCrops Physiologyofspringonion Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg1,14979Großbeeren,Germany [email protected] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18457399/ InstituteofPlantGeneticsandCropPlantResearch(IPK) RAPD andnon-codingchloroplastDNAstudy,cytogenetics,molecularmarkers Corrensstr3,06466Gatersleben,Germany [email protected] Dept.ofHorticulture,UniversityofGeorgia Physiologyofonion 1111MillerPlantScienceBldg.,Athens,GA30602 [email protected] IndianInstituteofHorticulturalResearch Molecularmarkers,Alliumgenome andbreeding Bangalore,India [email protected] UniversityofBari‘AldoMoro’ Physiologyofspringonion Valenzano,Bari,Italy [email protected] NationalInstituteofVegetable andTeaScience(NIVTS),NationalAgricultureandFoodResearchOrganization(NARO) Microsatellite ,SSR ,AFLP andmolecularmarkers,genetic mapping,QTL study,molecularbreeding 360Ano-Kusawa,Tsu,Mie514-2392,Japan [email protected] NationalAgriculturalResearchCenterforTohokuRegion(NARCT) SSR markers,molecularbreeding,cropimprovement 4Akahira,Shimo-kuriyagawa,Morioka,Iwate020-0198,Japan [email protected] InstituteoftheSocietyforTechno-innovationofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries(STAFF) SSR markers,molecularbreeding 446-1Ippaizuka,Kamiyokoba,Tsukuba,Ibaraki305-0854,Japan [email protected] TohokuAgriculturalResearchCenter,NationalAgricultureandFoodResearchOrganization(NARO) QTL study,molecularbreeding 92Nabeyashiki,Shimo-kugiyagawa,Morioka,Iwate020-0123,Japan [email protected] NationalResearchInstituteofVegetables,OrnamentalPlantsandTea PhysiologyofA.fistulosum ,molecularmarkers,QTL mapping,molecularbreeding Kurume,Fukuoka839-8503,Japan [email protected] WesternRegionAgriculturalCenterNARO QTL analysis,molecularbreeding 1-3-1Senyu-cho,Zentsuji,Kagawa765-8508,Japan [email protected] OsakaCityUniversity Studyonantioxidantactivityandflavonoid content Sugimoto3-3-138,Sumiyoshi-ku,Osaka558-8585,Japan [email protected] InstituteofPlantGeneticsandCropPlantResearch(IPK) Phylogenetics,molecularmarkers,molecularbreeding Corrensstr3,06466Gatersleben,Germany [email protected] BotanicalGardenoftheUniversityofOsnabrück Phylogenetics,molecularmarkers Albrechtstr29,49076Osnabrück,Germany [email protected] PlantNutrition,InstituteofCropScience,HumboldtUniversityBerlin Effectoffertilizeronyield ofspringonion nvalidenstr.42,10115Berlin,Germany [email protected] LeibnizInstituteofVegetable andOrnamentalCrops Physiologyofspringonion Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg1,14979Großbeeren,Germany [email protected] InstituteofPlantGeneticsandCropPlantResearch(IPK) RAPD andnon-codingchloroplastDNAstudy,cytogenetics,molecularmarkers Corrensstr3,06466Gatersleben,Germany [email protected] Dept.ofHorticulture,UniversityofGeorgia Physiologyofonion 1111MillerPlantScienceBldg.,Athens,GA30602 [email protected] IndianInstituteofHorticulturalResearch Molecularmarkers,Alliumgenome andbreeding Bangalore,India [email protected] UniversityofBari‘AldoMoro’ Physiologyofspringonion Valenzano,Bari,Italy [email protected] NationalAgriculturalResearchCenterforTohokuRegion(NARCT) SSR markers,molecularbreeding,cropimprovement 4Akahira,Shimo-kuriyagawa,Morioka,Iwate020-0198,Japan [email protected] InstituteoftheSocietyforTechno-innovationofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries(STAFF) SSR markers,molecularbreeding 446-1Ippaizuka,Kamiyokoba,Tsukuba,Ibaraki305-0854,Japan [email protected];[email protected] TohokuAgriculturalResearchCenter,NationalAgricultureandFoodResearchOrganization(NARO) QTL study,molecularbreeding 92Nabeyashiki,Shimo-kugiyagawa,Morioka,Iwate020-0123,Japan [email protected] NationalResearchInstituteofVegetables,OrnamentalPlantsandTea PhysiologyofA.fistulosum ,molecularmarkers,QTL mapping,molecularbreeding Kurume,Fukuoka839-8503,Japan [email protected] WesternRegionAgriculturalCenter,NARO QTL analysis,molecularbreeding 1-3-1Senyu-cho,Zentsuji,Kagawa765-8508,Japan [email protected] OsakaCityUniversity Studyonantioxidantactivityandflavonoid content Sugimoto3-3-138,Sumiyoshi-ku,Osaka558-8585,Japan [email protected] TohukuUniversity BiochemicalcharacterizationinA.fistulosum Katahira2-1-1,Aoba-ku,Sendai980-8577,Japan [email protected] FacultyofAgriculture,TottoriUniversity Micropropagationofspringonion,cytogenetics,microsatellite markersinAllium 4-101Koyama-Minami,Tottori680-8553,Japan [email protected] FacultyofAgriculture,SagaUniversity Isozymesmarkers,molecularmarkersinAllium,onionbreeding Saga840-8502,Japan [email protected] FacultyofAgriculture,YamagataUniversity MycorrhizalcolonizationinA.fistulosum Tsuruoka997-8555,Japan [email protected] FacultyofAgriculture,HokkaidoUniversity MycorrhizalcolonizationinA.fistulosum Sapporo,060-8589,Japan [email protected] FacultyofAgriculture,KyushuUniversity Biologicalcontrol,pestmanagement 46-01,Fukuoka812,Japan [email protected] FacultyofAgriculture,YamaguchiUniversity MolecularmarkersinAllium,QTL mapping,Alliumgenome study,molecularbreeding 1677-1Yoshida,Yamaguchi753-8515,Japan [email protected] FacultyofAgriculture,KyotoPrefecturalUniversity, BiodiversityofAllium Shimogamo,Sakyo,Kyoto,Japan606-8522 [email protected]. FacultyofLifeandEnvironmentalScience,ShimaneUniversity Micropropagation,physiologyofspringonion Matsue,Shimane690-8504 [email protected] UniversityofToyama MedicinalvalueofA.fistulosum 2630Sugitani,Toyama,930-0194,Japan [email protected] FacultyofPharmaceuticalSciences,SojoUniversity MedicinalvalueofA.fistulosum 22-1,4-Chome,Nishi-ku,Ikeda,Kumamoto,860-0082,Japan [email protected]. KansaiUniversityofWelfareSciences Molecularcytogenetic ,molecularbreeding Kashiwara,Osaka582-0026,Japan [email protected] DepartmentofBiotechnology ,MaebashiInstituteofTechnology Micropropagationofspringonion Maebashi371-0816,Japan [email protected] KobeWomen’sUniversity Foodscience Suma-Ku,KobeCity,Japan654-8585 [email protected] GakushuinWomen’sCollege FoodScience Tokyo,Japan162-8650.   DepartmentofPharmacognosy,KyotoPharmaceuticalUniversity FoodchemistryofA.fistulosum Misasagi,Yamashina-ku,Kyoto607-8412,Japan [email protected] DepartmentofPharmacognosy,KyotoPharmaceuticalUniversity Nutritionalandmedicinalvalueofspringonion Misasagi,Yamashina-ku,Kyoto607-8412,Japan [email protected] KazusaDNAResearchInstitute RNAsequencing,biochemicalanalysisandmolecularbreeding 2-6-7Kazusa-kamatari,Kisarazu,Chiba292-0818,Japan [email protected] TottoriHorticulturalExperimentStation Micropropagationandphysiologyofspringonion,rustresistance Kurakoshi,Tottori682-0948 [email protected] FukuokaAgriculturalResearchCenter Molecularmarker,ovaryculture Yoshiki587,Chikushino,Fukuoka818-8549,Japan [email protected] MibyeongResearchCenter,KoreaInstituteofOrientalMedicine Nutritionalandmedicinalvalueofspringonion 1672Yuseong-daero,Yuseong-gu,Daejeon305-811,Korea [email protected] SuchonNationalUniversity SNP markers,molecularbreeding Suncheon57922,Korea [email protected];[email protected] SungkyunkwanUniversity,Suwon Developmentofspringonionharvester Kyeonggi,RepublicofKorea [email protected] InstituteofTraditionalMedicineandBioscience,DaejeonUniversity NutritionalvalueofA.fistulosum Daejeon300-716,RepublicofKorea [email protected] InstituteforFoodSciences,InjeUniversity NutritionalandmedicinalvalueofA.fistulosum 607Obang-dong,Gimhae,621-749Korea [email protected] HankyongNationalUniversity,Anseong NutritionalandmedicinalvalueofA.fistulosum Kyeonggi,RepublicofKorea [email protected] NationalAcademyofAgriculturalScience,RuralDevelopmentAdministration,Suwon NutritionalvalueofA.fistulosum Suwon441-707,Korea [email protected] MibyeongResearchCenter,KoreaInstituteofOrientalMedicine NutritionalvalueofA.fistulosum 1672Yuseong-daero,Yuseong-gu,Daejeon305-811,Korea [email protected];[email protected] NationalAcademyofAgriculturalScience,RuralDevelopmentAdministration,Wanju NutritionalvalueofA.fistulosum Wanju,Korea [email protected] CenterforHorticulturalSeed DevelopmentofGSP SNP markers,molecularbreeding Jeonnam,Suncheon57922,Korea [email protected] Biotechnology Institute,NongwooBioCo.Ltd Molecularmarkers,linkagemap,molecularbreeding Yeoju,SouthKorea [email protected] InstituteofJinAnRedGinseng,Jinan-Eup Nutritionalandmedicinalvalueofspringonion Jinan-Gun,Chonbuk567-801,RepublicofKorea. [email protected] MokpoExperimentStation,NationalInstituteofCropScience MappingofAFLP markers 293-5Cheongcheon,Cheonggye,Muan,Jeonnam534-833,Korea [email protected] WageningenUniversityandResearchCentre Alliumgenomicstudy,molecularmarker Postbus16,6700AA,WageningenNetherlands [email protected] WageningenURPlantBreeding,WageningenUniversityandResearchCentre SNP markers,molecularmarkers,molecularbreeding TheNetherlands [email protected] LaboratoryofGenetics,WageningenUniversity Springonionbreeding Wageningen(TheNetherlands) [email protected] DLO-CentreforPlantBreedingandReproductionResearchCPRO-DLO,DepartmentofVegetable andFruitCrops Cytogenetics,DNA-basedphylogeniesinAlliumsubgenusCepa,springonionbreeding POBox16,6700AAWageningen,TheNetherlands [email protected] TheNewZealandInstituteforPlant&FoodResearchLtd Alliumgenomicstudy,molecularmarker PrivateBag4704,Christchurch,NewZealand [email protected] FacultyofEnvironment,SocietyandDesign,LincolnUniversity Alliumgenomicstudy,molecularmarker POBox84,Lincoln7647,NewZealand. [email protected] UniversityofAgricultureinCracow GISHstudy,molecularmarkers,molecularbreeding 29Listopada54,31-425Cracow,Poland [email protected] DepartmentofHorticulture,WroclawUniversityofEnvironmentalandLifeSciences Physiologyofspringonion PI,Grunwaldzki24a,50-363Wrolaw,Poland [email protected] DepartmentofVegetable CropsandMedicinalPlantsUniversityofLifeSciencesinLublin Physiologyofspringonion Leszczyńskiego58,20-068Lublin,Poland [email protected] WestPomeranianUniversityofTechnology Agronomyofspringonion P.PawlaVI1,71-459Szczecin,Poland [email protected] DepartmentofPlantCytologyandEmbryology,InstituteofBotany,JagiellonianUniversity Molecularmarkers,micropropagation,cytogeneticsofspringonion Gronostajowa9,30-387Cracow,Poland [email protected];[email protected] UniversityofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn Physiologyofspringonion Olsztyn,Poland [email protected] CenterofMolecularBiotechnology ,RussianStateAgrarianUniversity-MoscowTimiryazevAgriculturalAcademy(RGAU-MTAA) GISHstudy,cytogenetics,springonionbreeding 49,TimiryazevskayaStr.,127550Moscow,Russia; [email protected] All-RussiaResearchInstituteofVegetable BreedingandSeed Production GISHstudy,cytogenetics,springonionbreeding Moscowoblast,p/oLesnoyGorodok,143080Russia [email protected] NakhonPhanomAgriculturalResearch&DevelopmentCenter Integratedcultivationofspringonionwithothervegetables Thailand [email protected] InstituteofBiocienceandTechnology,CranfieldUniversity Studyongrowthanddrymatterproductionofspringonion,waterdeficitstressandsoiltype Silsoe,BedfordshireMK454DT,UK [email protected] UniversityofWarwick Physiologyofspringonion Coventry,UK [email protected] HorticultureResearchInternational Studyongrowthanddrymatterproductionofspringonion Wellesbourne,WarwickCV359EF,UK [email protected] UniversityofNewHampshire PhysiologyofAlliumfistulosum 38AcademicWay,Durham,NH03824 [email protected];http://www.colsa.unh.edu/aes/ USDepartmentofAgriculture,AgriculturalResearchService,SouthCentralAgriculturalResearchlaboratory PhysiologyofAlliumfistulosum 911Highway3W,Lane,OK74555,USA [email protected] DepartmentofPlantScience,RutgersUniversity Foodchemistry,antifungalconstituentsinA.fistulosum 65DudleyRoad,NewBrunswick,NewJersey08901-8520 [email protected] DepartmentofPlantandSoilScience,TexasTechUniversity SomaticembryogenesisandmicropropagationandcytogeneticsofA.fistulosum ,springonionbreeding,isozyme markers LubbockTX79409-4169,USA794 [email protected] PlantSciencesDepartment,TheUniversityofTennessee Physiologyofspringonion 252EllingtonPlantSciences,2431JoaJohnsonDrive,Knoxville,TN37996-4561 [email protected] USDA-ARSandDepartmentofHorticulture,UniversityofWisconsin Molecularmarkers,molecularbreeding Madison,WI53706,USA [email protected] SeminisVegetable Seeds,DeForest Cytogenetics,springonionbreeding WI53532,USA [email protected] InstituteofBotany,AcademySciencesofUzbekistan GenomicstudyofA.fistulosum Tashkent,Uzbekistan [email protected] RightsandpermissionsReprintsandPermissionsCopyrightinformation©2021TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAGAboutthischapterCitethischapterKayat,F.,Mohammed,A.,Ibrahim,A.M.(2021).SpringOnion(AlliumfistulosumL.)BreedingStrategies. In:Al-Khayri,J.M.,Jain,S.M.,Johnson,D.V.(eds)AdvancesinPlantBreedingStrategies:VegetableCrops.Springer,Cham.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66969-0_4Downloadcitation.RIS.ENW.BIBDOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66969-0_4Published:26August2021 PublisherName:Springer,Cham PrintISBN:978-3-030-66968-3 OnlineISBN:978-3-030-66969-0eBookPackages:BiomedicalandLifeSciencesBiomedicalandLifeSciences(R0)SharethischapterAnyoneyousharethefollowinglinkwithwillbeabletoreadthiscontent:GetshareablelinkSorry,ashareablelinkisnotcurrentlyavailableforthisarticle.Copytoclipboard ProvidedbytheSpringerNatureSharedItcontent-sharinginitiative Buyingoptions Chapter EUR 24.95 PriceexcludesVAT(Singapore) DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-66969-0_4 Chapterlength:48pages InstantPDFdownload Readableonalldevices Ownitforever Exclusiveofferforindividualsonly Taxcalculationwillbefinalisedduringcheckout BuyChapter eBook EUR 181.89 PriceincludesVAT(Singapore) ISBN:978-3-030-66969-0 InstantPDFdownload Readableonalldevices Ownitforever Exclusiveofferforindividualsonly Taxcalculationwillbefinalisedduringcheckout BuyeBook HardcoverBook EUR 219.99 PriceexcludesVAT(Singapore) ISBN:978-3-030-66968-3 Dispatchedin3to5businessdays Exclusiveofferforindividualsonly FreeshippingworldwideShippingrestrictionsmayapply,checktoseeifyouareimpacted. Taxcalculationwillbefinalisedduringcheckout BuyHardcoverBook Learnaboutinstitutionalsubscriptions