研究中的本體論、認識論、方法論和方法論簡化! (Ontology ...

B1 中級. 研究中的本體論、認識論、方法論和方法論簡化! (Ontology, Epistemology, Methodology and ... Studentslearningaboutresearchareexpectedtolearnwhatontology,epistemologyandmethodologymean.InthisvideoIamgoingtoexplainandsimplifythesetermsforyou.Beforeweevengetintoityoumaybeaskingyourself:Whydoweaskstudentstolearnthisstuff?Studentsneedtolearnthesetermsandhowtheyapplytoresearchsotheycanlookatastudyanddecideforthemselvesifitmakessense.Onceyouunderstandityoucancritiqueitandmakebetterdecisionsaboutwhatshouldbeappliedtoyourpractice.Ontologyisafancywordforbeliefsaboutreality.Differentkindsofresearcharefoundedondifferentbeliefsaboutwhatwethinktruthis.Doyouthinkthattruthevenexists?Whatistrue?Whatwethinkrealityiswillshapewhatwethinkwecanknowaboutreality.Thatiswhyitisimportanttounderstandontologywhenyouarelearningaboutandcritiquingresearch.Philosophiesaboutrealitycanbedividedindifferentways.Whenyouarejuststartingtolearnaboutresearchithelpstounderstandthetwotypesofontologythatareessentiallyopposites:RealismandRelativism.Onceyouunderstandthesetwotypesofontologyyoucanmoreeasilyunderstandothers.InthisvideoIamonlygoingtotalkaboutrealismandrelativism,butinmybookIalsotalkaboutcriticalrealismandhistoricalrealismastheyapplytodifferentapproachestoresearch.Firstlet'stalkaboutrealism.Inanutshellrealistsbelievethatonetruthexists.Truthdoesnotchange.Realistsbelievethatthetruthcanbediscoveredusingobjectivemeasurements.Onceyoufindoutwhatthetruthisyoucangeneralizeittoothersituations.Ifyoucanwrapyourheadaroundthisviewofreality,evenifyoudon’ttotallyagreewithit,youwillunderstandwhyresearchthatisbasedonthisviewofrealityisdesignedthewaythatitis.Ifthisiswhattheresearcherthinksaboutrealityitwillinfluenceeverysingledecisionthatismadeinthestudy.Theoppositeviewofrealityiscalledrelativism.IfyoulookatwhatIjustsaidaboutrealismyoucanprobablyguessthateverythingrelativistsbelieveistheexactoppositeofwhatrealistsbelieve.Usingthatlogicyouknowthatrelativistsbelieveinmultipleversionsofreality-whatisrealdependsonthemeaningyouattachtotruth.Truthdoesnotexistwithoutmeaning.Sincerealityiscreatedbyhowweseethingsitevolvesandchangesdependingonyourexperiences.Ifrealityiscontextbounditcannotbegeneralized.Itcanonlybetransferredtoothersimilarcontexts.Epistemologyisanotherfancywordthatbasicallymeanswhatrelationshiptheresearcherhaswiththeresearch.So,howdowegetknowledge?Howdowediscovernewthings?Ontologicalbeliefswilldictateepistemologicalbeliefs.Letmesaythatagaininanotherway.Whattheresearcherbelievesaboutthenatureofrealitywilldictatethekindofrelationshiptheythinktheresearchershouldhavewithwhateverisbeingstudied.Therearetwobasicsetsofbeliefsabouthowweshouldgathernewknowledge.Someresearchersbelievethatresearchshouldbedoneinanobjectivewaysothattheresearcherdoesnotinfluencethedatathatisgathered.Theythinkthatinordertofindoutwhatthetruthistheresearcherneedstostayasfarawayfromtheresearchastheycansothattheycangetanobjectivemeasurement.Thisapproachisalsoknownasaneticapproachtoresearch.Thewordeticbasicallymeanstakinganoutsider’sviewofsomeoneelse’ssituation.So,ifyouuseafishbowltorepresentsomeone’ssituationthatisbeingresearchedtheresearchertakinganeticapproachwouldwanttolookatthefishbowlfromtheoutside,measureitandmakeobservationswithoutevertouchingit.Ifwegobacktolookatthetwomajoropposingviewsofreality,whichonedoyouthinkleadstothiseticapproachtoconductingresearch?Thatisright,realism!Ifyouthinkthattruthexiststhatcanbeobjectivelymeasuredthenofcourseyouwanttostandback,lookatyourfishbowlandtrytomeasureitwithoutdisturbingtherealityyouarestudying.Theoppositeapproachtoresearchwouldbetakinganemicapproach.Anemicapproachisusedbyresearchersthatbelieveinasubjectiveapproachtoreality.Interactingwithpeopletofindoutwhattruthmeanstothemisneeded.Sotheseresearcherswouldwanttogetinsidethefishbowl.Thepotentialinfluenceoftheresearcheronwhatisbeingresearchedisacknowledged,sometimesavoidedorsometimesevenembraced.Interactionisseenasanecessarythingtogainin-depthunderstandingsofwhatisgoingon.Whatontologydoyouthinkleadstothiswaytoapproachingresearch?Thatisright,relativism!Rememberthatrelativistsbelievethatthetruthiscreatedbymeaningsandexperiences.Inordertounderstandsomeone’sexperienceandthecontextthatshapedityouneedtodigdeepandtalktothem.Methodologyisanotherfancywordthatmeanshowknowledgeisdiscoveredandanalysedinasystematicway.Don’tconfusemethodologywithmethods.Yes,theyarecloselyrelatedbutthetermmethodologyreferstophilosophiesthatguidehowknowledgeshouldbegathered.Thetermmethods,ontheotherhand,isspecifictoadatagatheringtechniqueslikeinterviewsorsurveys.Methodologycanbedividedbasedontheontologicalandepistemologicalbeliefsthatledtothem.ForthepurposesofthisvideoIwantyoutotakeaguesswhatontologyandepistemologywouldbelinkedtoanexperimentalmethodology.Letmegiveyouahint.Thepurposeofanexperimentistoprovethatonethingcausedanother.Thatisright,experimentsaredesignedtodiscoverthetruthsotheyarebasedonarealistontologyandaneticepistemology.Howcanyoutell?Well,theyarelookingforonetruth.Themethodologybehindexperimentalresearchisbuiltontheideathatdatashouldbediscoveredandanalysedinanobjectiveway.Sincetheyarewantingtobeobjectivetheyarelookingatthetopicfromtheoutside,whichmeanstheyareusinganeticepistemology.Theexperimentalmethodologyisplannedinadvancetoeliminatetheinfluenceofasmanycontextualfactorsaspossiblesincetheonlywaytheseresearchersbelievethattruthcanbediscoveredistoremoveitfromit’scontext.Quantitativeresearcherswanttomakegeneralizationsbasedontheirresults.Anexperimentusesadeductiveapproachtoanalysis.Thatmeansthatthestudywillstartwithatheory.Fromthattheoryhypotheseswillbedeveloped.Younormallyseethehypothesesexplicitlystatedatthebeginningofthemethodologysectionorjustbeforeit.Thesehypothesesarethentested.Specificdataiscollectedandanalysedtoeitherproveordisprovetheoriginalhypothesis.Sincetheexperimentalresearchisdesignedtobeobjectivethemethodsinanexperimentwilllikelyincludesurveysandotherobjectivemeasurementslikeweight,height,bloodpressureandsoon.Howaboutanotherexample.Whatontologicalandepistemologicalbeliefsleadtoaphenomenologicalstudy?Letmegiveyouanotherhint…phenomenologyisdesignedtoexplorelivedexperiences.Oftenresearcherswilldoin-depthinterviewswithpeopletocollectinformationandunderstandthecontextoftheexperience.Ihopeyoupickeduponthekeywordsinthatquestion.Experiences,in-depth,interviews,context…allofthesewordsonlymakesenseiftheresearcherisusingarelativistontology.Thefactthatinterviewsarebeingdonetoexploreandunderstandthecontextofasituationmeansanemicepistemologyisbeingused.Inaphenomenologicalmethodologyresearchdesigndecisionsaremadebasedoncomplexphilosophiesabouthowdatashouldbecollectedandanalysed.Butbasicallytheystarttalkingtoparticipantstogatherasmuchspecificinformationastheycanaboutasituation.Thentheylookforpatternsorcommonfindingsintheirdata.Fromthosepatternstentativehypothesesarecreatedeventhoughtheyarenotusuallylabeledashypothesesintheactualstudybecausethatisaquantitativeterm.Thesehypothesesareusedtopromotemoreresearchandeventuallygeneralconclusionsortheoriesaredeveloped.Whenresultsarepresentedtheyarealwayslinkedtothecontextthatwasstudied.Thiskindoflogicthatismostcommonly(butnotalways)associatedwithqualitativeresearchiscalledinductivereasoning.Remember,yourontologydictatesyourepistemologywhichdictatesyourmethodologywhichdictatesyourmethods.Allofthisneedstomakesenseforthequestionyouareaskingsinceinrealitythequestiondriveseverything.Ifyoucanunderstandthebasicsofrealismandrelativismyoucanuselogictomatcheverythingelseaboutresearchepistemologyandmethodologytotheappropriateparadigmaslongasyouknowwhattheothertermsmean.Let’ssayyouarelookingatanotherarticleandyounoticethattheyaredescribingpatternsamongalargegroupofpeopleusingstatistics.Ifyouhadtoguess,whatdoyouthinktheontologyandepistemologythatleadtothisapproachis?Mosttimesthearticlewillexplicitlytellyouifitisquantitativeorqualitative,butsometimesitwon’t.Anotherwaytotellifyourmethodologyisquantitativeorqualitativeinnatureistolookattheuseofstatisticsandthesamplesize.Typicallyquantitativeresearchusesstatisticsandlargesamplesizes.Qualitativeresearchontheotherhandusessmallersamplesizesandthematicanalysis.Sometimesitismorecomplicatedthanthatsomakesureyoulookbeyondthesampleandstatisticstoconfirmyourguess.Doyouthinkthatmakessensebasedonwhatwehavediscussedsofar?Pleasecommentbelowtoletmeknowifyoucanmakesenseofthereasoning.Ihopeyouhavefoundthisvideohelpful.Formoreaboutthebasicsofthiscomplexterminologypleasereadmybookandletmeknowifyouhaveanyotherquestions.Ialsohaveafewothervideosaboutresearchphilosophyyoumightwanttocheckout.Sometimesallyouneedtodotounderstandsomethingistohearitexplainedinafewdifferentways.ThatiswhyIhavemultiplevideosonthistopic.IfyoutakeamomenttoexploremychannelyouwillseethatIhaveothervideosonthissametopicthatexplainthingsinotherways.Ifyoulikemyvideospleasepressthelikebuttonandsubscribetobenotifiedwhennewvideosarereleased.Studentslearningaboutresearchareexpectedtolearnwhatontology,epistemologyandmethodology 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