Taiwan under Qing rule - Wikipedia

Taiwan under Qing rule refers to the rule of the Qing dynasty over Formosa from 1683 to 1895. The Qing court sent an army led by general Shi Lang and ... TaiwanunderQingrule FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch 1683–1895periodinTaiwanesehistory Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "TaiwanunderQingrule" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February2013)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) TaiwanPrefecture臺灣清治時期Prefecture(1683-1885)Province(1885-1895)oftheQingdynasty1683–1895 Flag(1889–1895) SealofProvincialgovernorofFujian-Taiwan CapitalTaiwan-fu(1683-1885)Toatun(1885-87)Taipeh-fu(1887-95)History • TypeAbsolutemonarchy History • KingdomofTungningconqueredbyQing1683• TaiwanPrefecture,FujianProvinceestablished1684• TaiwanseparatedfromFujian,convertedtoitsownprovince1887• TreatyofShimonoseki(TOS);TaiwancededtoJapan17April1895• RepublicofFormosadeclaredinTaiwan23May1895• RepublicofFormosaconqueredbyJapan21October1895 Precededby Succeededby KingdomofTungning KingdomofMiddag TaiwanunderJapaneserule RepublicofFormosa TodaypartofRepublicofChina(Taiwan) Partofaseriesonthe HistoryofTaiwan Chronological Prehistoryto1624DutchFormosa1624–1662SpanishFormosa1626–1642KingdomofTungning1662–1683Qingrule1683–1895RepublicofFormosa1895Japaneserule1895–1945RepublicofChinarule1945–present Topical Cultural Economic Educational Television Local Kaohsiung Taipei KingdomofMiddag Lists Timeline Rulers Archaeologicalsites  Taiwanportalvte TaiwanunderQingrulereferstotheruleoftheQingdynastyoverFormosa(coastalareasofmodern-dayTaiwan[1])from1683to1895.TheQingcourtsentanarmyledbygeneralShiLangandannexedTaiwanin1683.ItwasgovernedasTaiwanPrefectureofFokienProvince(Fujian)untilthedeclarationofFokien-TaiwanProvincein1887.QingruleoverTaiwanendedwhenTaiwanwascededtoJapanbytheTreatyofShimonosekiin1895.ThereweremorethanahundredrebellionsduringtheQingperiod.Thefrequencyofrebellions,riots,andcivilstrifeinQingTaiwanledtothisperiodbeingreferredtobyhistoriansas"Everythreeyearsanuprising,everyfiveyearsarebellion." Contents 1History 1.1ZhuYiguirebellion 1.2LinShuangwenrebellion 1.3FirstOpiumWar 1.4Aboriginalattacksonforeignships 1.5Sino-FrenchWar 1.6Conflictwithaboriginalgroups 2QingpolicyonTaiwan 3Development 4ReactionofTaiwantotheTreatyofShimonoseki 5Listofgovernors 6Seealso 7References 7.1Citations 7.2Sources History[edit] TheQingEmpirein1820,withprovincesinyellow,militarygovernoratesandprotectoratesinlightyellow,tributarystatesinorange. FollowingthedeathofZhengJingin1681,theQingdynastyseizedtheadvantagepresentedbythestruggleforsuccessionanddispatchedtheirnavywithShiLangatitsheadtodestroytheZhengfleetoffthePenghuIslands.In1683followingtheBattleofPenghu,QingtroopslandedinTaiwan.ZhengKeshuanggaveintoQingdemandsforsurrender,andhisKingdomofTungningwasincorporatedintotheQingEmpireaspartofFujianProvince,therebyendingtwodecadesofrulebytheZhengfamily.[2] TheKangxiEmperoroftheQingdynastyannexedTaiwantoremoveanythreattohisdynastyfromremainingresistanceforcesontheisland.HoweverhedidnotconsiderTaiwantobepartoftheEmpireandeventriedtosellitbacktotheDutch.InitiallythepeopleofTaiwanconsideredtheManchuQingtobeaforeigncolonialregime.TheearlyQingdynastyinitiallyruledTaiwanaspartofFujian,in1885workbegantocreateaseparateprovinceandthiswascompletedin1887.[3] DuringtheQingperiodthereweremorethan100rebellionsinTaiwan.[3]Historiansrefertothisperiodas"Everythreeyearsanuprising,everyfiveyearsarebellion."(三年一反、五年一亂).[4] ZhuYiguirebellion[edit] In1721,aHokkien-HakkarebellionledbyZhuYiguicapturedTaiwan-fu(modern-dayTainan)andbrieflyestablishedagovernmentreminiscentoftheMingdynasty(seeSouthernMing). IntheimmediateaftermathofZhuYiguirebellion,thedesiretoopenupnewlandforcultivationsawgovernmentencouragingtheexpansionofHanChinesemigrationtootherareasoftheisland.Forinstance,thepopulationintheTamsuiareahadgrowntothepointwherethegovernmentneededanadministrativecentrethere,inadditiontoamilitaryoutpost.Thegovernmenttriedtobuildacentrewithlocalaboriginalcorvéelabor,buttreatedthemmorelikeslavesandfinallyprovokedanuprising.Aboriginalgroupssplittheirloyalties—mostjoinedtheuprising;someremainedloyaltotheQing,perhapsbecausetheyhadpre-existingfeudswiththeothergroups.Theaboriginalrevoltwasputdownwithinafewmonthswiththearrivalofadditionaltroops. LinShuangwenrebellion[edit] Mainarticle:LinShuangwenrebellion AsceneoftheTaiwanesecampaign1787-1788 TheLinShuangwenrebellionoccurredin1787–1788.[5]Lin,whowasanimmigrantfromZhangzhou,hadcometoTaiwanwithhisfatherinthe1770s.HewasinvolvedinthesecretHeavenandEarthSocietywhoseoriginsarenotclear.Lin'sfatherwasdetainedbythelocalauthorities,perhapsinsuspicionofhisactivitieswiththesociety;LinShuangwenthenorganizedtherestofthesocietymembersinarevoltinanattempttofreehisfather.TherewasinitialsuccessinpushinggovernmentforcesoutofLin'shomebaseinChanghua;hisalliesdidlikewiseinTamsui.Bythispoint,thefightingwasdrawinginZhangzhoupeoplebeyondjustthesocietymembers,andactivatingtheoldfeuds;thisbroughtoutQuanzhounetworks(aswellasHakka)onbehalfofthegovernment.Eventually,thegovernmentsentsufficientforcetorestoreorder;LinShuangwenwasexecutedandtheHeavenandEarthSocietywasdispersedtomainlandChinaorsentintohiding,buttherewasnowaytoeliminateill-willbetweenZhangzhou,Quanzhou,andHakkanetworks.Thoughtheyneveragainwereserioustopushoutthegovernmentorencompassthewholeisland,feudswentonsporadicallyformostofthe19thcentury,onlystartedcomingtoanendinthe1860s. FirstOpiumWar[edit] Seealso:FirstOpiumWar GiventhestrategicandcommercialvalueofTaiwan,therewereBritishsuggestionsin1840and1841toseizetheisland.[6][7]InSeptember1841,duringtheFirstOpiumWar,theBritishtransportshipNerbuddabecameshipwreckednearKeelungHarbourduetoatyphoon.ThebrigAnnalsobecameshipwreckedinMarch1842.MostofthecrewwereIndianlascars.SurvivorsfrombothshipsweretransferredbyauthoritiestothecapitalTainan.TheTaiwanQingcommanders,Ta-hung-ahandYaoYing,filedadisingenuousreporttotheemperor,claimingtohavedefendedagainstanattackfromtheKeelungfort.InOctober1841,HMSNimrodsailedtoKeelungtosearchfortheNerbuddasurvivors,butafterCaptainJosephPearsefoundoutthattheyweresentsouthforimprisonment,heorderedthebombardmentoftheharbouranddestroyed27setsofcannonbeforereturningtoHongKong.Mostofthesurvivors—over130fromtheNerbuddaand54fromtheAnn—wereexecutedinTainaninAugust1842.[6] Aboriginalattacksonforeignships[edit] Aboriginalpeoplehadslaughteredtheshipwreckedcrewsofwesternships.[8][9][10][11] In1867theentireAmericancrewoftheRoverweremassacredbyaboriginalsintheRoverincident.[12]WhentheAmericanslaunchedthepunitiveFormosaExpeditioninretaliation,theaboriginalsdefeatedtheAmericansandforcedthemtoretreat,killinganAmericanmarinewhilesufferingnocasualtiesthemselves.[13][14] IntheMudanIncident(1871),Aboriginalsslaughtered54RyukyuansailorswhichledtotheJapaneseinvasionofTaiwan(1874)againsttheAboriginals.[15][16] ThewatersaroundTaiwan(Formosa)werepirateinfested.[17][better source needed] Sino-FrenchWar[edit] Seealso:Sino-FrenchWar DuringtheSino-FrenchWar(1884-1885)theFrenchattemptedaninvasionofTaiwanduringtheKeelungCampaign.LiuMingchuan,whowasleadingthedefenceofTaiwan,recruitedAboriginalstoservealongsidetheChinesegovernmentsoldiersandHakkamilitiainfightingagainsttheFrench.TheFrenchweredefeatedattheBattleofTamsuiandtheQingforcespinnedtheFrenchdownatKeelunginaneight-month-longcampaignbeforetheFrenchwithdrew.TheHakkausedtheirprivatelyownedmusketsinsteadofmodernwesternrifles. Conflictwithaboriginalgroups[edit] TheQingneversucceedinbringingTaiwan’smountainousregionsundertheircontrol.In1886theQinggovernorLiuMing-chuansenthiscolonialforcestoattacktheAtayalpeopleinordertoprotectHaninterestsandthecamphortrade.Fightingcontinueduntil1891-1892whenthecombinedforcesoftheMkgoganandMsbtunuxlosttotheQing.Howeverthefiercenessoftheirresistanceledthecolonialregimetostopitseastwardexpansion.[18] QingpolicyonTaiwan[edit] QinghadthreemainpoliciesrelatingtothegovernanceofTaiwan.ThefirstpolicywastorestrictthequalificationandnumberofmigrantswhowereallowedtocrosstheTaiwanstraitandsettleinTaiwan.Thiswastopreventarapidgrowthinpopulation.ThesecondpolicywastorestrictHanChinesefromenteringthemountainareawhichwasmainlysettledbyIndigenousTaiwanesepeoples.Thispolicywastopreventconflictbetweenthetwogroups.ThethirdwastoapplydifferenttaxpoliciesforHanimmigrantsandaboriginalpeople.Thecolonialgovernmentfirstsoldfarmingrightsoflandtourbanbusinessmen,andthentheserights-ownerswouldrentoutportionsofthelandtoindividualfarmlaborersfromthemainland.BecauseofthehighpopulationfromFujianProvince,demandforlandwashigh,andthereforerentswerealsohighandmigrantlaborersusuallydidn'tmakemuchprofit.Foraboriginalgroups,taxfarmerswereused.Thegovernmentrecognizedaboriginalrightstoland,butper-villagetaxwasalsoimposed.Thetaxwasnotpaiddirectly,butbymerchantswhowerebuyingtherighttocollecttaxesforthemselves.Thetaxfarmers,andtheirinterpretersandforemen,wereknowntobecorruptandcommitabuses,especiallyagainstAborigines.Besides,corvéelaborwasincluded.Theresultseemedgood,sincethetaxpoliciesmadeconvenientrevenueforthegovernment,landowners,taxfarmers,yetHanandaboriginalpeoplewerestruggling.[citationneeded] From1683toaround1760,theQinggovernmentlimitedimmigrationtoTaiwan.Suchrestrictionwasrelaxedfollowingthe1760sandby1811thereweremorethantwomillionChineseimmigrantsonTaiwan.[citationneeded] TheTaiwanesePlainsAboriginesadoptedHancustoms.[citationneeded] Despitetherestrictions,thepopulationofHanChineseinTaiwangrewrapidlyfrom100,000to2,500,000,whilethepopulationofTaiwaneseAboriginesshrank.[19] TherestrictionsonmainlandChineseresidentsmigratingtoTaiwanstipulatedthatnofamilymemberscouldaccompanythemigrant.Therefore,mostmigrantsweremostlysinglemenormarriedmenwithwivesremainingonmainlandChina.MostearlymalemigrantstoTaiwanwouldchoosetomarrytheindigenouswomen.Accordingly,therewasasayingwhichstatedthat"therewereTangshan(Chinese)men,butnoTangshanwomen"(Chinese:有唐山公，無唐山媽;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:ŪTn̂g-soaⁿkong,bôTn̂g-soaⁿmá).[20][21] TheHanpeoplefrequentlyoccupiedtheindigenouslandorconductedillegalbusinesswiththeindigenouspeoples,soconflictsoftenhappened.Duringthattime,theQinggovernmentwasnotinterestedinmanagingthismatter.Itsimplydrewthebordersandclosedupthemountainareasotheycouldsegregatethetwogroups.ItalsoimplementedapolicywhichassumedthattheindigenouspeopleswouldunderstandthelawasmuchastheHanChinese,sowhenconflictsarosetheindigenouspeoplestendedtobejudgedunfairly.Accordingly,indigenouslandwereoftentakenthroughbothlegalandillegalmethods,sometimestheHanChineseevenusedinter-marriageasanexcusetooccupyland.Manypeoplecrossedthemaintainborderstofarmandtoconductbusiness,andconflictsfrequentlyarose.[citationneeded] Around1890,GovernorLiuMingchuandeclaredthat"anaggregatepopulationof88,000savageshadsubmittedtoImperialrule."[22]ThiswasonlypartofabroadactionbytheQinggovernmentagainstsouthernaboriginaltribesinChina.[23] Development[edit] TaiwanProvincialAdministrationHall TheHanpeopleoccupiedmostoftheplainsanddevelopedgoodagriculturalsystemsandprosperouscommerce,andconsequentlytransformedtheplainsofTaiwanintoaHan-likesociety.[citationneeded] Taiwanhadastrongagriculturalsectorintheeconomy,whilethecoastalprovincesofmainlandChinahadastronghandcraftingsector,thetradebetweenthetworegionsprosperedandmanycitiesinTaiwansuchasTainan,LukangandTaipeibecameimportanttradingports.[citationneeded] Afterthe1884-1885Sino-FrenchWar,theQinggovernmentrealizedthestrategicimportanceofTaiwaninrelationtotradeandgeographicallocationandthereforebegantotrytorapidlydevelopTaiwan.In1887,theislandbecameTaiwanProvince,andLiuMingchuanwasappointedasthefirstgovernor.[24]LiuincreasedtheadministrativeregionsinTaiwantotightencontrolandtoreducecrime.Heimplementedlandreformandsimplifiedlandmanagement.Asaresultofthelandreform,thetaxationreceivedbythegovernmentincreasedbymorethanthreefold.HealsodevelopedthemountainareatopromoteharmonybetweentheHanChineseandtheIndigenousTaiwanesepeoples.[citationneeded] However,modernizationofTaiwanwasLiu'smainachievement.[citationneeded]Heencouragedtheuseofmachineryandbuiltmilitarydefenseinfrastructure.Healsoimprovedtheroadandrailsystems.In1887,hestartedbuildingthefirstChinese-builtrailway(completedin1893,seeTaiwanRailwaysAdministration).In1888,heopenedthefirstpostofficeinTaiwan(seeChunghwaPost),whichwasalsothefirstinChina.TaiwanwasthenconsideredthemostdevelopedprovinceinChina.[citationneeded] However,Liuresignedhispostasgovernorin1891andmostofthemodernizationprojectsinitiatedbyhimcametoahaltshortlythereafterandwereneverrestartedthroughouttherestoftheQingreignovertheisland.[citationneeded]TheQingneverconsideredTaiwantobepartoftheiressentialimperialterritoryandasaresulttheywerewillingtouseitasabargainingchipinnegotiationswithJapan.In1895,TaiwanwascededtoJapanbytheTreatyofShimonoseki.[25] WesternersclaimedthatdiseaseslikeleprosyandmalariawerepresentinTaiwan.[26][27] ReactionofTaiwantotheTreatyofShimonoseki[edit] Seealso:RepublicofFormosaandJapaneseinvasionofTaiwan(1895) InanattempttopreventJapaneserule,anindependentdemocraticRepublicofFormosawasdeclared.Thisrepublicwasshort-livedastheJapanesequicklysuppressedopposition. SomeTaiwaneserejectedspecificallytheideathattheybecolonizedbyJapan,preferringGreatBritainorFranceinstead.[25] UnderthetermsofthetreatyallTaiwaneseweregiventwoyearstodecidewhethertostayinTaiwanorgotoChina.Outofapproximately2.5millionpeoplelessthan10,000left.[25] Listofgovernors[edit] Seealso:GovernorofFormosa GovernorsofFujian-Taiwan(福建臺灣巡撫) No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Ancestry Previouspost Termofoffice(Chinesecalendar) EmperoroftheQingDynasty 1 LiuMingchuan劉銘傳LiúMíngchuán(Mandarin)LâuBêng-thoân(Taiwanese)LiùMèn-chhòn(Hakka)(1836–1896) Hefei,Anhui GovernorofFujian 12October1885Guangxu11-9-5 4June1891Guangxu17-4-28 GuangxuEmperor acting ShenYingkui沈應奎ShěnYìngkuí(Mandarin)TîmÈng-khe(Taiwanese)Chhṳ̀mEn-khùi(Hakka) Pinghu,Zhejiang CivilAffairsMinister,Fujian-TaiwanProvince 4June1891Guangxu17-4-28 25November1891Guangxu17-10-24 2 ShaoYoulian邵友濂ShàoYǒulián(Mandarin)SiōIú-liâm(Taiwanese)SeuYû-liàm(Hakka)(1840–1901) Yuyao,Zhejiang GovernorofHunan 9May1891Guangxu17-4-2 13October1894Guangxu20-9-15 3 TangJingsong唐景崧TángJǐngsōng(Mandarin)Tn̂gKéng-siông(Taiwanese)ThòngKín-chhiùng(Hakka)(1841–1903) Guanyang,Guangxi CivilAffairsMinister,Fujian-TaiwanProvince 13October1894Guangxu20-9-15 20May1895Guangxu21-4-26 Seealso[edit] HanTaiwanese QingDynastyTaiwanProvincialAdministrationHall Taiwaneseaborigines:Qingrule TaiChao-chuenincident ManchuriaunderQingrule MongoliaunderQingrule XinjiangunderQingrule TibetunderQingrule TaiwanunderJapaneserule HistoryofTaiwan References[edit] Citations[edit] ^臺灣歷史地圖增訂版[TaiwanHistoricalMaps,ExpandedandRevisedEdition].Taipei:NationalMuseumofTaiwanHistory.February2018.pp. 86–87.ISBN 978-986-05-5274-4. ^Copper(2000),p. 10. ^abvanderWees,Gerrit."HasTaiwanAlwaysBeenPartofChina?".thediplomat.com.TheDiplomat.Retrieved1December2020. ^Skoggard,IanA.(1996).TheIndigenousDynamicinTaiwan'sPostwarDevelopment:TheReligiousandHistoricalRootsofEntrepreneurship.M.E.Sharpe.ISBN 9781563248467.OL 979742M.p.10 ^Peterson,WillardJ.(2002),Part1:TheCh'ingEmpireto1800,TheCambridgeHistoryofChina,vol. 9,CambridgeUniversityPress,p. 269,ISBN 9780521243346,OL 7734135M ^abShih-ShanHenryTsai(2009).MaritimeTaiwan:HistoricalEncounterswiththeEastandtheWest.Routledge.pp. 66–67.ISBN 978-1-317-46517-1. ^LeonardH.D.Gordon(2007).ConfrontationOverTaiwan:Nineteenth-CenturyChinaandthePowers.LexingtonBooks.p. 32.ISBN 978-0-7391-1869-6. ^HarrisInwoodMartin(1949).TheJapaneseDemandforFormosaintheTreatyofShimonoseki,1895.StanfordUniv.p. 23. ^RonaldStoneAnderson(1946).FormosaUndertheJapanese:ARecordofFiftyYears'Occupation...StanfordUniversity.p. 63. ^AndrewJonahGrad(1942).FormosaToday:AnAnalysisoftheEconomicDevelopmentandStrategicImportanceofJapan'sTropicalColony.AMSPress.p. 16.ISBN 978-0-404-59526-5. ^JohnFisher;AntonyBest(2011).OntheFringesofDiplomacy:InfluencesonBritishForeignPolicy,1800-1945.AshgatePublishing,Ltd.pp. 185–.ISBN 978-1-4094-0120-9. ^JapanWeeklyMail.JappanMeruShinbunsha.1874.pp. 263–. ^TheNation.J.H.Richards.1889.pp. 256–. ^http://www.greendragonsociety.com/Military_History/Taiwan_Formosa_page.htmhttp://michaelturton.blogspot.com/2010/12/rover-incident-of-1867.htmlhttp://michaelturton.blogspot.com/2010_12_01_archive.html"SearchResultsTHEPIRATESOFFORMOSA.-OfficialReportsoftheEngagementofTheUnitedStatesNavalForceswiththeSavagesoftheIsle"(PDF).TheNewYorkTimes.WASHINGTON.23August1867."THEPIRATESOFFORMOSA.;OfficialReportsoftheEngagementoftheUnitedStatesNavalForceswiththeSavagesoftheIsle".TheNewYorkTimes.24August1867."EUROPEANINTELLIGENCE.;GaribaldiatSiennaPreparingtoMarchUponRomeRumoredResignationofOmarPashaasTurkishCommanderinCreteAdjustmentoftheDifficultiesBetweenPrussiaandDenmarkBombardmentoftheIslandofFormosabyAmericanShipsofWarCHINAConflictBetweenUnitedStatesShips-of-WarandthePiratesoftheIslandofFormosaMexicanDollarsCoinedDuringtheReighofMaximilianUncurrentITALYGaribaldiatSiennaPreparingfortheAttackonRomePRUSSIAPrebableSettlementoftheDifficultiesBetweenPrussiaandDenmarkCANDIARumoredResignationofOmarPashaasCommanderoftheTurkishForcesWhoCaseoftheShipAnnaKimballSatisfactorilySettiedIRELANDSentenceoftheFenianCapt.MoriartyMarineDisasterAttitudeoftheFrenchandItalianGovernmentsTowardtheGaribaldiansTheMissionofGen.DumontfromaFrenchPointofViewTheInterferenceofFranceintheAffairsofSchleswigJAVATheTerribleEarthquakeintheIslandTheApproachingVisitofFrancisJosephofAustria--MovementsoftheEmperorNapo".TheNewYorkTimes.LONDON.14August1867."NEWSOFTHEDAY.;EUROPE.GENERAL.LOCAL".TheNewYorkTimes.24August1867."TheAmericanFleetinChineseWaters--AvengingNationalInsults".TheNewYorkTimes.15August1867. ^JapanGazette.1873.pp. 73–. ^"WASHINGTON.;OFFICIALDISPATCHESONTHEFORMOSADIFFICULTY.PARTIALOCCUPATIONOFTHEISLANDBYJAPANESETHEATTITUDEOFCHINAUNCERTAINCHARACTEROFTHEFORMOSANBARBARIANS.THERAILROADANDTHEMAILS.THEVACANTINSPECTORGENERALSHIPOFSTEAMBOATS.THETREATYOFWASHINGTON.THECURRENCYBANKSAUTHORIZEDCIRCULATIONWITHDRAWN.POSTMASTERSAPPOINTED.APPOINTMENTOFANINDIANCOMMISSIONER.THEWRECKOFTHESCOTLAND,NEW-YORKHARBOR.NAVALORDERS.TOLLONVESSELSENGAGEDINFOREIGNCOMMERCE.THETREASURYSECRETSERVICE.TREASURYBALANCES".TheNewYorkTimes.WASHINGTON.18August1874. ^theLondonTimes(26November1858)."ThePiratesoftheChineseSeas".TheNewYorkTimes.FromOurOwnCorrespondent.(29January1861)."THEJAPANESEEMBASSY.;FurtherParticularsoftheirArrivalatYeddoVoyageoftheNiagarafromHong-KongTheLastBanquetonBoardTheLastofTommy.UNITEDSTATESSTEAM-FRIGATENIAGARA".TheNewYorkTimes."TheAmericanFleetinChineseWaters--AvengingNationalInsults".TheNewYorkTimes.15August1867. ^Cheung,Han(2May2021)."TaiwaninTime:ThefallofthenorthernAtayal".www.taipeitimes.com.TaipeiTimes.Retrieved10May2021. ^Davidson(1903),p. 561. ^"Entry#60161".臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典[DictionaryofFrequently-UsedTaiwanMinnan].(inChineseandHokkien).MinistryofEducation,R.O.C.2011. ^Tai(2007),p. 52. ^Davidson(1903),p. 253:"True,however,tothetraditionsofhisclasshepermittednorumoroffailuretoreachtheauthoritiesinPeking.Onthecontrary,heofficiallydeclared(andhisdeclarationwaspublishedinthePekingGazette)that,asaresultofhislabors,478villageswithanaggregatepopulationof88,000savageshadsubmittedtoImperialrule.Justexactlywherethegovernorfoundthemallisnotstated.EvenhadheincludedthealreadyconqueredandpeacefulPepohoans,whohadnotbeenengagedinthewarfaredescribed,andcouldnot,therefore,berightlycountedasnewsubjects,the478villagesmusthavestretchedhispowersofimaginationtotheutmost." ^TheChinesetimes,Volume4.THETIENTSINPRINTINGCO.1890.p. 24.Retrieved2011-06-27.FromJanuary,1890,toDecember,1890 ^Davidson(1903),p. 244:"DuringtheFrenchwar,LiuMing-chuanhadbeenplacedinsolecommand,responsibleonlytothecentralauthorities.Underhissuperintendence,Formosahadbeencarriedsafelythroughthewar,anditwasnowapparentthattheexigenciesofthetimesrequiredthattheislandshouldbemadeanindependentprovince,andthatofficialsofhighrankandundoubtedabilityshouldbehenceforthplacedinchargeofit.Therefore,in1887,theislandwasdeclaredbyImperialdecreeanindependentprovince,andtheImperialCommissionerLiuMing-chuanwasappointedthefirstgovernor." ^abcDawley,Evan."WasTaiwanEverReallyaPartofChina?".thediplomat.com.TheDiplomat.Retrieved10June2021. ^Skertchly,S.B.J.(1893)."TheEthnographyofLeprosyintheFarEast".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyofQueensland.13:14.ThetwoislandsofHainanandFormosaarestrikingexamplesofourtheme.Hainanisinhabitedbyatribethat,keepingtotheinterior,givebutpartialsubmissiontotheChinese,andholdscarcelyanycommunicationwiththem.TheChineseproperontheisland,aremostlydescendantsofemigrantsfromFokien,andtheyareleprous,whilethenativesarefree.FormosawasearlysettledbyanIndonesianrace,andtheislanddidnotbecomeChinesetill1661.Evennowtheyareconfinedtothewestofthedividingrange,andthenativessuccessfullyholdtherest.TheChineseareleprous,theFormosansarenot. ^ Nitobe,Inazo(1912)."JapanasaColonizer".TheJournalofRaceDevelopment.2(4):349.doi:10.2307/29737924.JSTOR 29737924.Theindigenouspopulationconsistsofhead-huntersofMalaydescent,wholiveinsmallcommunitiesinaverylowgradeofculture.Theonlyartwithwhichtheyareacquaintedisagriculture,andthatinaveryprimitivestyle—whattheGermansnameSpatencultur,notagricultureproperbutratherwhatMr.Morgan,ifIrememberrightly,inhisPrimitiveSocietycallsaprimitiveformofhorticulture.Theyhavenoploughs;theyhavenodraftanimals;thishorticultureisallthattheyknow.Butthesepeopleareverycleanlyintheirhabits.ThismaybeduetotheirMalayinstinctoffrequentbathing;andtheykeeptheircottagesperfectlyclean,unlikeothersavagesofasimilargradeofculture.Themainpartofthepopulation,however,consistsofChinesewhohavecomefromthecontinentandsettledinFormosa.Theycamechieflyfromtheoppositeshores,theprovinceofFukienandfromthecityandsurroundingsofCanton.ItseemsthattheChineseemigrantscouldnotperpetuatetheirfamiliesintheirnewhomeforanynumberofgenerations,succumbingastheydidtothedirectandindirecteffectsofmalaria,andhencetheChinesepopulationproperwasconstantlyreplenishedbynewarrivalsfromthemainland.Theaboriginesorsavageslivingaprimitivelife,constantlydrivenintotheforestregionsandhighaltitudes,didnotincreaseinnumbers;sowhenJapanassumedauthorityinthisislandshefoundfewconditionsthatbespokeahopefuloutlook.TheChinese,representingtwobranchesoftheirracetotallydifferentincharacterandintheirdialects—theirdialectbeingunintelligibleonetotheother—occupiedthecoastandtheplainsandwerechieflyengagedinagriculturalpursuits.Theyhadafewfortifiedcitiesandtownsamongthem;TainanandTaihoku,withapopulationofabout40,000werethemostimportant. Sources[edit] Workscited Copper,JohnF.(2000).HistoricaldictionaryofTaiwan(RepublicofChina)(2nd ed.).Lanham,Md.[u.a.]:ScarecrowPress.p. 10.ISBN 9780810836655.OL 39088M. Davidson,JamesW.(1903)."ChapterXVII:ProgressiveFormosa:AProvinceofChina.1886-1894".TheIslandofFormosa,PastandPresent :history,people,resources,andcommercialprospects :tea,camphor,sugar,gold,coal,sulphur,economicalplants,andotherproductions.London,England;NewYork,NY:Macmillan.OCLC 1887893.OL 6931635M. Tai,Pao-tsun(2007).TheConciseHistoryofTaiwan(Chinese-Englishbilingual ed.).NantouCity:TaiwanHistorica.ISBN 9789860109504. Generalreferences Teng,Emma(1March2006).Taiwan'sImaginedGeography:ChineseColonialTravelWritingandPictures,1683-1895.HarvardUnivAsiaCenter.ISBN 978-0-674-02119-8. 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