Love - Wikipedia

Definitions Love FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Emotion Forotheruses,seeLove(disambiguation). PartofaseriesonLove Typesoflove Affection Bonding Brokenheart Compassionatelove Conjugallove Courtlylove courtship troubadours Fallinginlove Friendship cross-sex romantic zone Interpersonalrelationship Intimacy Limerence Loveaddiction Loveatfirstsight Lovetriangle Lovesickness Lovestruck Obsessivelove Passion Platoniclove Puppylove Relationship Romance Self-love Amourdesoi Unconditionallove Unrequitedlove Socialviews Anarchist Freelove Chinese Ren Yuanfen French Amour-propre Greek wordsforlove Agape Eros Ludus Mania Philautia Philia Philos Pragma Storge Xenia Indian Kama Bhakti Maitrī Islamic Ishq Jewish Chesed Latin Amor Charity Portuguese Saudade Yaghan Mamihlapinatapai Concepts Colorwheeltheoryoflove Biologicalbasis Loveletter Lovemagic Valentine'sDay Philosophy Religiousviews lovedeities Mere-exposureeffect Similarity Physicalattractiveness Triangulartheoryoflove vte PartofaseriesonEmotions Affect Classification Inanimals Emotionalintelligence Mood Regulation Interpersonal Dysregulation Valence Emotions Acceptance Admiration Affection Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Boredom Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Curiosity Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Elevation Embarrassment Empathy Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Faith Fear Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Interest Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love Lust Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Sadness Saudade Schadenfreude Self-pity Shame Shock Shyness Socialconnection Sorrow Suffering Surprise Suspicion Trust Wonder Worry vte Thisarticlecontainsspecialcharacters.Withoutproperrenderingsupport,youmayseequestionmarks,boxes,orothersymbols. Loveencompassesarangeofstrongandpositiveemotionalandmentalstates,fromthemostsublimevirtueorgoodhabit,thedeepestinterpersonalaffection,tothesimplestpleasure.[1][2]Anexampleofthisrangeofmeaningsisthattheloveofamotherdiffersfromtheloveofaspouse,whichdiffersfromtheloveforfood.Mostcommonly,lovereferstoafeelingofastrongattractionandemotionalattachment.[3][4][5] Loveisconsideredtobebothpositiveandnegative,withitsvirtuerepresentinghumankindness,compassion,andaffection,as"theunselfishloyalandbenevolentconcernforthegoodofanother"anditsvicerepresentinghumanmoralflaw,akintovanity,selfishness,amour-propre,andegotism,aspotentiallyleadingpeopleintoatypeofmania,obsessivenessorcodependency.[6][7]Itmayalsodescribecompassionateandaffectionateactionstowardsotherhumans,one'sself,oranimals.[8]Initsvariousforms,loveactsasamajorfacilitatorofinterpersonalrelationshipsand,owingtoitscentralpsychologicalimportance,isoneofthemostcommonthemesinthecreativearts.[9]Lovehasbeenpostulatedtobeafunctionthatkeepshumanbeingstogetheragainstmenacesandtofacilitatethecontinuationofthespecies.[10] AncientGreekphilosophersidentifiedsixformsoflove:essentially,familiallove(inGreek,Storge),friendlyloveorplatoniclove(Philia),romanticlove(Eros),self-love(Philautia),guestlove(Xenia),anddivinelove(Agape).Modernauthorshavedistinguishedfurthervarietiesoflove:unrequitedlove,emptylove,companionatelove,consummatelove,infatuatedlove,self-love,andcourtlylove.NumerouscultureshavealsodistinguishedRen,Yuanfen,Mamihlapinatapai,Cafuné,Kama,Bhakti,Mettā,Ishq,Chesed,Amore,Charity,Saudade(andothervariantsorsymbiosesofthesestates),asculturallyuniquewords,definitions,orexpressionsofloveinregardstoaspecified"moments"currentlylackingintheEnglishlanguage.[11][12][13] Scientificresearchonemotionhasincreasedsignificantlyoverthepasttwodecades.Thecolorwheeltheoryoflovedefinesthreeprimary,threesecondaryandninetertiarylovestyles,describingthemintermsofthetraditionalcolorwheel.Thetriangulartheoryoflovesuggests"intimacy,passionandcommitment"arecorecomponentsoflove.Lovehasadditionalreligiousorspiritualmeaning.Thisdiversityofusesandmeaningscombinedwiththecomplexityofthefeelingsinvolvedmakesloveunusuallydifficulttoconsistentlydefine,comparedtootheremotionalstates. Contents 1Definitions 2Impersonal 3Interpersonal 3.1Biologicalbasis 3.2Psychologicalbasis 3.3Evolutionarybasis 3.4Adaptivebenefit 3.5Comparisonofscientificmodels 4Culturalviews 4.1AncientGreek 4.2AncientRoman(Latin) 4.3ChineseandotherSinic 4.4Japanese 4.5Indian 4.6Persian 5Religiousviews 5.1Abrahamic 5.1.1Judaism 5.1.2Christianity 5.1.3Islam 5.1.4Bahá'íFaith 5.2Dharmic 5.2.1Buddhism 5.2.2Hinduism 6Politicalviews 6.1Freelove 7Philosophicalviews 8Seealso 9References 10Sources 11Furtherreading 12Externallinks Definitions RomeoandJuliet,depictedastheypartonthebalconyinActIII,1867byFordMadoxBrown Theword"love"canhaveavarietyofrelatedbutdistinctmeaningsindifferentcontexts.ManyotherlanguagesusemultiplewordstoexpresssomeofthedifferentconceptsthatinEnglisharedenotedas"love";oneexampleisthepluralityofGreekconceptsfor"love"(agape,eros,philia,storge).[14]Culturaldifferencesinconceptualizinglovethusdoublyimpedetheestablishmentofauniversaldefinition.[15] Althoughthenatureoressenceofloveisasubjectoffrequentdebate,differentaspectsofthewordcanbeclarifiedbydeterminingwhatisn'tlove(antonymsof"love").Loveasageneralexpressionofpositivesentiment(astrongerformoflike)iscommonlycontrastedwithhate(orneutralapathy).Asaless-sexualandmore-emotionallyintimateformofromanticattachment,loveiscommonlycontrastedwithlust.Asaninterpersonalrelationshipwithromanticovertones,loveissometimescontrastedwithfriendship,althoughthewordloveisoftenappliedtoclosefriendshipsorplatoniclove.(Furtherpossibleambiguitiescomewithusages"girlfriend","boyfriend","justgoodfriends"). Fraternallove(Prehispanicsculpturefrom250to900AD,ofHuastecorigin).MuseumofAnthropologyinXalapa,Veracruz,MexicoAbstractlydiscussed,loveusuallyreferstoanexperienceonepersonfeelsforanother.Loveofteninvolvescaringfor,oridentifyingwith,apersonorthing(cf.vulnerabilityandcaretheoryoflove),includingoneself(cf.narcissism).Inadditiontocross-culturaldifferencesinunderstandinglove,ideasaboutlovehavealsochangedgreatlyovertime.SomehistoriansdatemodernconceptionsofromanticlovetocourtlyEuropeduringoraftertheMiddleAges,althoughthepriorexistenceofromanticattachmentsisattestedbyancientlovepoetry.[16] Thecomplexandabstractnatureofloveoftenreducesdiscourseoflovetoathought-terminatingcliché.Severalcommonproverbsregardlove,fromVirgil's"Loveconquersall"toTheBeatles'"AllYouNeedIsLove".St.ThomasAquinas,followingAristotle,definesloveas"towillthegoodofanother."[17]BertrandRusselldescribesloveasaconditionof"absolutevalue,"asopposedtorelativevalue.[citationneeded]PhilosopherGottfriedLeibnizsaidthatloveis"tobedelightedbythehappinessofanother."[18]MeherBabastatedthatinlovethereisa"feelingofunity"andan"activeappreciationoftheintrinsicworthoftheobjectoflove."[19]BiologistJeremyGriffithdefinesloveas"unconditionalselflessness".[20] Impersonal Peoplecanbesaidtoloveanobject,principle,orgoaltowhichtheyaredeeplycommittedandgreatlyvalue.Forexample,compassionateoutreachandvolunteerworkers'"love"oftheircausemaysometimesbebornnotofinterpersonallovebutimpersonallove,altruism,andstrongspiritualorpoliticalconvictions.[21]Peoplecanalso"love"materialobjects,animals,oractivitiesiftheyinvestthemselvesinbondingorotherwiseidentifyingwiththosethings.Ifsexualpassionisalsoinvolved,thenthisfeelingiscalledparaphilia.[22] Interpersonal Relationships(Outline) Types Geneticoradoptive Kinship Family Parent father mother Grandparent Sibling Cousin Bymarriage Spouse Husband Wife Openmarriage Polygamy Polyandry Polygyny Groupmarriage Mixed-orientation Partner(s) Significantother Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Same-sex Lifepartner Friendship (romantic/cross-sex/zone) Intimateandsexual Casual Monogamy Non-monogamy Mutualmonogamy Polyamory Polyfidelity Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress Activities Bonding Courtship Dating Engagement Bachelor'sDay Mating Meetmarket Romance Singlesevent Wedding Endings Breakup Legal/maritalseparation Annulment Divorce Widowhood Emotionsandfeelings Affinity Attachment Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Platonic Unconditional Passion Sexuality Practices Brideprice dower dowry service Hypergamy Infidelity Sexualactivity Transgression Repression Abuse Child Dating Domestic Elderly Narcissisticparent Powerandcontrol Stalking vte Interpersonallovereferstolovebetweenhumanbeings.Itisamuchmorepotentsentimentthanasimplelikingforaperson.Unrequitedlovereferstothosefeelingsoflovethatarenotreciprocated.InterpersonalloveismostcloselyassociatedwithInterpersonalrelationships.[21]Suchlovemightexistbetweenfamilymembers,friends,andcouples.Therearealsoanumberofpsychologicaldisordersrelatedtolove,suchaserotomania. Throughouthistory,philosophyandreligionhavedonethemostspeculationonthephenomenonoflove.Inthe20thcentury,thescienceofpsychologyhaswrittenagreatdealonthesubject.Inrecentyears,thesciencesofpsychology,anthropology,neuroscience,andbiologyhaveaddedtotheunderstandingoftheconceptoflove. Biologicalbasis Mainarticle:Biologicalbasisoflove Biologicalmodelsofsextendtoviewloveasamammaliandrive,muchlikehungerorthirst.[23]HelenFisher,ananthropologistandhumanbehaviorresearcher,dividestheexperienceofloveintothreepartlyoverlappingstages:lust,attraction,andattachment.Lustisthefeelingofsexualdesire;romanticattractiondetermineswhatpartnersmatesfindattractiveandpursue,conservingtimeandenergybychoosing;andattachmentinvolvessharingahome,parentalduties,mutualdefense,andinhumansinvolvesfeelingsofsafetyandsecurity.[24]Threedistinctneuralcircuitries,includingneurotransmitters,andthreebehavioralpatterns,areassociatedwiththesethreeromanticstyles.[24] PairofLovers.1480–1485 Lustistheinitialpassionatesexualdesirethatpromotesmating,andinvolvestheincreasedreleaseofchemicalssuchastestosteroneandestrogen.Theseeffectsrarelylastmorethanafewweeksormonths.Attractionisthemoreindividualizedandromanticdesireforaspecificcandidateformating,whichdevelopsoutoflustascommitmenttoanindividualmateforms.Recentstudiesinneurosciencehaveindicatedthataspeoplefallinlove,thebrainconsistentlyreleasesacertainsetofchemicals,includingtheneurotransmitterhormones,dopamine,norepinephrine,andserotonin,thesamecompoundsreleasedbyamphetamine,stimulatingthebrain'spleasurecenterandleadingtosideeffectssuchasincreasedheartrate,lossofappetiteandsleep,andanintensefeelingofexcitement.Researchhasindicatedthatthisstagegenerallylastsfromoneandahalftothreeyears.[25] Sincethelustandattractionstagesarebothconsideredtemporary,athirdstageisneededtoaccountforlong-termrelationships.Attachmentisthebondingthatpromotesrelationshipslastingformanyyearsandevendecades.Attachmentisgenerallybasedoncommitmentssuchasmarriageandchildren,ormutualfriendshipbasedonthingslikesharedinterests.Ithasbeenlinkedtohigherlevelsofthechemicalsoxytocinandvasopressintoagreaterdegreethanshort-termrelationshipshave.[25]EnzoEmanueleandcoworkersreportedtheproteinmoleculeknownasthenervegrowthfactor(NGF)hashighlevelswhenpeoplefirstfallinlove,butthesereturntopreviouslevelsafteroneyear.[26] Psychologicalbasis Furtherinformation:Humanbonding GrandmotherandgrandchildinSriLanka Psychologydepictsloveasacognitiveandsocialphenomenon.PsychologistRobertSternbergformulatedatriangulartheoryofloveandarguedthatlovehasthreedifferentcomponents:intimacy,commitment,andpassion.Intimacyisaforminwhichtwopeopleshareconfidencesandvariousdetailsoftheirpersonallives,andisusuallyshowninfriendshipsandromanticloveaffairs.Commitment,ontheotherhand,istheexpectationthattherelationshipispermanent.Thelastformofloveissexualattractionandpassion.Passionateloveisshownininfatuationaswellasromanticlove.Allformsofloveareviewedasvaryingcombinationsofthesethreecomponents.Non-lovedoesnotincludeanyofthesecomponents.Likingonlyincludesintimacy.Infatuatedloveonlyincludespassion.Emptyloveonlyincludescommitment.Romanticloveincludesbothintimacyandpassion.Companionateloveincludesintimacyandcommitment.Fatuousloveincludespassionandcommitment.Lastly,consummateloveincludesallthreecomponents.[27]AmericanpsychologistZickRubinsoughttodefinelovebypsychometricsinthe1970s.Hisworkstatesthatthreefactorsconstitutelove:attachment,caring,andintimacy.[28][29] FollowingdevelopmentsinelectricaltheoriessuchasCoulomb'slaw,whichshowedthatpositiveandnegativechargesattract,analogsinhumanlifeweredeveloped,suchas"oppositesattract".Overthelastcentury,researchonthenatureofhumanmatinghasgenerallyfoundthisnottobetruewhenitcomestocharacterandpersonality—peopletendtolikepeoplesimilartothemselves.However,inafewunusualandspecificdomains,suchasimmunesystems,itseemsthathumanspreferotherswhoareunlikethemselves(e.g.,withanorthogonalimmunesystem),sincethiswillleadtoababythathasthebestofbothworlds.[30]Inrecentyears,varioushumanbondingtheorieshavebeendeveloped,describedintermsofattachments,ties,bonds,andaffinities. SomeWesternauthoritiesdisaggregateintotwomaincomponents,thealtruisticandthenarcissistic.ThisviewisrepresentedintheworksofScottPeck,whoseworkinthefieldofappliedpsychologyexploredthedefinitionsofloveandevil.Peckmaintainsthatloveisacombinationofthe"concernforthespiritualgrowthofanother,"andsimplenarcissism.[31]Incombination,loveisanactivity,notsimplyafeeling. PsychologistErichFrommmaintainedinhisbookTheArtofLovingthatloveisnotmerelyafeelingbutisalsoactions,andthatinfact,the"feeling"ofloveissuperficialincomparisontoone'scommitmenttoloveviaaseriesoflovingactionsovertime.[21]Inthissense,Frommheldthatloveisultimatelynotafeelingatall,butratherisacommitmentto,andadherenceto,lovingactionstowardsanother,oneself,ormanyothers,overasustainedduration.[21]Frommalsodescribedloveasaconsciouschoicethatinitsearlystagesmightoriginateasaninvoluntaryfeeling,butwhichthenlaternolongerdependsonthosefeelings,butratherdependsonlyonconsciouscommitment.[21] Evolutionarybasis WallofLoveonMontmartreinParis:"Iloveyou"in250languages,bycalligraphistFédéricBaronandartistClaireKito(2000) Evolutionarypsychologyhasattemptedtoprovidevariousreasonsforloveasasurvivaltool.Humansaredependentonparentalhelpforalargeportionoftheirlifespanscomparedtoothermammals.Lovehasthereforebeenseenasamechanismtopromoteparentalsupportofchildrenforthisextendedtimeperiod.Furthermore,researchersasearlyasCharlesDarwinhimselfidentifieduniquefeaturesofhumanlovecomparedtoothermammalsandcreditloveasamajorfactorforcreatingsocialsupportsystemsthatenabledthedevelopmentandexpansionofthehumanspecies.[32]Anotherfactormaybethatsexuallytransmitteddiseasescancause,amongothereffects,permanentlyreducedfertility,injurytothefetus,andincreasecomplicationsduringchildbirth.Thiswouldfavormonogamousrelationshipsoverpolygamy.[33] Adaptivebenefit Interpersonallovebetweenamaleandafemaleisconsideredtoprovideanevolutionaryadaptivebenefitsinceitfacilitatesmatingandsexualreproduction.[34]However,someorganismscanreproduceasexuallywithoutmating.Thusunderstandingtheadaptivebenefitofinterpersonallovedependsonunderstandingtheadaptivebenefitofsexualreproductionasopposedtoasexualreproduction.Michod[34]hasreviewedevidencethatlove,andconsequentlysexualreproduction,providestwomajoradaptiveadvantages.First,loveleadingtosexualreproductionfacilitatesrepairofdamagesintheDNAthatispassedfromparenttoprogeny(duringmeiosis,akeystageofthesexualprocess).Second,ageneineitherparentmaycontainaharmfulmutation,butintheprogenyproducedbysexreproduction,expressionofaharmfulmutationintroducedbyoneparentislikelytobemaskedbyexpressionoftheunaffectedhomologousgenefromtheotherparent.[34] Comparisonofscientificmodels Biologicalmodelsoflovetendtoseeitasamammaliandrive,similartohungerorthirst.[23]Psychologyseesloveasmoreofasocialandculturalphenomenon.Certainly,loveisinfluencedbyhormones(suchasoxytocin),neurotrophins(suchasNGF),andpheromones,andhowpeoplethinkandbehaveinloveisinfluencedbytheirconceptionsoflove.Theconventionalviewinbiologyisthattherearetwomajordrivesinlove:sexualattractionandattachment.Attachmentbetweenadultsispresumedtoworkonthesameprinciplesthatleadaninfanttobecomeattachedtoitsmother.Thetraditionalpsychologicalviewseesloveasbeingacombinationofcompanionateloveandpassionatelove.Passionateloveisintenselonging,andisoftenaccompaniedbyphysiologicalarousal(shortnessofbreath,rapidheartrate);companionateloveisaffectionandafeelingofintimacynotaccompaniedbyphysiologicalarousal. Culturalviews AncientGreek Seealso:Greekwordsforlove RomancopyofaGreeksculpturebyLysippusdepictingEros,theGreekpersonificationofromanticlove Greekdistinguishesseveraldifferentsensesinwhichtheword"love"isused.AncientGreeksidentifiedfourformsoflove:kinshiporfamiliarity(inGreek,storge),friendshipand/orplatonicdesire(philia),sexualand/orromanticdesire(eros),andself-emptyingordivinelove(agape).[35][36]Modernauthorshavedistinguishedfurthervarietiesofromanticlove.[37]However,withGreek(aswithmanyotherlanguages),ithasbeenhistoricallydifficulttoseparatethemeaningsofthesewordstotally.Atthesametime,theAncientGreektextoftheBiblehasexamplesoftheverbagapohavingthesamemeaningasphileo. Agape(ἀγάπηagápē)meansloveinmodern-dayGreek.Theterms'agapomeansIloveyouinGreek.ThewordagapoistheverbIlove.Itgenerallyreferstoa"pure,"idealtypeoflove,ratherthanthephysicalattractionsuggestedbyeros.However,therearesomeexamplesofagapeusedtomeanthesameaseros.Ithasalsobeentranslatedas"loveofthesoul."[38] Eros(ἔρωςérōs)(fromtheGreekdeityEros)ispassionatelove,withsensualdesireandlonging.TheGreekworderotameansinlove.Platorefinedhisowndefinition.Althougherosisinitiallyfeltforaperson,withcontemplationitbecomesanappreciationofthebeautywithinthatperson,orevenbecomesappreciationofbeautyitself.Eroshelpsthesoulrecallknowledgeofbeautyandcontributestoanunderstandingofspiritualtruth.Loversandphilosophersareallinspiredtoseektruthbyeros.Sometranslationslistitas"loveofthebody".[38] Philia(φιλίαphilía),adispassionatevirtuouslove,wasaconceptaddressedanddevelopedbyAristotleinhisNicomacheanEthicsBookVIII.[39]Itincludesloyaltytofriends,family,andcommunity,andrequiresvirtue,equality,andfamiliarity.Philiaismotivatedbypracticalreasons;oneorbothofthepartiesbenefitfromtherelationship.Itcanalsomean"loveofthemind." Storge(στοργήstorgē)isnaturalaffection,likethatfeltbyparentsforoffspring. Xenia(ξενίαxenía),hospitality,wasanextremelyimportantpracticeinancientGreece.Itwasanalmostritualizedfriendshipformedbetweenahostandhisguest,whocouldpreviouslyhavebeenstrangers.Thehostfedandprovidedquartersfortheguest,whowasexpectedtorepayonlywithgratitude.TheimportanceofthiscanbeseenthroughoutGreekmythology—inparticular,Homer'sIliadandOdyssey. AncientRoman(Latin) TheLatinlanguagehasseveraldifferentverbscorrespondingtotheEnglishword"love."amōisthebasicverbmeaningIlove,withtheinfinitiveamare("tolove")asitstillisinItaliantoday.TheRomansuseditbothinanaffectionatesenseaswellasinaromanticorsexualsense.Fromthisverbcomeamans—alover,amator,"professionallover,"oftenwiththeaccessorynotionoflechery—andamica,"girlfriend"intheEnglishsense,oftenbeingappliedeuphemisticallytoaprostitute.Thecorrespondingnounisamor(thesignificanceofthistermfortheRomansiswellillustratedinthefact,thatthenameofthecity,Rome—inLatin:Roma—canbeviewedasananagramforamor,whichwasusedasthesecretnameoftheCityinwidecirclesinancienttimes),[40]whichisalsousedinthepluralformtoindicateloveaffairsorsexualadventures.Thissamerootalsoproducesamicus—"friend"—andamicitia,"friendship"(oftenbasedtomutualadvantage,andcorrespondingsometimesmorecloselyto"indebtedness"or"influence").CicerowroteatreatisecalledOnFriendship(deAmicitia),whichdiscussesthenotionatsomelength.OvidwroteaguidetodatingcalledArsAmatoria(TheArtofLove),whichaddresses,indepth,everythingfromextramaritalaffairstooverprotectiveparents. LatinsometimesusesamārewhereEnglishwouldsimplysaytolike.Thisnotion,however,ismuchmoregenerallyexpressedinLatinbythetermsplacereordelectāre,whichareusedmorecolloquially,thelatterusedfrequentlyinthelovepoetryofCatullus.Diligereoftenhasthenotion"tobeaffectionatefor,""toesteem,"andrarelyifeverisusedforromanticlove.Thiswordwouldbeappropriatetodescribethefriendshipoftwomen.Thecorrespondingnoundiligentia,however,hasthemeaningof"diligence"or"carefulness,"andhaslittlesemanticoverlapwiththeverb.Observareisasynonymfordiligere;despitethecognatewithEnglish,thisverbanditscorrespondingnoun,observantia,oftendenote"esteem"or"affection."CaritasisusedinLatintranslationsoftheChristianBibletomean"charitablelove";thismeaning,however,isnotfoundinClassicalpaganRomanliterature.AsitarisesfromaconflationwithaGreekword,thereisnocorrespondingverb. ChineseandotherSinic 愛(Mandarin:ài),thetraditionalChinesecharacterforlovecontainsaheart(心)inthemiddle. TwophilosophicalunderpinningsofloveexistintheChinesetradition,onefromConfucianismwhichemphasizedactionsanddutywhiletheothercamefromMohismwhichchampionedauniversallove.AcoreconcepttoConfucianismis仁(Ren,"benevolentlove"),whichfocusesonduty,action,andattitudeinarelationshipratherthanloveitself.InConfucianism,onedisplaysbenevolentlovebyperformingactionssuchasfilialpietyfromchildren,kindnessfromparents,loyaltytothekingandsoforth. Theconceptof愛(Mandarin:ài)wasdevelopedbytheChinesephilosopherMoziinthe4thcenturyBCinreactiontoConfucianism'sbenevolentlove.Mozitriedtoreplacewhatheconsideredtobethelong-entrenchedChineseover-attachmenttofamilyandclanstructureswiththeconceptof"universallove"(兼愛,jiān'ài).Inthis,heargueddirectlyagainstConfucianswhobelievedthatitwasnaturalandcorrectforpeopletocareaboutdifferentpeopleindifferentdegrees.Mozi,bycontrast,believedpeopleinprincipleshouldcareforallpeopleequally.Mohismstressedthatratherthanadoptingdifferentattitudestowardsdifferentpeople,loveshouldbeunconditionalandofferedtoeveryonewithoutregardtoreciprocation;notjusttofriends,familyandotherConfucianrelations.LaterinChineseBuddhism,thetermAi(愛)wasadoptedtorefertoapassionate,caringloveandwasconsideredafundamentaldesire.InBuddhism,Aiwasseenascapableofbeingeitherselfishorselfless,thelatterbeingakeyelementtowardsenlightenment. InMandarinChinese,愛(ài)isoftenusedastheequivalentoftheWesternconceptoflove.愛(ài)isusedasbothaverb(e.g.我愛你,Wǒàinǐ,or"Iloveyou")andanoun(suchas愛情àiqíng,or"romanticlove").However,duetotheinfluenceofConfucian仁(rén),thephrase我愛你(Wǒàinǐ,Iloveyou)carrieswithitaveryspecificsenseofresponsibility,commitmentandloyalty.Insteadoffrequentlysaying"Iloveyou"asinsomeWesternsocieties,theChinesearemorelikelytoexpressfeelingsofaffectioninamorecasualway.Consequently,"Ilikeyou"(我喜欢你,Wǒxǐhuannǐ)isamorecommonwayofexpressingaffectioninMandarin;itismoreplayfulandlessserious.[41]ThisisalsotrueinJapanese(sukida,好きだ). Japanese TheJapaneselanguageusesthreewordstoconveytheEnglishequivalentof"love".Because"love"coversawiderangeofemotionsandbehavioralphenomena,therearenuancesdistinguishingthethreeterms.[42][43]Thetermai(愛),whichisoftenassociatedwithmaternallove[42]orselflesslove,[43]originallyreferredtobeautyandwasoftenusedinareligiouscontext.FollowingtheMeijiRestoration1868,thetermbecameassociatedwith"love"inordertotranslateWesternliterature.PriortoWesterninfluence,thetermkoi(恋or孤悲)generallyrepresentedromanticlove,andwasoftenthesubjectofthepopularMan'yōshūJapanesepoetrycollection.[42]Koidescribesalongingforamemberoftheoppositesexandistypicallyinterpretedasselfishandwanting.[43]Theterm'soriginscomefromtheconceptoflonelysolitudeasaresultofseparationfromalovedone.Thoughmodernusageofkoifocusesonsexualloveandinfatuation,theManyōusedthetermtocoverawiderrangeofsituations,includingtenderness,benevolence,andmaterialdesire.[42]Thethirdterm,ren'ai(恋愛),isamoremodernconstructionthatcombinesthekanjicharactersforbothaiandkoi,thoughitsusagemorecloselyresemblesthatofkoiintheformofromanticlove.[42][43]Amae(甘え),referringtothedesiretobelovedandcaredforbyanauthorityfigure,isanotherimportantaspectofJapan'sculturalperspectiveonlove,andhasbeenanalysedindetailinTakeoDoi'sTheAnatomyofDependence[44] Indian ThelovestoriesoftheHindudeitiesKrishnaandRadhahaveinfluencedtheIndiancultureandarts.Above:RadhaMadhavambyRajaRaviVarma. Incontemporaryliterature,theSanskritwordsforloveis"sneha".OthertermssuchasPriyareferstoinnocentlove,Premareferstospirituallove,andKamarefersusuallytosexualdesire.[45][46]However,thetermalsoreferstoanysensoryenjoyment,emotionalattractionandaestheticpleasuresuchasfromarts,dance,music,painting,sculptureandnature.[47][48] TheconceptofkamaisfoundinsomeoftheearliestknownversesinVedas.Forexample,Book10ofRigVedadescribesthecreationoftheuniversefromnothingbythegreatheat.Thereinhymn129,itstates: कामस्तदग्रेसमवर्तताधिमनसोरेतःपरथमंयदासीत| सतोबन्धुमसतिनिरविन्दनहर्दिपरतीष्याकवयोमनीषा||[49] ThereafterroseDesireinthebeginning,DesiretheprimalseedandgermofSpirit, Sageswhosearchedwiththeirheart'sthoughtdiscoveredtheexistent'skinshipinthenon-existent. — RigVeda,~15thcenturyBC[50] Persian ThechildrenofAdamarelimbsofonebody Havingbeencreatedofoneessence. Whenthecalamityoftimeafflictsonelimb Theotherlimbscannotremainatrest. Ifyouhavenosympathyforthetroublesofothers Youarenotworthytobecalledbythenameof"man". Sa'di,Gulistan    Rumi,Hafiz,andSa'diareiconsofthepassionandlovethatthePersiancultureandlanguagepresent.[citationneeded]ThePersianwordforloveisIshq,whichisderivedfromArabiclanguage;however,itisconsideredbymosttobetoostalwartatermforinterpersonalloveandismorecommonlysubstitutedfor"doostdashtan"("liking").[citationneeded]InthePersianculture,everythingisencompassedbyloveandallisforlove,startingfromlovingfriendsandfamily,husbandsandwives,andeventuallyreachingthedivinelovethatistheultimategoalinlife.[citationneeded] Religiousviews Mainarticle:Religiousviewsonlove Abrahamic RobertIndiana's1977Lovesculpturespellingahava Judaism Seealso:Jewishviewsonlove InHebrew,אהבה(ahava)isthemostcommonlyusedtermforbothinterpersonalloveandlovebetweenGodandGod'screations.Chesed,oftentranslatedasloving-kindness,isusedtodescribemanyformsoflovebetweenhumanbeings. ThecommandmenttoloveotherpeopleisgivenintheTorah,whichstates,"Loveyourneighborlikeyourself"(Leviticus19:18).TheTorah'scommandmenttoloveGod"withallyourheart,withallyoursoulandwithallyourmight"(Deuteronomy6:5)istakenbytheMishnah(acentraltextoftheJewishorallaw)torefertogooddeeds,willingnesstosacrificeone'sliferatherthancommitcertainserioustransgressions,willingnesstosacrificeallofone'spossessions,andbeinggratefultotheLorddespiteadversity(tractateBerachoth9:5).Rabbinicliteraturediffersastohowthislovecanbedeveloped,e.g.,bycontemplatingdivinedeedsorwitnessingthemarvelsofnature. Asforlovebetweenmaritalpartners,thisisdeemedanessentialingredienttolife:"Seelifewiththewifeyoulove"(Ecclesiastes9:9).RabbiDavidWolpewritesthat"...loveisnotonlyaboutthefeelingsofthelover...Itiswhenonepersonbelievesinanotherpersonandshowsit."Hefurtherstatesthat"...love...isafeelingthatexpressesitselfinaction.Whatwereallyfeelisreflectedinwhatwedo."[51]ThebiblicalbookSongofSolomonisconsideredaromanticallyphrasedmetaphoroflovebetweenGodandhispeople,butinitsplainreading,readslikealovesong.The20th-centuryrabbiEliyahuEliezerDesslerisfrequentlyquotedasdefininglovefromtheJewishpointofviewas"givingwithoutexpectingtotake"(fromhisMichtavme-Eliyahu,Vol. 1). Christianity Loveandnotaone-waystreetinromanticism TheChristianunderstandingisthatlovecomesfromGod,whoishimselfLove(1Jn4:8).Theloveofmanandwoman—erosinGreek—andtheunselfishloveofothers(agape),areoftencontrastedas"descending"and"ascending"love,respectively,butareultimatelythesamething.[52] ThereareseveralGreekwordsfor"love"thatareregularlyreferredtoinChristiancircles. Agape:IntheNewTestament,agapēischaritable,selfless,altruistic,andunconditional.Itisparentallove,seenascreatinggoodnessintheworld;itisthewayGodisseentolovehumanity,anditisseenasthekindoflovethatChristiansaspiretohaveforoneanother.[38] Phileo:AlsousedintheNewTestament,phileoisahumanresponsetosomethingthatisfoundtobedelightful.Alsoknownas"brotherlylove." TwootherwordsforloveintheGreeklanguage,eros(sexuallove)andstorge(child-to-parentlove),wereneverusedintheNewTestament.[38] ChristiansbelievethattoLoveGodwithallyourheart,mind,andstrengthandLoveyourneighborasyourselfarethetwomostimportantthingsinlife(thegreatestcommandmentoftheJewishTorah,accordingtoJesus;cf.GospelofMarkchapter12,verses28–34).SaintAugustinesummarizedthiswhenhewrote"LoveGod,anddoasthouwilt." TheApostlePaulglorifiedloveasthemostimportantvirtueofall.Describingloveinthefamouspoeticinterpretationin1Corinthians,hewrote,"Loveispatient,loveiskind.Itdoesnotenvy,itdoesnotboast,itisnotproud.Itisnotrude,itisnotself-seeking,itisnoteasilyangered,itkeepsnorecordofwrongs.Lovedoesnotdelightinevilbutrejoiceswiththetruth.Italwaysprotects,alwaystrusts,alwayshopes,andalwaysperseveres."[53] TheApostleJohnwrote,"ForGodsolovedtheworldthathegavehisoneandonlySon,thatwhoeverbelievesinhimshallnotperishbuthaveeternallife.ForGoddidnotsendhisSonintotheworldtocondemntheworld,buttosavetheworldthroughhim."(John3:16–17,NIV)Johnalsowrote,"Dearfriends,letusloveoneanotherforlovecomesfromGod.EveryonewholoveshasbeenbornofGodandknowsGod.WhoeverdoesnotlovedoesnotknowGod,becauseGodislove."[54] SaintAugustinewrotethatonemustbeabletodecipherthedifferencebetweenloveandlust.Lust,accordingtoSaintAugustine,isanoverindulgence,buttoloveandbelovediswhathehassoughtforhisentirelife.Heevensays,"Iwasinlovewithlove."Finally,hedoesfallinloveandislovedback,byGod.SaintAugustinesaystheonlyonewhocanloveyoutrulyandfullyisGod,becauselovewithahumanonlyallowsforflawssuchas"jealousy,suspicion,fear,anger,andcontention."AccordingtoSaintAugustine,toloveGodis"toattainthepeacewhichisyours."(SaintAugustine'sConfessions) AugustineregardstheduplexcommandmentofloveinMatthew22astheheartofChristianfaithandtheinterpretationoftheBible.AfterthereviewofChristiandoctrine,AugustinetreatstheproblemofloveintermsofuseandenjoymentuntiltheendofBookIofDeDoctrinaChristiana(1.22.21–1.40.44;).[55] ChristiantheologiansseeGodasthesourceoflove,whichismirroredinhumansandtheirownlovingrelationships.InfluentialChristiantheologianC.S.LewiswroteabookcalledTheFourLoves.BenedictXVInamedhisfirstencyclicalGodislove.Hesaidthatahumanbeing,createdintheimageofGod,whoislove,isabletopracticelove;togivehimselftoGodandothers(agape)andbyreceivingandexperiencingGod'sloveincontemplation(eros).Thislifeoflove,accordingtohim,isthelifeofthesaintssuchasTeresaofCalcuttaandMary,themotherofJesusandisthedirectionChristianstakewhentheybelievethatGodlovesthem.[52] PopeFrancistaughtthat"Trueloveisbothlovingandlettingoneselfbeloved...whatisimportantinloveisnotourloving,butallowingourselvestobelovedbyGod."[56]Andso,intheanalysisofaCatholictheologian,forPopeFrancis,"thekeytolove...isnotouractivity.Itistheactivityofthegreatest,andthesource,ofallthepowersintheuniverse:God's."[57] InChristianitythepracticaldefinitionofloveissummarisedbyThomasAquinas,whodefinedloveas"towillthegoodofanother,"ortodesireforanothertosucceed.[17]ThisisanexplanationoftheChristianneedtoloveothers,includingtheirenemies.AsThomasAquinasexplains,Christianloveismotivatedbytheneedtoseeotherssucceedinlife,tobegoodpeople. Regardingloveforenemies,JesusisquotedintheGospelofMatthew: "Youhaveheardthatitwassaid,'Loveyourneighborandhateyourenemy.'ButItellyou,loveyourenemiesandprayforthosewhopersecuteyou,thatyoumaybechildrenofyourFatherinheaven.Hecauseshissuntoriseontheevilandthegood,andsendsrainontherighteousandtheunrighteous.Ifyoulovethosewholoveyou,whatrewardwillyouget?Arenoteventhetaxcollectorsdoingthat?Andifyougreetonlyyourownpeople,whatareyoudoingmorethanothers?Donotevenpagansdothat?Beperfect,therefore,asyourheavenlyFatherisperfect."[58] Donotforgettolovewithforgiveness,Christsavedanadulterouswomanfromthosewhowouldstoneher.Aworldofwrongedhypocritesneedsforgivinglove.MosaicLawwouldholdDeuteronomy22:22-24"Ifamanisfoundlyingwithawomanmarriedtoahusband,thenbothofthemshalldie—themanthatlaywiththewoman,andthewoman;soyoushallputawaytheevilfromIsrael.Ifayoungwomanwhoisavirginisbetrothedtoahusband,andamanfindsherinthecityandlieswithher,thenyoushallbringthembothouttothegateofthatcity,andyoushallstonethemtodeathwithstones,theyoungwomanbecauseshedidnotcryoutinthecity,andthemanbecausehehumbledhisneighbor'swife;soyoushallputawaytheevilfromamongyou." Tertullianwroteregardingloveforenemies:"Ourindividual,extraordinary,andperfectgoodnessconsistsinlovingourenemies.Toloveone'sfriendsiscommonpractice,toloveone'senemiesonlyamongChristians."[59] Islam InIslam,oneofthe99namesofGodisAl-Wadūd,whichmeans"TheLoving" LoveencompassestheIslamicviewoflifeasuniversalbrotherhoodthatappliestoallwhoholdfaith.Amongstthe99namesofGod(Allah),thereisthenameAl-Wadud,or"theLovingOne,"whichisfoundinSurah[11:90]aswellasSurah[85:14].GodisalsoreferencedatthebeginningofeverychapterintheQur'anasAr-RahmanandAr-Rahim,orthe"MostCompassionate"andthe"MostMerciful",indicatingthatnobodyismoreloving,compassionateandbenevolentthanGod.TheQur'anreferstoGodasbeing"fulloflovingkindness." TheQur'anexhortsMuslimbelieverstotreatallpeople,thosewhohavenotpersecutedthem,withbirror"deepkindness"asstatedinSurah[6:8-9].BirrisalsousedbytheQur'anindescribingtheloveandkindnessthatchildrenmustshowtotheirparents. Ishq,ordivinelove,istheemphasisofSufismintheIslamictradition.PractitionersofSufismbelievethatloveisaprojectionoftheessenceofGodtotheuniverse.Goddesirestorecognizebeauty,andasifonelooksatamirrortoseeoneself,God"looks"athimselfwithinthedynamicsofnature.SinceeverythingisareflectionofGod,theschoolofSufismpracticesseeingthebeautyinsidetheapparentlyugly.Sufismisoftenreferredtoasthereligionoflove.[60]GodinSufismisreferredtointhreemainterms,whicharetheLover,Loved,andBeloved,withthelastofthesetermsbeingoftenseeninSufipoetry.AcommonviewpointofSufismisthatthroughlove,humankindcangetbacktoitsinherentpurityandgrace.ThesaintsofSufismareinfamousforbeing"drunk"duetotheirloveofGod;hence,theconstantreferencetowineinSufipoetryandmusic. Bahá'íFaith InhisParisTalks,`Abdu'l-Bahádescribedfourtypesoflove:thelovethatflowsfromGodtohumanbeings;thelovethatflowsfromhumanbeingstoGod;theloveofGodtowardstheSelforIdentityofGod;andtheloveofhumanbeingsforhumanbeings.[61] Dharmic Buddhism InBuddhism,Kāmaissensuous,sexuallove.Itisanobstacleonthepathtoenlightenment,sinceitisselfish.Karuṇāiscompassionandmercy,whichreducesthesufferingofothers.Itiscomplementarytowisdomandisnecessaryforenlightenment.Adveṣaandmettāarebenevolentlove.Thisloveisunconditionalandrequiresconsiderableself-acceptance.Thisisquitedifferentfromordinarylove,whichisusuallyaboutattachmentandsexandwhichrarelyoccurswithoutself-interest.Instead,inBuddhismitreferstodetachmentandunselfishinterestinothers'welfare. TheBodhisattvaidealinMahayanaBuddhisminvolvesthecompleterenunciationofoneselfinordertotakeontheburdenofasufferingworld. Hinduism Mainarticles:KamaandKamaSutra Kama(left)withRationatemplewallofChennakesavaTemple,Belur InHinduism,kāmaispleasurable,sexuallove,personifiedbythegodKamadeva.FormanyHinduschools,itisthethirdend(Kama)inlife.Kamadevaisoftenpicturedholdingabowofsugarcaneandanarrowofflowers;hemayrideuponagreatparrot.HeisusuallyaccompaniedbyhisconsortRatiandhiscompanionVasanta,lordofthespringseason.StoneimagesofKamadevaandRaticanbeseenonthedooroftheChennakeshavatempleatBelur,inKarnataka,India.Maaraisanothernameforkāma. Incontrasttokāma,prema –orprem –referstoelevatedlove.Karunaiscompassionandmercy,whichimpelsonetohelpreducethesufferingofothers.BhaktiisaSanskritterm,meaning"lovingdevotiontothesupremeGod."Apersonwhopracticesbhaktiiscalledabhakta.Hinduwriters,theologians,andphilosophershavedistinguishednineformsofbhakti,whichcanbefoundintheBhagavataPuranaandworksbyTulsidas.ThephilosophicalworkNaradaBhaktiSutras,writtenbyanunknownauthor(presumedtobeNarada),distinguisheselevenformsoflove. IncertainVaishnavasectswithinHinduism,attainingunadulterated,unconditionalandincessantloveforGodheadisconsideredtheforemostgoaloflife.GaudiyaVaishnavaswhoworshipKrishnaastheSupremePersonalityofGodheadandthecauseofallcausesconsiderLoveforGodhead(Prema)toactintwoways:sambhogaandvipralambha(unionandseparation)—twoopposites.[62] Intheconditionofseparation,thereisanacuteyearningforbeingwiththebelovedandintheconditionofunion,thereissupremehappinessandnectarean.GaudiyaVaishnavasconsiderthatKrishna-prema(LoveforGodhead)isnotfirebutthatitstillburnsawayone'smaterialdesires.TheyconsiderthatKṛṣṇa-premaisnotaweapon,butitstillpiercestheheart.Itisnotwater,butitwashesawayeverything—one'spride,religiousrules,andone'sshyness.Krishna-premaisconsideredtomakeonedrownintheoceanoftranscendentalecstasyandpleasure.TheloveofRadha,acowherdgirl,forKrishnaisoftencitedasthesupremeexampleofloveforGodheadbyGaudiyaVaishnavas.RadhaisconsideredtobetheinternalpotencyofKrishna,andisthesupremeloverofGodhead.Herexampleofloveisconsideredtobebeyondtheunderstandingofmaterialrealmasitsurpassesanyformofselfishloveorlustthatisvisibleinthematerialworld.ThereciprocallovebetweenRadha(thesupremelover)andKrishna(GodastheSupremelyLoved)isthesubjectofmanypoeticcompositionsinIndiasuchastheGitaGovindaandHariBhaktiShuddhodhaya. IntheBhaktitraditionwithinHinduism,itisbelievedthatexecutionofdevotionalservicetoGodleadstothedevelopmentofLoveforGod(taichebhakti-phalekrsnepremaupajaya),andasloveforGodincreasesintheheart,themoreonebecomesfreefrommaterialcontamination(krishna-premaasvadahaile,bhavanasapaya).BeingperfectlyinlovewithGodorKrishnamakesoneperfectlyfreefrommaterialcontamination.andthisistheultimatewayofsalvationorliberation.Inthistradition,salvationorliberationisconsideredinferiortolove,andjustanincidentalby-product.BeingabsorbedinLoveforGodisconsideredtobetheperfectionoflife.[63] Politicalviews Freelove Mainarticle:Freelove Theterm"freelove"hasbeenused[64]todescribeasocialmovementthatrejectsmarriage,whichisseenasaformofsocialbondage.Thefreelovemovement'sinitialgoalwastoseparatethestatefromsexualmatterssuchasmarriage,birthcontrol,andadultery.Itclaimedthatsuchissuesweretheconcernofthepeopleinvolved,andnooneelse.[65] Manypeopleintheearly19thcenturybelievedthatmarriagewasanimportantaspectoflifeto"fulfillearthlyhumanhappiness."Middle-classAmericanswantedthehometobeaplaceofstabilityinanuncertainworld.Thismentalitycreatedavisionofstronglydefinedgenderroles,whichprovokedtheadvancementofthefreelovemovementasacontrast.[66] Advocatesoffreelovehadtwostrongbeliefs:oppositiontotheideaofforcefulsexualactivityinarelationshipandadvocacyforawomantouseherbodyinanywaythatshepleases.[67]Thesearealsobeliefsoffeminism.[68] Philosophicalviews Mainarticle:Philosophyoflove Thephilosophyofloveisafieldofsocialphilosophyandethicsthatattemptstoexplainthenatureoflove.[69]Thephilosophicalinvestigationofloveincludesthetasksofdistinguishingbetweenthevariouskindsofpersonallove,askingifandhowloveisorcanbejustified,askingwhatthevalueofloveis,andwhatimpactlovehasontheautonomyofboththeloverandthebeloved.[68] Seealso Colorwheeltheoryoflove Humanbonding Loveatfirstsight Love-in Pairbond Polyamory Relationshipscience Romance(love) 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Sources Chadwick,Henry(1998).SaintAugustineConfessions.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-283372-3. Fisher,Helen(2004).WhyWeLove:theNatureandChemistryofRomanticLove.NewYork :H.Holt.ISBN 978-0-8050-6913-6. Giles,James(1994)."Atheoryofloveandsexualdesire".JournalfortheTheoryofSocialBehaviour.24(4):339–357.doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00259.x. Kierkegaard,Søren(2009).WorksofLove.NewYorkCity:HarperPerennialModernClassics.ISBN 978-0-06-171327-9. Oord,ThomasJay(2010).DefiningLove:APhilosophical,Scientific,andTheologicalEngagement.GrandRapids,MI:Brazos.ISBN 978-1-58743-257-6. Singer,Irving(1966).TheNatureofLove.Vol. (inthreevolumes)(v.1reprintedandlatervolumesfromTheUniversityofChicagoPress,1984 ed.).RandomHouse.ISBN 978-0-226-76094-0. Sternberg,R.J.(1986)."Atriangulartheoryoflove".PsychologicalReview.93(2):119–135.doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119. Sternberg,R.J.(1987)."Likingversusloving:Acomparativeevaluationoftheories".PsychologicalBulletin.102(3):331–345.doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331. Tennov,Dorothy(1979).LoveandLimerence:theExperienceofBeinginLove.NewYork:SteinandDay.ISBN 978-0-8128-6134-1. WoodSamuelE.,EllenWoodandDeniseBoyd(2005).TheWorldofPsychology(5th ed.).PearsonEducation.pp. 402–403.ISBN 978-0-205-35868-7. Furtherreading Bayer,A,ed.(2008).ArtandloveinRenaissanceItaly.NewYork:TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt. Externallinks LoveatWikipedia'ssisterprojects DefinitionsfromWiktionaryMediafromCommonsQuotationsfromWikiquoteTextsfromWikisourceResourcesfromWikiversityDatafromWikidata HistoryofLove,InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy FriendshipatCurlie PhilanthropyatCurlie RomanceatCurlie vteEmotions(list)Emotions Acceptance Admiration Adoration Aesthetic Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Embarrassment vicarious Empathy Emptiness Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Faith Fear Flow Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love limerence 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